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Topic: Interplanetary

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interplanetary travel

British Interplanetary Society

Interplanetary Superhighway

Interplanetary Expeditions

interplanetary missions

Interplanetary medium

interplanetary navigation

Journal of The British Interplanetary Society

Interplanetary physics

In the News (Fri 10 Jul 09)

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	Interplanetary medium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The interplanetary medium is the material which fills the solar system and through which all the larger solar system bodies such as planets, asteroids and comets move.
		The temperature of the interplanetary medium is approximately 10,000 K, and its density is very low at about 5 particles per cm³ in the vicinity of the Earth; it decreases with increasing distance from the sun, in proportion with the inverse square of the distance.
		The plasma in the interplanetary medium is also responsible for the strength of the Sun's magenetic field at the orbit of the Earth being over 100 times greater than originally anticipated.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Interplanetary_medium (762 words)

	The Interplanetary Era (The Early Space Age)
		New interplanetary superpowers, the Orbital States, Mars, and increasingly, the Belt and the Gas Giant Moons arose at the same time as the old superpowers of Earth continue to disintegrate.
		Interplanetary age - the vanguard of humanity leaves the Earth to colonization of the solar system, tweaked and superior humans, and animal provolves, the rise of Cis-Lunar, Martian, and Jovian superpowers, entrenched inequality of rich and poor, the colonization of the nearest stars.
		Interplanetary Dark Age (Nanoswarm period) - This is a dark age in the Sol System only - although since Solsys culture dominated the early federation, the name stuck despite the error.
	www.orionsarm.com /timeline/space_age.html (1567 words)

	Medium
		The temperature of the interplanetary medium is about 100,000 K. Its density is about 5 particles/cm3 near the Earth and decreases by an inverse square law farther from the Sun.
		The Ulysses spacecraft is conducting an extensive study of the Sun and the solar wind.
		The zodiacal light and the gegenschein are caused by interplanetary dust.
	www.seds.org /billa/tnp/medium.html (509 words)

	Interplanetary
		A 202kg interplanetary spacecraft launched on the 27th August 1962 on an Atlas Agena B from Cape Canaveral.
		The sister spacecraft of Mariner 3, a 261kg interplanetary spacecraft, was launched on the 28th November 1964 on an Atlas Agena D from Cape Canaveral.
		A 413kg interplanetary spacecraft launched on the 24th January 1969 on an Atlas Centaur D from Cape Canaveral, with the mission to study Mars.
	centaur.sstl.co.uk /SSHP/interpl.html (2213 words)

	Interplanetary Dust Particles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) are among the most primitive materials in the solar system.
		Large enrichments of deuterium relative to hydrogen have been found in interplanetary dust particles and are interpreted as due to material formed in chemical reactions in interstellar molecular clouds.
		This new capability is applied to the study of the internal H, C, and N isotopic compositions of 7 chondritic IDPs (interplanetary dust particles).
	presolar.wustl.edu /work/idp.html (995 words)

	Amazon.com: Interplanetary Magnetohydrodynamics (International Series on Astronomy and Astrophysics, No 3): Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Spacecraft such as the Pioneer, Vela, and Voyager have explored the interplanetary medium between the orbits of Mercury and Pluto.
		Summarizes the principal results of historic expeditions using magnetohydrodynamics as the framework for interpreting objects and processes observed in the interplanetary medium.
		As a result, there is for example, no mention of the exciting new research on solar flares and the theory that they may be 'powered' by magnetic reconnections (a reexamination of the forty-year-old Sweet-Parker model).
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0195084721?v=glance (705 words)

	Interplanetary Space
		Interplanetary space, or the space between the planets, is not empty but is filled with the solar wind, and the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF), as well as cosmic rays, and dust.
		Another name for interplanetary space is the Heliosphere, because the space between the planets is the total space which is under the influence of the sun.
		A bow shock helps the solar wind to go around obstacles in interplanetary space such as comets and planetary magnetospheres.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/glossary/interplanetary_space.html (159 words)

	Basics of Space Flight Section I. The Environment of Space
		Getting to the planet Mars, rather than just to its orbit, requires that the spacecraft be inserted into its interplanetary trajectory at the correct time so it will arrive at the Martian orbit when Mars will be there.
		This is due to the balanced tradeoff of angular momentum brokered by the planet's -- and the spacecraft's -- gravitation.
		All of the above discussion of interplanetary trajectories is based on the use of today's system of chemical rockets, in which a launch vehicle provides nearly all of the spacecraft's propulsive energy.
	www2.jpl.nasa.gov /basics/bsf4-1.html (1848 words)

	Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is a part of the Sun's magnetic field that is carried into interplanetary space by the solar wind.
		The interplanetary magnetic field lines are said to be "frozen in" to the solar wind plasma.
		The IMF is a weak field, varying in strength near the Earth from 1 to 37 nT, with an average value of ~6 nT.
	pluto.space.swri.edu /IMAGE/glossary/IMF.html (432 words)

	2002 News Releases - Interplanetary Superhighway Makes Space Travel Simpler
		Called the Interplanetary Superhighway, the system was conceived by Martin Lo, whose software was used to help design the flight path for NASA's Genesis mission, which is currently using this "freeway in space" on its mission to collect solar wind particles for return to Earth.
		Since Lagrange points are landmarks for the Interplanetary Superhighway, we might be able to shunt spacecraft to and from such platforms." A team at NASA's Johnson Space Center, Houston, working with the NASA Exploration Team, proposes to someday use the Interplanetary Superhighway for future human space missions.
		The work on the Interplanetary Superhighway for space mission design was nominated for a Discover Innovation Award by Discover magazine editors and an outside panel of experts.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /releases/2002/release_2002_147.html (682 words)

	Search Results for interplanetary - Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In addition to particles of debris (see interplanetary dust particle), the space through which the planets travel contains protons, electrons, and ions of the abundant elements, all streaming outward...
		During 1999, assembly of the International Space Station was delayed, the loss of the Mars Climate Observer cast a shadow over the interplanetary capabilities of the U.S. National Aeronautics and...
		Covers interplanetary weather forecasts, fear of interstellar gas attack, and the extraterrestrial intelligence programs.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=interplanetary&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (505 words)

	Astrophysicists observe anomalies in makeup of interplanetary dust particle
		LIVERMORE, Calif. -- Scientists from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Washington University have seen carbon and nitrogen anomalies on a particle of interplanetary dust that provides a clue as to how interstellar organic matter was incorporated into the solar system.
		Interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) gathered from the Earth's stratosphere are complex collections of primitive solar system material and carry various isotopic anomalies.
		Using an ion microprobe that allows isotopic imaging at a scale of 100 nanometers, the astrophysicists conducted simultaneous carbon and nitrogen isotopic imaging measurements of the IDP, nicknamed Benavente.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-02/dlnl-aoa022604.php (418 words)

	Interplanetary Transport
		Small amounts of antimatter would be useful for initiating and maintaining fission or fusion reactions in hybrid rockets, where matter-antimatter annihilation would be used to cause atomic nuclei to undergo nuclear fission or to form heavier nuclei through nuclear fusion and release tremendous amounts of energy.
		The microwave beam is then captured by a receiver(s) on electrically propelled spaceships for interplanetary (within Solar System) as well as interstellar transport (at sublight speeds) by providing beamed power for space propulsion systems, such as those using Space Sails.
		While slower, orbital transfer concepts for interplanetary travel may be more cost-effective for moving large amounts of cargo.
	members.nova.org /~sol/station/interpla.htm (1377 words)

	A web that’s out of this world (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		So the builders of the Interplanetary Internet are going back to the basics, retooling protocols for future communications with Mars and beyond.
		To use another comparison, the Interplanetary Internet would be like e-mail: Mission controllers would entrust their transmissions to the Net gateway, with a “soft expectation” that the bundle of data will eventually get to the right destination.
		NASA’s Hooke said the Mars lander and orbiter, both due to be launched in 2001, would communicate with each other using their own style of “Internet service,” but Edwards’ project would build a real telecom constellation around the Red Planet.
	www.msnbc.com /news/325201.asp (1687 words)

	Interplanetary Internet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Many more interplanetary missions are planned for the next two decades, which would mean that there would be scores of spacecraft and robots throughout the solar system.
		This network is thought of as a collection of small networks between devices in space that communicate with ground stations or satellites in orbit.
		The proposed solution therefore, is to make use of special "interplanetary gateways", that link together Internets on different planets and their moons.
	keskus.hut.fi /opetus/s38118/s99/htyo/3/3.shtml (670 words)

	Interplanetary Magnetic Field Lines
		You may use a straight ruler for the connection: the actual lines curve smoothly, but even with lines composed of straight sections it becomes clear that the shape is a spiral.
		This agrees with observations at the Earth's orbit, where the average interplanetary magnetic field is found to make an an angle of 45° with the flow of the solar wind, similar to what the drawing shows.
		It was also noted that with increasing distance from the Sun, the spiral shape of interplanetary magnetic field lines becomes more and more tightly wound, until their shape differs little from circles.
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /Education/wimfproj.html (1574 words)

	Timeline - the Interplanetary Age
		Interplanetary travel is by now cheap and viable.
		Corporations like GeneTEK and Biotopia Interplanetary (a subsidary of Biotopia Genome Industries) were keen to support this trend, as heteromorphs show that they are talented at creating novel genomes and genemod hacks.
		cyborgs continue to develop in the increasing numbers of artificial biosphers of interplanetary space.
	www.orionsarm.com /timeline/Interplanetary_Age.html (3554 words)

	Navigating Celestial Currents: Science News Online, April 16, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The spacecraft had hopped aboard the interplanetary superhighway, a network of tubes crisscrossing through the solar system.
		In the mid-1990s, a team led by Lo and Kathleen Howell of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Ind., built on these ideas to design a superhighway trajectory for Genesis, whose mission was to collect particles of the wind constantly emanating from the sun.
		But perhaps more important, the interplanetary superhighway's fuel efficiency enables researchers to construct space trajectories that would otherwise be infeasible.
	sciencenews.org /articles/20050416/bob9.asp (2678 words)

	Interplanetary Superhighway Makes Space Travel Simpler
		Called the Interplanetary Superhighway, the system was calculated by Martin Lo, who used his theory to design the flight path for NASA's Genesis mission, which is currently using this "freeway in space" on its mission to collect solar wind particles for return to Earth.
		Lo has turned the theory of the Interplanetary Superhighway into a tool for mission design called "LTool," using models developed at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. The new LTool designed the flight path for the Genesis mission, the first space mission to use the theory of the Interplanetary Superhighway.
		Since the Lagrange points are landmarks for the Interplanetary Superhighway, spacecraft could easily be shunted to and from the station for repair.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2002/07/020718075904.htm (991 words)

	Interplanetary Shock Wave Passes Earth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		February 21, 2000 -- An interplanetary wave of ionized gas and magnetic fields passed by Earth on February 20, 2000 at 2100 UT. The shock front was caused by a full halo coronal mass ejection (CME) that erupted from the Sun on February 17, 2000.
		Geomagnetic activity has increased as a result of the interplanetary wave, but it appears there will be no significant aurora over the lower 48 U.S. states.
		The discontinuity, where the wind velocity jumps from 330 km/s to nearly 450 km/s, marks the passage of an interplanetary shock wave caused by a solar coronal mass ejection on February 17.
	www.spacescience.com /headlines/y2000/ast21feb_1.htm (617 words)

	CNN - Cyberspace-age: Interplanetary Internet is final frontier - July 23, 1998
		NASA officials are currently developing plans for the next mission to Mars and, Cerf said, the interplanetary Internet could play a role in that mission.
		Cerf, noting that the Internet Society's annual meeting this year has attracted attention because it will end with a summit on the future of domain name administration, suggested that an additional level would need to be added, designating what planet a communication is destined for — in other words, we might see vcerf@mci.com.earth.
		But he came under scrutiny by reporters about the need for such a system of interplanetary "gateways" and satellite orbiters — off of which to ricochet communications when a planet is on the other side of the Sun.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/computing/9807/23/interplanet.idg (856 words)

	Interplanetary Huntress Returns - Arthur K. Barnes - Mobipocket eBook
		But Luna is only the launching pad for her real adventure, a rocket voyage around the sun for a once-in-a-lifetime chance to rendezvous with Almussen's comet - where she comes face-to-face with the "seven sleepers" - a dangerous alien lifeform within the comet!
		But when danger calls, when the odds are long, when men are helpless - that's when the icy-eyed woman the media dub, "the interplanetary huntress," arrives on the scene.
		The heyday of Gerry Carlyle, the fabulously gorgeous interplanetary hunter...
	www.ebookmall.com /ebook/89677-ebook.htm (744 words)

	Intercomparison of NEAR and Wind interplanetary coronal mass ejection observations
		Despite extensive in situ studies of the interplanetary manifestations of coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), the connection between ICMEs and their solar source regions is still not completely understood.
		Fortunately, the interplanetary trajectory of the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft culminating in an Earth flyby in early 1998 provides a unique opportunity to undertake such a study.
		An alternate interpretation is that the scale of the CME is much greater than that of the magnetic flux ropes observed in these ICMEs and that a single CME may release several similar, nearly simultaneous flux ropes at different longitudes.
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /personnel/russell/papers/intercomparison (4478 words)

	Thursday's Classroom -- lesson plans and educational activities from NASA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		This week's lessons are based on a Science@NASA headline story intended for secondary readers (ages 15+): "Interplanetary Christmas." Younger students should read the appropriate Kid's Story, below, which summarizes the grown-up headline.
		The Night Before Christmas, NASA-style -- Students are invited to read a spacey rendition of the classic Christmas poem, "Twas the Night Before Christmas." Related activities include reading for accuracy and a cloze worksheet.
		Interplanetary Christmas Ornaments -- By decorating and folding simple geometric templates, students can create Christmas ornaments describing their favorite planet.
	www.thursdaysclassroom.com /index_09dec99.html (809 words)

	NPR : 'Beyond: Visions of the Interplanetary Probes'
		The June 9, 2002, prominence was caused by explosive instabilities in the sun's magnetic field.
		Weekend Edition - Saturday, October 18, 2003 · Trawling through the Internet from his home in Slovenia, author Michael Benson stumbled upon some of the most expensive pictures ever taken: Otherworldly images sent back by the spacecraft humankind has launched over the past four decades in an effort to capture the heavens.
		The vistas are strange and beautiful -- from the fiery arcing prominences of the sun to the celestial dance of Io floating above Jupiter.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=1470480 (247 words)

	Interplanetary Internet :: Astrobiology Magazine :: Search for Life in the Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Summary (Dec 26, 2003): Dr. Vinton Cerf was one of the early researchers who worked on the embryonic web when it was called ARPANET; he is often referred to as one of the 'fathers of the internet'.
		In one such comment, encapsulated here, he begins to describe a future vision for what has become a project of his--building the Interplanetary Internet.
		As futurists look back on the early days of the internet, and consider how it might grow to become interplanetary, Cerf's April Fool's exchange offers a fascinating piece of web history, with glimpses of a terraformed Mars, a colonized moon, and a vast, shared library called the Interplanetary Internet.
	www.astrobio.net /news/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=735 (3976 words)

	Gertie The Dinosaur at The Dinosaur Interplanetary Gazette
		Gertie The Dinosaur at The Dinosaur Interplanetary Gazette
		Read her story at the Dinosaur Interplanetary Gazette.
		Dinosaur Interplanetary Gazette is supported in part by the kindness of AGFA
	www.dinosaur.org /Gertie.htm (239 words)

	An international, interplanetary Internet - Space.com - MSNBC.com
		In a sign of cosmic communications to come, last week mission controllers sent signals to a Mars-orbiting European spacecraft, which relayed the instructions to NASA's Spirit rover on the surface, and a signal was returned to Earth back along the same path.
		NASA has used its own orbiters to communicate with surface probes at Mars before, but the Feb. 6 "pioneering demonstration," as officials called it, was the first to involve multiple nations.
		Other plans are underway for eventually creating a true Interplanetary Internet that is more like the one you're using to read this story.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/4253102 (737 words)

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