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Topic: Interpretation of quantum mechanics

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Paul Dirac

	Quantum mechanics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Quantum mechanics is a fundamental branch of theoretical physics with wide applications in experimental physics that replaces classical mechanics and classical electromagnetism at the atomic and subatomic levels.
		Quantum mechanics is a more fundamental theory than Newtonian mechanics and classical electromagnetism, in the sense that it provides accurate and precise descriptions for many phenomena that these "classical" theories simply cannot explain on the atomic and subatomic level.
		Quantum electrodynamics is a quantum theory of electrons, positrons, and the electromagnetic field, and served as a role model for subsequent quantum field theories.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quantum_mechanics (5586 words)

	Interpretation and Philosophical Foundation of Quantum Mechanics
		It is suggested that the objective randomness of the individual quantum event is a necessity of a description of the world in view of the significant influence the observer in quantum mechanics has.
		That is because the epistemological problems of quantum mechanics are immune against a variation of the magnitude of the quantum of action over a wide range, yet again, the fact that a quantum of action exists at all surely is significant in the quest for the new paradigm.
		Furthermore, any position that would necessitate a change of the quantum formalism[37] in the sense that it leads to a change of its predictions in may opinion is, at the least, highly improbable in view of the excellent agreement of methods of experiments with theoretical prediction.
	www.quantum.univie.ac.at /zeilinger/philosop.html (6432 words)

	THE COPENHAGEN INTERPRETATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS
		This is the philosophical essence of the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum theory.
		By Einstein's statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics, however, an electron has a discrete position and momentum at all times during its flight, such that the wave function (and the Airy disk) is only meaningful as a statistical description of the behavior of a large number of particles -- not of an individual particle.
		Quantum mechanics predicts that the proportion of a series of emissions of polarized light which match (both detected or both not detected) at L and R will be cos
	www.benbest.com /science/quantum.html (5608 words)

	Interpretation of quantum mechanics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although quantum mechanics is widely considered "the most precisely tested and most successful theory in the history of science" (Jackiw and Kleppner, 2000), many feel that in spite of this the fundamentals of the theory have yet to be fully understood.
		The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics (TIQM) by John Cramer is an unusual interpretation of quantum mechanics that describes quantum interactions in terms of a standing wave formed by retarded (forward-in-time) and advanced (backward-in-time) waves.
		Quantum Mechanics for Philosophers An argument for the superiority of the Bohm interpretation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Interpretation_of_quantum_mechanics (3577 words)

	Against the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics – in defence of Marxism
		Quantum mechanics is the part of science that deals with the motion of matter on the scale of atoms and sub-atomic particles.
		Quantum mechanics is often associated with advanced mathematics, and mathematics can be used to develop the ideas of quantum mechanics to applications in complex situations.
		The so-called "paradoxes of quantum mechanics" are precisely this.
	www.marxist.com /scienceandtech/quantum-mechanics-copenhagen150605.htm (7192 words)

	Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Today the Copenhagen interpretation is mostly regarded as synonymous with indeterminism, Bohr's correspondence principle, Born's statistical interpretation of the wave function, and Bohr's complementarity interpretation of certain atomic phenomena.
		The quantum mechanical description of the object differs from the classical description of the measuring apparatus, and this requires that the object and the measuring device should be separated in the description, but the line of separation is not the one between macroscopic instruments and microscopic objects.
		In general, Bohr considered the demands of complementarity in quantum mechanics to be logically on a par with the requirements of relativity in the theory of relativity.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/qm-copenhagen (4409 words)

	On a Realistic Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics - Neumaier (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This opens the door for an interpretation that, while respecting the indeterministic nature of quantum mechanics, allows to speak of definite values for all observables at any time that are, however, only partially measurable.
		6 The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (context) - Omn - 1994
		4 The interpretation of quantum mechanics and the measurement..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /neumaier99realistic.html (693 words)

	Quantum Theory of Immortality Menu
		The Everett 'Many Worlds Interpretation' of quantum physics postulates that that all systems evolve according to the Schrödinger equation, whereas the more conventional Copenhagen Interpretation says that this is true until the moment of observation, at which point the equation 'collapses'.
		The 'Copenhagen Interpretation' of the phenomena and the equations which describe them, agreed at the 1927 Solvay conference, essentially says that the 'wave packet' somehow associated with a particle 'collapses' when it is observed - this necessitates a relationship between the observer's consciousness and the particle.
		In interpretations where there is an explicit non-unitary collapse, she will be either dead or alive after the first trigger event, so she should expect to perceive perhaps a click or two (if she is moderately lucky), then "game over", nothing at all.
	www.higgo.com /quantum/qti.htm (1439 words)

	Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Many-Worlds Interpretation (MWI) is an approach to quantum mechanics according to which, in addition to the world we are aware of directly, there are many other similar worlds which exist in parallel at the same space and time.
		Whenever the quantum wave of the Universe develops into a superposition containing states of a sentient being corresponding to different perceptions, the minds of this sentient being evolve randomly and independently to mental states corresponding to these different states of perception (with probabilities equal to the quantum probabilities for these states).
		The collapse mechanism seems to be in contradiction with basic physical principles such as relativistic covariance, but nevertheless, some ingenious concrete proposals have been made (see Pearle 1986 and the entry on collapse theories).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/qm-manyworlds (7028 words)

	TIQM: 3.0 The Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
		The basic element of the transactional interpretation is an emitter-absorber transaction through the exchange of advanced and retarded waves, as first described by Wheeler and Feynman (1945, 1949) [see also (Feynman, 1967b)].
		It is this alternative interpretation of the electrodynamic formalism which we have generalized (Cramer, 1980) to include all quantum mechanical processes and which leads to the alternative interpretation of quantum mechanics which is presented here.
		It should be emphasized that the TI is an interpretation of the existing formalism of quantum mechanics rather than a new theory or revision of the quantum mechanical formalism.
	www.npl.washington.edu /npl/int_rep/tiqm/TI_30.html (2758 words)

	On the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Unless we introduce a further piece of interpretive apparatus, we are in danger of supposing that the system described by phi> is also described by n+ s+ f+> or each of the other components in (2), which would mean we have not solved the original problem.
		A quantum system and environment described by the state phi> is also described by one of the states of the basis in which the reduced density matrix of phi> is diagonal after the environment has been traced over.
		This interpretive approach to quantum mechanics combines features of the Copenhagen interpretation, the Everett `relative state' interpretation, the environment-induced decoherence, and consistent histories, but is not identical to any of them.
	eve.physics.ox.ac.uk /Personal/steane/interpret.html (1267 words)

	4.1 Physics: The interpretation of quantum mechanics
		The standard interpretation of quantum phenomena is in terms of wave/particle duality: each quantum is a system with both particle and wave aspects.
		He uses the many-worlds interpretation freely in explaining his ideas, and although he admits that these explanations could be re-formulated for other interpretations, he feels this can only be done with some loss of explanatory power.
		He reasons as follows: assume that a quantum computer has been set up to compute a task which classically takes at least two days; assume that there is a program that extracts the info from the superpositional state in negligible time, with a certain probability of success per unit time (per day, suppose).
	www.cogs.susx.ac.uk /users/ronc/quantum3/node12.html (810 words)

	quantum mechanics interpretation concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Copenhagen interpretation (3 facts) - The view of quantum mechanics holding that prior to the measurement, a system has no physical existence and is describable only in terms of the probability of each possible result of a measurement.
		many-worlds interpretation (4 facts) - The view of quantum mechanics holding that a physical system simultaneously exists in all of its possible states prior to and after a measurement of the system.
		Every time we make a measurement of a physical system and find it to be in a particular one of its possible states, our universe branches off to one of the universes in which the system is in that particular state at that moment.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/quantummechanicsinterpretation.html (271 words)

	Quantum Mechanics and the Copenhagen Interpretation
		The recognition that the propositions of quantum mechanics are intrinsically statistical and probabilistic was the key to resolving the seeming paradox of the wave-particle duality.
		Since it led Heisenberg, with his incredible intuition, to the correct formulation of quantum mechanics, this mental crutch was of obvious value to the development of the theory, but it eventually became an impediment to a full understanding of quantum mechanics, especially by nonphysicists.
		Even as we admit that quantum mechanics generally does not allow us to speak of a photon "having" a certain polarization, we cannot resist saying sometimes that the observation "puts" the system in a definite state of polarization and "collapses" the wave function or state.
	www.ashp.cuny.edu /nml/copenhagen/Merzbacher.htm (2676 words)

	Measurement in quantum mechanics FAQ: The Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
		It is to be emphasized that, like the Many-Worlds and other interpretations, the transactional interpretation (TI) makes no new physical predictions; it merely reinterprets the physical content of the very same mathematical formalism as used in the ``standard'' textbooks, or by all other interpretations.
		The quantum measurement process happens ``when'' the transaction (OW sent - CW received - standing wave formed with probability \Psi \Psi*) is finished - and this happens over a space-time interval; thus, one cannot point to a time of collapse, only to an interval of collapse (consistent with relativity).
		The interpretational difficulties with the latter three are due to the necessity of deciding when the Copenhagen state reduction occurs.
	www.mtnmath.com /faq/meas-qm-8.html (821 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Physics: Quantum Mechanics: Interpretations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Indeterminism and the Bohm Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics - In this essay it is argued that it is possible to subscribe to the Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics without giving up indeterminism in nature.
		Interpretation and Philosophical Foundation of Quantum Mechanics - The epistemological paradigm on which we could build a foundation of quantum mechanics has not been found yet.
		This FAQ does not seek to prove that the many-worlds interpretation is the "correct" quantum metatheory, merely to correct some of the common errors and misinformation on the subject.
	dmoz.org /Science/Physics/Quantum_Mechanics/Interpretations (677 words)

	Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Albert Einstein disliked quantum mechanics, as developed by Heisenberg, Schrödinger, Dirac, and others, because it had many strange features that ran head-on into Einstein's finely honed intuition and understanding of how a proper universe ought to operate.
		Einstein's "spookiness" is now called nonlocality, the mysterious ability of Nature to enforce correlations between separated but entangled parts of a quantum system that are out of speed-of-light contact, to reach faster-than-light across vast spatial distances or even across time itself to ensure that the parts of a quantum system are made to match.
		To be more specific, locality means that isolated parts of any quantum mechanical system out of speed-of-light contact with other parts of that system are allowed to retain definite relationships or correlations only through memory of previous contact.
	www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk /~mdt26/qmint.html (425 words)

	Quantum mechanics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		While quantum mechanics is entirely consistent with special relativity, serious problems emerge when one tries to join the quantum laws with general relativity, a more elaborate description of spacetime which incorporates gravitation.
		Because everything is composed of quantum-mechanical particles, the laws of classical physics must approximate the laws of quantum mechanics in the appropriate limit.
		This is often expressed by saying that in case of large quantum numbers quantum mechanics "reduces" to classical mechanics and classical electromagnetism.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Quantum_mechanics (5166 words)

	"Many-Worlds" interpretation of quantum mechanics
		Until Many-Worlds appeared, the generally accepted interpretation of quantum mechanics was (and perhaps still is) the Copenhagen Interpretation.
		The Copenhagen Interpretation makes a distinction between the observer and the observed; when no one is watching, a system evolves deterministically according to a wave equation, but when someone is watching, the wavefunction of the system "collapses" to the observed state, which is why the act of observing changes the system.
		The Many-Worlds Interpretation is an interpretation of quantum mechanics, and pertains to quantum events.
	www.station1.net /DouglasJones/many.htm (1128 words)

	FOUNDATIONS AND INTERPRETATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The aim of this book is twofold: to provide a comprehensive account of the foundations of the theory and to outline a theoretical and philosophical interpretation suggested from the results of the last twenty years.
		There is a need to provide an account of the foundations of the theory because recent experience has largely confirmed the theory and offered a wealth of new discoveries and possibilities.
		the reader is presented with a most extensive panorama of interesting developments offering original and sometimes quite promising views in the quantum mechanical domain, and also, correlatively, that he is given an access to an exceptionally rich bibliography.
	www.worldscibooks.com /physics/4194.html (345 words)

	The ProWave Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
		It is widely accepted in Quantum Mechanics that measurements reveal the particle nature of elementary quanta, but there are many interpretations on how these ``particles'' move from the emitter to the point of measurement.
		This paper introduces in the ProWave (for ``Propagating Wave '') Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, The basic idea is that elementary quanta always exist in the form of a wave, and always travelin the form of a wave, described by Schrödinger evolution, but are always measured each at a single location.
		As examples, the 2-slit experiment, and EPR experiment, and a quantum eraser are interpreted in the ProWave picture.
	members.tripod.com /~mwolff/wave.html (111 words)

	Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
		Prepare a report, showing that you understand the basic conceptual and mathematical/technical features of your topic, and that you can make critical comments about the issues relevant to the interpretation of quantum mechanics.
		Describe/review two of the interpretations of quantum mechanics discusssed during the course and compare them, pointing out pros and cons.
		OR Describe one interpretation of quantum mechancis not discussed in the course and critically analyse it in the same sense as outlined above.
	www.iqc.ca /~qipcourse/interpret (623 words)

	quantum mechanics
		Search results for 'quantum and (mechanics or mechanic) or quantum or schrodinger'
		In Richard Feynman's formulation of quantum theory, the probability that a photon ends up at a particular spot is calculated by summing up over all possible trajectories for the photon.
		But applying quantum theory to the entire universe -- where the experimenters are part of the experiment -- is tricky.
	newton.ex.ac.uk /aip/catagories/quantum_mechanics.html (532 words)

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