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Topic: Internet in China

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	The Internet in China \| Linux Journal
		With the Internet's capacity for promoting free speech and political dissent, the Internet may undermine and eventually destroy the regime, just as open communications (fax and e-mail) are widely thought to have helped to bring down the Soviet military coup in 1991.
		For years, China's Internet users have been required to register with local police, and the regime hasn't hesitated to arrest and detain anyone who is found to have accessed or distributed banned material.
		In China, the Internet is emerging as a capable tool by which the regime advances repression with the help of multinational corporations and the international financial community.
	www.linuxjournal.com /article/5064 (3615 words)

	Choy and Cullen 'The Internet in China'
		China's modernization in far from pain-free but is less hampered by oligarchic restraints and protectionist instincts than is the case in India.
		The first official (international) Internet link to the Internet in China was the IHEP link:[16] "Through a 64-k bps leased line from ATandT, IHEP connected with the Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre for high energy physics international collaboration and provided e-mail accounts to many of China's top scientists."[17] The connection commenced operating in March 1993.
		For China, a further crucial dimension is the way in which the Internet opens up the possibility of cheap, greatly enhanced political communications both within China and between China and the rest of the World.
	austlii.edu.au /~graham/hkitlaw/Choy_and_Cullen.html (10116 words)

	Real-Time Testing of Internet Filtering in China
		The authors are studying Internet filtering in countries worldwide, including restrictions on Web access in China.
		The authors are working to prepare a sample of specific prohibited terms as well as to document the method of filtering.
		Support for this project is provided by the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School.
	cyber.law.harvard.edu /filtering/china/test (472 words)

	Amnesty International - People's Republic of China: State control of the Internet
		Since the commercialisation of the Internet in China in 1995, China has become one of the fastest-growing Internet markets in the world.
		With the introduction of the Internet, news reaches China from a multiplicity of sources enabling people to form opinions, analyse and share information and to communicate in ways previously unknown in China.
		Those violating the laws and regulations which aim to restrict free expression of opinion and circulation of information through the Internet may face imprisonment and according to recent regulations some could even be sentenced to death.
	web.amnesty.org /web/content.nsf/pages/gbr_china_internet (298 words)

	Empirical Analysis of Internet Filtering in China
		The Internet poses a new challenge to such censorship, both because of the sheer breadth of content typically available, and because sources of content are so often remote from Chinese jurisdiction, and thus much more difficult to penalize for breaching restrictions on permissible materials.
		Further, while the government-connected Internet Society of China (not a chapter of the international Internet Society) has asked Internet service providers and content creators to sign a pledge including self-filtering, few official statements document the existence of government-maintained web filtering, much less the criteria employed and thresholds necessary to elicit a block.
		China's Internet filtering efforts remain opaque, and in the absence of government cooperation or admission of filtering methods, data probing of the sort used in our study remains a useful tool in determining the scope of filtering.
	cyber.law.harvard.edu /filtering/china (3450 words)

	Who Uses the Internet in China?
		Highest rates of Internet experience are found in Guangzhou (10.9 percent) and Shenyang (5.8 percent); in Beijing 2.5 percent of the high income group had used e-mail.
		Eighty percent of Internet uses in China use the Internet for e-mail only; language barriers between Chinese users and the largely English speaking net, connection costs, and the slow speed of the balkanized domestic Chinese network are factors which have slowed the growth of World Wide Web users in China.
		While the Internet has grown rapidly in China over the last several years, discovering just who uses the Internet in China and the effect Internet has on China's rapidly changing economy and society have been much harder to elucidate.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/china/webnet.htm (1622 words)

	Freedom of Expression and the Internet in China: A Human Rights Watch Backgrounder (Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, ...
		Generally, however, persons convicted for their use of the Internet have received sentences of between two and four years, and we are not aware of anyone having been charged under Internet-specific regulations.
		Agreements and user rules signed between the controllers of national trunk lines and Internet access providers, and between Internet access providers and users shall stipulate clearly that state laws on protecting secrets must be obeyed and that state secrets shall not be leaked.
		He was reportedly targeted for his use of the Internet and his association with the study group, which focuses on political reforms.
	www.hrw.org /backgrounder/asia/china-bck-0701.htm (3710 words)

	Internet in China (Mar
		China Telecom is also adding 2 million lines each month to meet the surging demand for network access.
		The Internet is capable of transferring large amounts of highly sensitive data, including those that are critical to the functioning of the whole society, such as financial, transportation and military information.
		The important question is how to regulate the internet industry in a way that creates an environment conducive to rapid internet growth compliant with their relevant rules.
	www.oit.umd.edu /cans/2001/Archives/jinXiaoming (2381 words)

	Internet Filtering in China in 2004-2005: A Country Study
		China’s filtering regime is one of the most sophisticated in its ability to detect and prevent access to content that the state considers prohibited.
		Importantly, China’s filtering efforts lack transparency: the state does not generally admit to censoring Internet content, and concomitantly there is no list of banned sites and no ability for citizens to request reconsideration of blocking, as some other states that filter provide.
		China’s legal and technological systems combine to form a broad, potent, and effective means of controlling the information that Chinese users can see and share on the Internet.
	www.opennetinitiative.net /studies/china (13706 words)

	Internet Censorship in China
		Foreign visitors in China frequently complain to me that they could not access certain websites during their stay in China.
		We were unable to find contact information for the Internet monitoring agency in China, however, we were lucky enough to have the email address of the secretary of Wen Jiabao, the premier of China.
		However, http://chinese-school.netfirms.com is still blocked by most regions of China, except occasionally and periodically, a few mysterious IP addresses from China show up on our logs.
	chinese-school.netfirms.com /Internet-censorship.html (450 words)

	TIMEasia.com \| Young China \| The Ranks of Revolutionaries \| 10/23/2000
		But with the Internet, even the most timid can express their thoughts—and gain a hearing far beyond the audience they once would have had.
		One lived in China and the other in Boston, but they were able to transcend the geographic distance through e-mail.
		China is a vast country, and any tool that bridges those distances is a valuable thing for young people.
	www.time.com /time/asia/features/youngchina/t.generation.yellow.html (1142 words)

	The Internet in China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		According to Marcia Kunstel (Austin American-Statesmen, May 4, 1998) China has become one of the ten largest countries in the number of Internet users and the number of net stations in the world.
		It is the extension of the Internet in China.
		There are many Internet cafes, the computer and dial-up connection is provided and the cost is 30 yuan per hour, about $3.75 in Beijing.
	www.gslis.utexas.edu /~qianfeng/page.html (452 words)

	The Internet in China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		However, Internet usage is beginning to increase outside of the wealthy, educated elite, as more people with lower incomes and education levels begin to go online in China.
		The city in China with the highest level of Internet penetration is Beijing (25 per cent).
		China’s user base is young, with 63 per cent between the ages of 15 and 29, versus 24 per cent between the ages of 30 and 44.
	www.communications-research.org /iamasia.htm (1225 words)

	Bibliography on the Internet in China
		Bi, J. China's Internet Revolution: the economic impact: Jianhai Bi discusses the web-based development that is transforming China's economy.
		Presented at the Development and Impact of the Internet in China workshop held at LSE, December 8-9, 2000.
		Internet und Zensur in China" [Resistance is Futile.
	china-wired.com /field/kluver/bibliography-kluver.htm (2536 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Business \| Wireless internet arrives in China
		Wireless internet equipment which can be shared by a building's occupants will soon bring millions of Chinese people online, according to the official Xinhua news agency.
		Users in the Shandong Region in East China will be kitted out with a card which will give them wireless broadband access to the internet.
		This has posed a problem for the Chinese Government which is keen to take advantage of the commercial benefits of the web, yet loath to accept the loss of control over what people see and read that comes with it.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/business/newsid_2115000/2115271.stm (239 words)

	China Net Investor 中国网际网络
		The block, preventing Internet users in China from viewing the sites, was implemented without any official statement from Chinese authorities.
		Chou comes to Google from UT Starcom, where he was President of the company's China Operations for the past 9 years, and brings over 20 years of diverse business management experience to Google.
		With the addition of Chou and the recent hire of Dr. Kai-Fu Lee, Google has brought together two of the most respected and experienced executives in China and their hire is a reflection of Google's commitment to the Chinese market.
	china-netinvestor.blogspot.com (2294 words)

	The Internet in China - computers, internet, modems, and more
		One of the main problems with Web-surfing in China is the relatively small bandwidth on the pipe linking the country to the outside world.
		A high proportion of China users surf at work, so the evenings tend to be easier than office hours.
		The three main Internet Cafes in Beijing are sometimes also known as Sparkice Cafes (a reference to the Canadian firm Sparkice which is the chain's foreign joint venture partner).
	www.expatsinchina.com /life/telecom/internet.html (820 words)

	Internet in China
		Developing Internet in China is very difficult because of the language.
		Development of Internet in China will speed up political democracy.
		I pay a lot of attention to advertisment on Internet.
	www.austin.cc.tx.us /~songhome/Internet_China_Survey.htm (176 words)

	Internet Resources: China
		GIF image from China the Beautiful web pages by Dr. Ming L. Pei
		Standing Buddha (Northern Wei Dynasty) from the collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
		Ming L. Pei; a reading room of links, texts, and artwork as part of the China the Beautiful web pages
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/CHIINRES.HTM (501 words)

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