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Topic: Interstellar matter

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	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for interstellar
		interstellar matter matter in a galaxy between the stars, known also as the interstellar medium.
		Distribution of Interstellar Matter Compared to the size of an entire galaxy, stars are virtually points, so that the region occupied by the interstellar matter constitutes nearly all the physical volume of a galaxy.
		It consists of a cloud of nonluminous interstellar matter resembling the outline of a horse's head and appears against the background of a bright emission nebula.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=interstellar (623 words)

	Astronomy Supplement - The Interstellar Medium
		Interstellar matter is primarily a gas, in which hydrogen is the chief component.
		Interstellar matter is not uniformly spread throughout the Galaxy but is clumped together in interstellar clouds that vary in size and the complexity of their association in our Galaxy.
		The interstellar matter of our Galaxy, and presumably other galaxies, is a mixture of atomic and molecular gases, mostly hydrogen, along with small solid particles, called grains or dust, concentrated primarily in the plane of the Galaxy.
	physics.gmu.edu /~jevans/astr103/CourseNotes/ECText/ch16_txt.htm (6671 words)

	interstellar matter. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Although the density of interstellar matter is far lower than in the best laboratory vacuum, the total mass contained between stars is about 5% of the mass of the universe.
		Highly ionized matter, densely clustered around a hot star, is visible by the light emitted by the ions and electrons when they recombine; this is called an emission nebula.
		The interstellar gas is electrically neutral at points far removed from any star (H I regions) but is highly ionized (the electrons are detached from their atoms) in the immediate vicinity of the most massive and hottest stars (H II regions).
	www.bartleby.com /65/in/interste.html (564 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for matter
		dark matter material that is believed to make up (along with dark energy) more than 90% of the mass of the universe but is not readily visible because it neither emits nor reflects electromagnetic radiation, such as light or radio signals.
		states of matter forms of matter differing in several properties because of differences in the motions and forces of the molecules (or atoms, ions, or elementary particles) of which they are composed.
		Soil organic matter fractions and microaggregation in a Ultisol under cultivation and secondary forest in south-eastern Nigeria.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Matter (734 words)

	Interstellar medium Summary
		Interstellar gas is the most prevalent form of matter that occupies the space between celestial bodies.
		About 98% of interstellar matter is gaseous, and it is estimated that approximately 5% of the total matter in the universe is in the form of interstellar gas.
		The interstellar medium is usually divided into three phases, depending on the temperature of the gas: hot (millions of kelvins), warm (thousands of kelvins), and cold (tens of kelvins).
	www.bookrags.com /Interstellar_medium (1993 words)

	Galactic Frontier. Interstellar Exploration.
		The derived properties of the local interstellar medium (LISM) are averaged over large, “astronomical” distances in the former case and the inflowing interstellar matter is disturbed and filtered by the heliospheric interface region in the latter.
		Key measurement objectives include determination of isotopic and elemental composition of interstellar matter in gaseous and dust forms, establishing the ionizations state of various constituents of interstellar gas, and characterization of interstellar magnetic field and galactic cosmic rays.
		Interstellar neutral gas reaches the inner heliosphere but its components are often filtered and disturbed by the passage through the heliospheric interface, which introduces uncertainties in interpretation of observations.
	astronauticsnow.com /GalacticFrontier/asr_2004.html (6109 words)

	ISP-Intro.html
		Determine the interstellar spectra of galactic cosmic rays and their contribution to the ionization, heating, and dynamics of the interstellar medium.
		Study the deflection of the subsonic solar wind and interstellar plasma flows in the heliosheath, including the effects of thermal pressure gradients, magnetic fields, and the neutral interstellar gas.
		Interstellar dust is, of course, eventually melted, sublimated, or evaporated by solar radiation as it falls into the Sun.
	science.nasa.gov /ssl/pad/solar/suess/Interstellar_Probe/ISP-Intro.html (1489 words)

	matter - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Matter, in science, general term applied to anything that occupies space and has the attributes of gravity and inertia.
		Interstellar Matter, the gases and fine dust, known and inferred, that occupy the vast stretches of space between the stars in galaxies and between...
		Matter, States of, in classical physics, three forms in which matter occurs—solid, liquid, and gas.
	au.encarta.msn.com /matter.html (160 words)

	The Fullness of Space: author's preface
		If interstellar matter did nothing more than quietly fill the gaps between the stars then it would merit only a footnote in the inventory of the Universe.
		Because the behavior of interstellar matter is simple, its story can be told without mathematics and without assuming that the reader has any formal scientific background.
		Chapter 8 covers interstellar molecules and the clouds they are found in, while chapter 9 deals with the elusive cosmic ray particles and with the magnetic fields that play a major role in controlling the motions of interstellar gases.
	www.ifa.hawaii.edu /~wynnwill/fullness_preface.htm (1144 words)

	Re: Space matter, energy, anti-matter
		Some fraction of it could be composed of regular matter like asteroids, planets, brown dwarfs (stars to small to produce nuclear reactions at their centers) or elementary particles like neutrinos.
		The matter in the space that is among the stars in a galaxy is called interstellar matter.
		Interstellar matter is composed of gas and dust.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/Mar2003/1046619096.As.r.html (764 words)

	Interstellar dust
		Interstellar matter consists mainly of hydrogen (90%) and helium (approx.
		The dark interstellar clouds are the most dense and are cold concentrations of interstellar gas.
		The interstellar material forms a dynamic reservoir from which stars are formed and to which they return their remnants.
	library.thinkquest.org /18188/english/universe/stars/int_dust.htm (929 words)

	ITSF Brochure: Propulsion Techniques: Ram Scoop Devices
		The top speed of a Bussard ramjet is theoretically very close to the speed of light, but practically it may be hindered by the density of interstellar matter, the drag of the magnetic field and the braking of the incoming protons.
		Here interstellar hydrogen was trapped in nets of electromagnetic force, compressed and guided into a ring of pinched force fields, and there burned in a fusion fire.
		The maximum velocity of Niven's ramjets is reached when the speed of interstellar hydrogen coming in matches the speed of the exhaust at a significant percentage of the speed of light.
	www.itsf.org /brochure/ramscoop.html (1001 words)

	Galaxies
		Elliptical galaxies are spheroidal in shape and have little interstellar matter; spiral galaxies are highly flattened rotating discs composed of interstellar matter and large numbers of massive stars, as well as the less massive stars that are also common in ellipticals.
		Thus, interstellar matter is progressively enriched with heavy elements, which then become part of new generations of stars.
		In spirals, however, much interstellar matter remains; in these galaxies the rate of star formation is much higher in the spiral arms than in the core.
	www.claudette.shalfleet.net /astrophysics/galaxies.htm (1267 words)

	Mirror Matter And Interstellar Pioneers
		Mirror matter is one possible explanation which seems to explain dark matter very well because mirror matter is necessarily stable and dark.
		Of course, this does not mean that mirror matter necessarily exists because the experiments may be wrong or there could be some other possible explanation which has yet to be proposed.
		A mirror matter spacebody can improve upon this explanation in a number of ways, but the main way is rather obvious: The lack of ordinary fragments and chemical traces are simply explained because the body was made of mirror matter.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/mirror-matter-02b.html (1121 words)

	D. Galactic Astronomy and Interstellar Matter
		Grain destruction in shock waves is important because of its role in the evolution of the interstellar grain population and because it can alter the gas-phase abundance of atoms, ions, and molecules in a shock wave.
		The objective of their study was to observe some important uv transitions to obtain a better understanding of differences in the interstellar material within the remnant over a length scale as small as 0.013 pc.
		Fitzpatrick has analyzed the pattern of interstellar gas-phase abundances of the elements Si, S, Mn, Cr, Fe, and Zn derived for about 30 individual interstellar clouds along the sightlines toward the Galactic disk star HD 68273 and the halo stars HD 93521, HD 149881, and HD 215733.
	www.astro.princeton.edu /~dns/AnnualReport96/node14.html (3371 words)

	[No title]
		This way the ship doesn't have the drag a true ramscoop would have accelerating interstellar fuel that is going much slower than the ship is. All incoming mass is hit with a short length of electric or magnetic forward thrust once it enters the ship.
		The interstellar mass, being at a far different speed and direction than the ship, will blow past the magnetic catcher into the main thrust accelerator (powered by the soon to be burned fuel).
		The problem with using an interstellar scoop, is their isn't much in interstellar space to scoop up.
	www.urly-bird.com /LIT/interstellar/Explorer_Class/RAIR_Drive.html (1545 words)

	Interstellar Medium: Cold
		Deep imaging of the skies showed that there are numerous regions where interstellar matter, in the form of gas and dust, collects to form clouds and nebula.
		Maps of interstellar reddening demonstrated that the interstellar medium is composed mostly of hydrogen and helium gas (99%) and traces of dust.
		Radiation from interstellar molecules is a good tracer of the dense, thick regions of the interstellar medium.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/ast122/lectures/lec22.html (1441 words)

	interstellar matter — Infoplease.com
		interstellar matter: Distribution of Interstellar Matter - Distribution of Interstellar Matter Compared to the size of an entire galaxy, stars are virtually...
		interstellar matter: Composition and Properties of Interstellar Matter - Composition and Properties of Interstellar Matter The interstellar gas, which constitutes about 99%...
		Seeking galaxies by gaslight: hydrogen gas is telling tales on hundreds of galaxies once shielded by interstellar dust.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0825370.html (194 words)

	Dark Matter Illuminated, Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Meteoroids are extra-terrestrial particulate matter larger than molecular scale in size but smaller than the nucleus of a comet (i.e., less than several kilometers across).
		We begin our story with the history of the search for interstellar meteoroids, which is useful for specifying some key parameters of these bodies that allowed them to escape detection during a half-century of intensive search for their existence.
		The next chapter is devoted to measured properties of dark matter and those that have been inferred from experimental data.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~soberman/over.html (1176 words)

	Interstellar medium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The advent of deep photographic imaging allowed Barnard to produce the first images of dark nebula silhouetted against the background star field of the Galaxy while the first actual detection of cold diffuse matter in interstellar space was made by Hartmann in 1904 through the use of absorption line spectroscopy.
		Hartmann demonstrated that absorption from the "K" line of calcium to appear "extraordinarily weak, but almost perfectly sharp" and also reported the "quite surprising result that the calcium line at 3934 Angstroms does not share in the periodic displacements of the lines caused by the orbital motion of the spectroscopic binary star".
		Following the identification of interstellar Calcium absorption by Hartmann, interstellar Sodium was detected by Heger in 1919 through the observation of stationary absorption from the atoms "D" lines at 5890 and 5896 Angstroms towards Delta Orionis and Beta Sco.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Interstellar (2098 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The study began by using a gas mixture of water, methane, ammonia and carbon monoxide, which the authors claim are the prevalent gases found in interstellar clouds.
		Under the action of radiation fl matter explodes, forming smaller fragments that are easier to identify.
		Black matter is in continuous evolution, producing low-molecular-weight organic molecules as it changes that eventually become ice.
	www.lycos.com /info/interstellar--molecules.html?page=2 (696 words)

	SOFIA Science - Evolution of Galaxies
		The equilibrium mainly depends on the distance from the radiation source (mostly a hot star) and its radiated spectrum, and on the density, temperature, chemical composition, and geometry of the molecular cloud.
		At later stages of their evolution, stellar matter is fed back into the interstellar region by mass loss of high mass stars (e.g.
		The interaction of this material with the surrounding interstellar matter (ISM) leads to shock fronts which heat and destroy the dust and excite characteristic spectral lines.
	www.sofia.usra.edu /observatory/science/sci_opport_interstellar.html (397 words)

	ScienceDaily: Meteorites Discovered To Carry Interstellar Carbon
		These isotopes are chemically bonded to meteoritic organic matter and can reveal a lot about what happened to the meteorite as it made its way through the solar system over billions of years.
		The two images show the regions with high levels of 15N and heavy hydrogen (deuterium or D)-indications that the associated carbon is very old and originated from interstellar matter or the outer regions of the solar system.
		Interstellar medium -- The interstellar medium (or ISM) is the name astronomers give to the tenuous gas and dust that pervade interstellar space.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/05/060505192530.htm (2077 words)

	IAU Commission #34 (Interstellar Matter)
		Interstellar gas is mixed by radial flows along bars in spiral galaxies, leading to less steep radial O/H gradients in stronger barred galaxies (Martin, p.
		If the total interstellar carbon abundance is also only 2/3 of the solar value, as in the case of oxygen, this would tightly constrain extinction models which use a lot of carbon in the dust.
		Global descriptions of the dynamical evolution of the interstellar medium at the kiloparsec scale in a spiral galaxy, have been proposed, on the basis of 2--dimensional simulations of compressible turbulence with self--gravity and magnetic field (Vasquez-Semadeni + 1995 ApJ 441 702; Passot + 1995 ApJ 455 536).
	www.ifa.hawaii.edu /users/reipurth/iaucomm34/IAU34rep97.html (9184 words)

	Interstellar Matter
		matter appears to reside near the galactic plane, a huge halo of _______________ clusters,
		the galaxy appears to be observable in stars and interstellar matter.
		The basic way that matter congregates in the universe is in the form of ____________.
	www.astronomy.org /astronomy-survival/galaxy.html (1910 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The icy surfaces of cometary and meteoritic matter are expected to display a type of organic chemistry similar to that in dust when irradiated by ultraviolet radiation or high-energy particles such as cosmic rays.
		It has been suggested that interstellar matter forming the protoplanetary disk of our solar system may have supplied organic material to the early Earth via comets and meteoroids formed from aggregates of interstellar solids, but the possible role of these processes in the emergence of life on our planet is uncertain.
		A suitable instrument on Interstellar Probe would be able to search for organic material in the outer solar system, as well as the nearby interstellar medium, in order to address questions about the nature and chemical evolution of this material.
	interstellar.jpl.nasa.gov /interstellar/probe/solar_system/organic.html (366 words)

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