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	Intervertebral Disc Disease
		This type of disc rupture affects young to middle aged small breed, chondrodystrophic dogs (Dachshunds, Lhasa Apsos, Shih Tzus, Pekingese, etc.) The most frequent area of rupture is at the junction of the thoracic and lumbar spine.
		The onset of symptoms is typically slow and progressive with a history of difficulty in rising, climbing stairs or jumping.
		The disc material literally explodes up into the spinal cord causing severe damage and in the worst cases, ascending death of the cord.
	www.handicappedpets.com /Articles/intervertebraldiscdisease.htm (797 words)

	eMedicine - Lumbosacral Disc Injuries : Article Excerpt by Robert E Windsor
		The disc itself is comprised of a central nucleus pulposus surrounded peripherally by the annulus fibrosis.
		Because the intervertebral disc is the largest avascular structure in the body, it is dependent on diffusion across the endplate for nutrition and waste removal.
		Intervertebral discs of the lumbosacral spine are susceptible to a variety of injuries, which may account for pain in the lower back.
	www.emedicine.com /sports/byname/Lumbosacral-Disc-Injuries.htm (1415 words)

	ACVS - Intervertebral Disc Disease
		The intervertebral discs (the cushion that resides in the space between adjacent spinal vertebrae) are subject to a number of degenerative conditions and forces that predispose them to bulge or rupture over time.
		Intervertebral disc rupture is generally thought to be a true surgical emergency and prognosis varies significantly with degree of function remaining when the pet was evaluated and surgically treated.
		Intervertebral disc rupture in the thoracolumbar region presents with variable degrees of pain; however, characteristic gait abnormalities begin to develop and progress in usually predictable patterns.
	www.acvs.org /AnimalOwners/HealthConditions/SmallAnimalTopics/IntervertebralDiscDisease (2131 words)

	YOUR SPINE - INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
		The intervertebral discs are a prevalent source of lower back pain as they are one of the most frequently injured spinal structures.
		The second type of disc injury, commonly referred to as a disc herniation, consists of annular tears which run from the innermost aspects of the annulus (where the nucleus is) to the outermost aspects of the annulus.
		The symptoms of disc injury depend upon the location of the disc tears and whether or not the spinal nerves or spinal cord are affected.
	www.dcdoctor.com /pages/rightpages_healthconditions/yourspine/yourspine_disc.html (635 words)

	INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DISEASE
		Although the changes in the disc may be seen in x-rays as a narrowing of the intervertebral space, plus the presence of calcium deposits in the space, the degeneration of the disc does not itself generally cause clinical signs.
		The problems arise when part or all of the disc is squeezed out from between the vertebrae and protrudes dorsally into the adjacent spinal canal, causing an inflammation and/or compression of the spinal cord, and sometimes accompanied by bleeding from blood vessels in the tissues surrounding the spinal cord.
		Protrusion of prematurely degenerated discs is most often seen in dogs that are three to five years old, though degenerative changes in the discs have been found to occur as early as four months of age.
	www.frogdog.org /intervertebral_disc_disease.htm (1872 words)

	Pathophysiology of Lumbar Disc Degeneration: Literature Review
		The outer portion of the disc is the anulus fibrosis, and it is composed of concentric layers of intertwined anular bands.
		A study in which cadaveric disc was used and with motion was applied in flexion-extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending showed that the laxity of a degenerated disc is increased and the range of motion is decreased.
		A disc bulge is a symmetrical extension of the disc beyond the endplates, whereas a protrusion is a focal area of extension still attached to the disc.
	www.sanjoaquinhospital.org /education/cme/lumbardiscdegenerationarticle.html (4492 words)

	discbook
		Intervertebral disks are located between the vertebral bodies starting at the second and third cervical vertebrae (C2-3) and extending to the seventh lumbar and first sacral vertebrae (L7-S1).
		The intervertebral disk is designed well to dispose of compressive forces, but not as well to combat twisting or bending forces applied to the axis ("straight" line down the length) of the spine.
		Intervertebral disk herniation is usually suspected based on the signalmen(breed, age, sex), history of appropriate clinical dysfunction, and a neurologic localization of the cervical or thoracolumbar areas.
	www.dachshund-dca.org /discbook.html (8098 words)

	Prolapsed disc - My-Opis
		prolapsed intervertebral disc of the lumbar vertebrae, nucleus pulposus prolaps, NPP, Nucleus-pulposus-prolaps, disc prolaps, protrusion
		The term “prolapsed intervertebral disc” stands for the sudden or slowly progressing moving or escape of substance of the nucleus pulposus (jelly-like centre of the intervertebral disc) of one intervertebral disc backwards into the spinal channel or back and sidewards (nerve root).
		An intervertebral disc consists of the so-called annulus fibrosus, the outer ring made of connective tissue and cartilage, and the nucleus pulposus, the jelly-like inner centre.
	www.my-opis.com /Prolapsed_disc (3635 words)

	BackPainOConnor.com
		The superior aspect of the intervertebral foramen is composed of one pars interarticularis and the inferior border is composed of the vertebral bone adjacent and inferior to it.
		The intervertebral discs' spherical centers are composed of a gelatinous liquid cartilage material identified as the nucleus pulposus surrounded by an intermeshing laminated concentric fibrous structure known as the annulus fibrosus.
		Disc herniations can produce a changing spectrum of symptoms depending upon the actual position of the herniated disc material, explaining why occupationally debilitated patients can, from time to time, be nearly symptom-free and perform activities in which, logically, their described disability would seem to be irreconcilable with their other performance.
	www.backpainoconnor.com /demophysreal.asp (13623 words)

	Intervertebral Disc Disease - Thoracolumbar Area in Dogs
		Thoracolumbar (T-L) disc disease is a condition that occurs when pressure is placed on the spinal cord by disc material that herniates beneath or adjacent to the cord.
		The exact cause of disc degeneration is unknown but in many animals there is a change in the content of the disc from a soft, pliable gel to stiff mineral.
		When the disc involved is in the mid-portion or thoracolumbar area of the spine (the T-L region) the front legs are not affected; they remain normal.
	www.petplace.com /dogs/intervertebral-disc-disease-thoracolumbar-area-in-dogs/page1.aspx (1196 words)

	Cervical Disc Herniation, Dr. Jho's No-fusion Anterior Microforaminotomy
		Intervertebral discs do not exist between the cranium and the first vertebra and between the first vertebra (called the atlas) and second vertebra (called the axis).
		Intervertebral discs are present between C2-3 (between the second and third vertebra), C3-4, C4-5, C5-6, C6-7 and C7-T1 (between the seventh cervical vertebra and the first thoracic vertebra).
		The intervertebral disc is composed of four elements: the nucleus pulposus at the very center, the annulus fibrosus as a thick envelope that contains the gelatinous nucleus pulposus at the center, the cartilaginous plate superiorly and inferiorly at the vertebral bone side, and the ligaments that surround the annulus fibrosus circumferentially.
	drjho.com /cervical_disc_surgery.htm (3069 words)

	Southern California Veterinary Surgical Group - Cervical Disc Disease (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Intervertebral discs act as cushions between the vertebrae and function as the shock absorbers of the spine.
		The remaining discs in the area undergo fenestration, a procedure which involves removal of the degenerative center of the other discs in the neck.
		This procedure includes up to five intervertebral discs and involves cutting a window in the outer fibrous rim of the disc followed by extraction of the calcified, degenerative center.
	www.artreality.com /portfolio/wdwork/vet/cervicaldiscdisease.htm (774 words)

	Intervertebral Disc Implant
		Intervertebral discs act as a kind of cushion to soften the impacts caused by the movement of body.
		The intervertebral disc is a structure composed of the anulus fibrosus, the nucleus pulposus and the end plates.
		A disc herniation occurs when anulus fibers are weakened or thorn and the inner tissue of the nucleus becomes permanently bulged, distended or extruded out of its normal, internal anular confines.
	mitr.p.lodz.pl /biomat/discs.html (736 words)

	Back.com - Anatomy - Lumbar Spine
		The discs are flat, round structures about a quarter to three quarters of an inch thick with tough outer rings of tissue called the annulus fibrosis that contain a soft, white, jelly-like center called the nucleus pulposus.
		Intervertebral discs separate the vertebrae, but they act as shock absorbers for the spine.
		Intervertebral discs make up about one-third of the length of the spine and constitute the largest organ in the body without its own blood supply.
	www.back.com /anatomy-lumbar.html (979 words)

	Intervertebral Disc (Ruptured Disc) Disease in Dogs
		Above the discs and running through the bony vertebrae is the spinal cord, which is made up of a mass of nerve fibers that run back and forth between the brain and the rest of the body.
		As a disc becomes weaker with age or trauma, it may rupture, or herniate, causing a portion of the disc to protrude upward and place pressure on the spinal cord.
		A disc herniation in the neck area may affect the entire body, while one in the middle of the dog’s back may only affect the actions of the rear legs and abdominal organs.
	www.peteducation.com /article.cfm?cls=2&cat=1828&articleid=418 (646 words)

	Therapeutic agent for herniated intervertebral disc - Patent 6063378
		Herniated intervertebral disc is a disease attributed to protrusion of nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disc.
		Thus, since transligamentous extrusion type herniated intervertebral disc is characterized by existence of epidurally nucleus pulposus in common with sequestered type herniated intervertebral disc, it has been desired to treat patients of transligamentous extrusion type herniated intervertebral disc with the same manner for treating patients of sequestered type herniated intervertebral disc.
		For the conventional treatment of herniated intervertebral disc, intervertebral disc dissolution treating method (ID method) was developed in which proteolytic enzyme such as chymopapain or bacterial collagenase is injected into the intervertebral disc of a patient with hernia to dissolve the herniated part.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6063378.html (6187 words)

	Intervertebral Discs
		Intervertebral discs are located between each vertebra from the head to the tail.
		A protrusion implies that the disc nuclear material has not escaped into the spinal canal but it is bulging into the fibrous portion of the disc.Sometimes it is not possible to distinguish between an extrusion and a protrusion preoperatively.
		The incidence of a second intervertebral disc extrusion that would also require surgery for resolution of the problem is less than 1% in the cervical area and less than 3% in the thoracolumbar area.
	www.gcvs.com /surgery/interver.htm (2818 words)

	Intervertebral Disc Pathology: Its Relevance in Forensic Medicine
		In that paper, I discussed our current model of disc pain from a physiological point of view, but did not comment on the incidence or prevalence of disc disease in the population and, in particular, the asymptomatic population.
		The most common nonintervertebral disc abnormalities were Schmorl's nodes, found in 19% of the subjects, annular defects in 14%, and facet arthropathy in 8%.
		The disc was degenerated or narrowed at one level or more in 25% of subjects younger than age 40, and in almost 60% of those older than age 40.
	www.chiroweb.com /archives/22/19/08.html (1087 words)

	EURODISC - Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Interplay of Age, Environmental and Genetic Factors
		The intervertebral discs are the joints of the spinal column.
		Disc degeneration is a multifactorial and heterogenous disease that is hugely detrimental to both individuals and populations.
		Because of the complex nature of disc degeneration-related disorders, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary to identify what causes the intiation and progression of degenerative changes in the intervertebral disc.
	www.physiol.ox.ac.uk /EURODISC (1115 words)

	SpineSource \| Lumbar Disc Herniation (Herniated Disc)
		Vertebrae are separated from each other by intervertebral discs which lie between the bony vertebral bodies of the spine, cushioning the vertebra and providing space for the nerves roots to exit the spinal canal.
		The discs are composed of cartilage that have an outer wall of tough fibrous tissue called the annulus fibrosus, and a softer, inner portion called the nucleus pulposus.
		Using various instruments, the disc is removed through the right and left sides of the spinal canal (although sometimes all this can be done through one side only) and the intervertebral space which has been cleared is then packed with bone graft and either a bone block or cage implant.
	www.spinesource.com /Back-Pain-Disorders/lumbar-disc-herniation.html (1418 words)

	Intervertebral Disc Replacement
		The intervertebral disc is the cornerstone of the joint complex that comprises the spinal motion segment.
		Intervertebral disc replacement is an attractive alternative to fusion of the spine with theoretical advantages that include restoration of segmental mobility, elimination of pain, and sparing of abnormal biomechanical forces on adjacent segments.
		Intervertebral disc replacement may be indicated for patients with degenerative disc disease at one or two levels of the spine.
	www.spineuniverse.com /displayarticle.php/article1682.html (1472 words)

	Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Disease
		Intervertebral disc disease is the most common neurologic syndrome seen in the dog.
		Intervertebral discs act as cushions between the vertebrae and function as the shock absorbers of the spine.
		A tentative diagnosis of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease is made on the history and neurologic examination.
	www.petsurgery.com /thoracolumbarivdd.html (583 words)

	Topics of Interest > Intervertebral Disc Disease (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Intervertebral disc disease (IVD) can occur in all breeds of dogs, but it is most commonly seen in the chondrodystrophic breeds (these are the short leg, long back breeds, such as dachshunds, shih tzus, Lhasa apsos, beagles, and basset hounds).
		These breeds of dogs are susceptible to degeneration of their intervertebral discs at a young age.
		The normal disc is composed of a tough outer layer (the annulus fibrosus) and a gelatinous inner layer (the nucleus pulposus).
	www.southpaws.com /topics/IVD.htm (958 words)

	Disc Anatomy
		The intervertebral discs may be thought of as soft tough pads that separate the bones (vertebrae) of the spine from one another.
		In fact both the disc and anulus are comprised mainly of water, i.e., the nucleus is 80% water, and the anulus is 65% water.
		The anulus is the outer portion of the disc that surrounds the nucleus.
	www.chirogeek.com /000_Disc_Anatomy.htm (4639 words)

	Nomenclature and Classification of Lumbar Disc Pathology - Reporting and Coding
		Sub-categorizations 722.4, 722.5, and 722.6 are for "Degeneration of intervertebral disc" in the cervical, thoracic or lumbar, and unspecified regions, respectively.
		A disc described as "bulging" without further specification as to the cause of the bulging should not be coded as a displacement, but, like other observations of uncertain significance as 722.9 "other and unspecified disc disorder" or as 793.7, "nonspecific abnormal findings on radiographic examination" (musculoskeletal).
		Nonspecific discitis and other not-elsewhere-classified disc disorders should be coded 722.9; except, of course, when specific pathogens, neoplastic disorders, or non-degenerative arthridites are known, in which case the specific diagnosis should be used, instead of, or in addition to, 722.9.
	www.asnr.org /spine_nomenclature/reporting.shtml (1071 words)

	BNH Spine Centre , Back Pain , Disc replacement , Thailand (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The goal of the intervertebral disc prosthesis is to maintain mobility at the affected intervertebral disc and to reduce the extra loading on the adjacent intervertebral discs.
		The Prodisc C intervertebral discs prosthesis consists of two cobalt chromium molybdenum plates with a titanium coating that allows for bony ingrowth of the prosthesis.
		The intervertebral disc is then removed and the intervertebral disc space is expanded to about 5 – 7 cm using special instruments to decompress the nerve root and to create space for the prosthesis.
	www.bnhspine.com /tadrcervical.asp (834 words)

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