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Topic: Intervertebral Disks

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Fibrocartilage

Cartilage

	discbook
		Intervertebral disks are located between the vertebral bodies starting at the second and third cervical vertebrae (C2-3) and extending to the seventh lumbar and first sacral vertebrae (L7-S1).
		The dorsal annulus of the disk is approximately 1/3 the thickness of the ventral annulus; therefore the nucleus pulposus lies in the middle to the dorsal third of the disk.
		Intervertebral disk herniation is usually suspected based on the signalmen(breed, age, sex), history of appropriate clinical dysfunction, and a neurologic localization of the cervical or thoracolumbar areas.
	www.dachshund-dca.org /discbook.html (8098 words)

	Disk Removal: Encyclopedia of Surgery
		Intervertebral disks act as shock absorbers, protecting the brain and spinal cord from the impact produced by the body's movements.
		If the disk itself has become fragmented and partially displaced, or is not fragmented but bulges extensively, the surgeon removes the damaged part of the disk and the part that lies in the space between the vertebrae.
		Disk removal is performed by an orthopedic surgeon or neurosurgeon in a hospital setting.
	health.enotes.com /surgery-encyclopedia/disk-removal (1181 words)

	Herniated Cervical Disk-DynoMed.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		While the disk itself does not ‘slip,’ pressure on the core of the disk may be so strong that a fragment of the nucleus herniates or ruptures out of the outer layer (the annulus) of the disk.
		The disks of the thoracic section of the spine, immediately below the cervical vertebrae, may also become herniated, though this is a fairly uncommon back injury. It is much more likely for the disks of the lower back, in the lumbar region, to be affected by herniation.
		Although surgery for cervical disk herniation is usually without any significant problems, there may occasionally be unforeseen complications associated with anesthesia, including respiratory or cardiac malfunction. The surgery itself may be complicated by infection, injury to nerves and blood vessels, fracture, weakness, stiffness or instability of the joint, pain, or the need for additional surgeries.
	www.dynomed.com /encyclopedia/encyclopedia/spine/Herniated_Cervical_Disk.htm (1523 words)

	Herniated disk
		Disk herniation is a rupture of fibrocartilagenous material (annulus fibrosis) that surrounds the intervertebral disk.
		The sequestrated disk may occur as fragments from the annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus are outside the disk proper.
		The purpose of percutaneous disk excision is to reduce the volume of the affected disk indirectly by partial removal of the nucleus pulposus, leaving all the structures important to stability practically unaffected.
	www.lifesteps.com /gm/Atoz/ency/herniated_disk_pr.jsp (2095 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		When a cervical disk rupture results in a dog not being able to walk, the degree of recovery depends on the location of the disk rupture and duration of immobility before surgery is performed.
		Disk herniation may be managed either medically or surgically, depending on the findings of a neurological examination and the overall condition of the dog.
		Dogs with a history of intervertebral disk disease may be restricted from stairs or situations that add to stress on the spine, such as jumping onto furniture or into the car, or down from heights.
	www.gvsvet.com /ivd.htm (1886 words)

	The Herniated Lumbar Disk
		The disk is responsible for the attachment of vertebral bodies to each other. The disks increase in size from the superior to the inferior spine.
		Each vertebral segment contains a foramina, or an intervertebral foramen. The foramen is the joint space that allows the passage of nerve roots from the spinal cord. The intervertebral foramina are at the same level as the intervertebral disks.
		Disk herniations are most commonly found in patients age 20 to 50 years old and are more prevalent in men than in women.
	www.mtsu.edu /~athtrain/atep/496/projects/lumbardisk.html (1134 words)

	Scarcely Invasive Interventions in Hernias of Intervertebral Disks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		An angle of a needle dip, distance between a spinous process and a place of needle insertion, distance to a central part of a disk were calculated on the basis of a topogram and axial section after CT-scanning of the lumbar spine (Fig.1).
		Microsurgical removal of an intervertebral disk by an intralaminar approach or via fenestration of an interarch space was performed in 50 patients (a control group).
		Thus, puncture laser vaporization of an intervertebral disk and microdiscectomy led to arrest of pain syndrome and elimination of focal neurologic deficit in 67.2% and 70.0% of cases respectively.
	www.neuro.neva.ru /English/Issues/Articles_1_2003/kaznach.htm (2364 words)

	Intervertebral Disk Disease: Pet Health Topics from the College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University
		The intervertebral disks sit between the vertebrae in the spine.
		This rupture usually occurs in an upward direction, and the disk extrudes into the spinal canal where the spinal cord is. Signs develop either because of the force of the disk material hitting the cord, or due to the disk material compressing the spinal cord.
		To prove that a disk is pressing on the spinal cord, a special X-ray study known as a myelogram is often necessary.
	www.vetmed.wsu.edu /cliented/ivd.asp (728 words)

	[No title]
		Together with the cartilaginous end plates of the adjacent vertebral bodies, the intervertebral disk forms a disk complex that gives structural integrity to the interspace and cushions the mechanical forces applied to the spine.
		Herniated disks can be midline or lateral, and it is important to clearly identify the location of the disk fragment for surgical planning.
		The rib cage, small intervertebral disks, and coronal orientation of the facets joints all contribute to limited mobility of the thoracic spine, and consequently, a lower risk of disk herniation.
	spinwarp.ucsd.edu /NeuroWeb/Text/sp-700.htm (5023 words)

	Disk removal
		One of the most common types of back surgery is disk removal (diskectomy), the removal of an intervertebral disk, the flexible plate that connects any two adjacent vertebrae in the spine.
		If such a disk causes muscle weakness or interferes with bladder or bowel function because it is pressing on a nerve root, immediate surgery to remove the disk may be needed.
		If the disk itself has become fragmented and partially displaced, or not fragmented but bulging extensively, the surgeon will remove the bulging or displaced part of the disk and the part that lies in the space between the vertebrae.
	www.lifesteps.com /gm/Atoz/ency/disk_removal.jsp (1085 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Spondylosis deformans is a generalized disease of aging that is secondary to the degeneration of intervertebral disks that affects the vertebral bodies of all animals.
		Martin,(17,18) however, observed that intervertebral disks associated with vertebral osteophytes were normal in appearance.
		Thus, the differential diagnosis is in the determination of the cause of the disk disease.
	cal.vet.upenn.edu /saortho/chapter_61/61mast.htm (3744 words)

	Ozone Discolysis - Ozone treatment of herniated intervertebral disks
		The discolysis, which is the injection of ozone inside the intervertebral disk in trouble.
		Its injection in the disk speeds up the polyglucosids degradation in the degenerated pulpous nucleus, conducing to its reabsorption and dehydration and thus reducing the volume of the herniated material which has been responsible for the nerve compression.
		In some patients, with bulging disks, with an intact annulus(outer ring), it is possible that the use of the laser is the best approach to the problem, as the effect on the volume of the disk is immediate and is also an ambulatory procedure and has minimal complications associated.
	www.trejos.com /Trejos/Discolysis.stm (445 words)

	Home \| aHealthyme.com
		A herniated disk refers to the rupture of fibrocartilagenous material, called the annulus fibrosis, that surrounds the intervertebral disk.
		When this occurs, pressure from the vertebrae above and below may force the disk's center portion, a gel-like substance, outward, placing additional pressure on the spinal nerve and causing pain and damage to the nerve.
		The outer portion of the intervertebral disk made primarily of fibrocartilage rings.
	www.ahealthyme.com /article/gale/100084698 (2063 words)

	Laser Treatment of Intervertebral Disks
		The anulus fibrosis is stabilized; compression of the disks and the resultant likelihood of a post-nucleotomy syndrome is avoided.
		The laser treatment of intervertebral disks is a minimal invasive procedure, available on an out-patient basis.
		Disk pain is treated inside the disk itself through laser-induced coagulation.
	www.back-pain-info.com /back-pain-laser-treatment-disks.html (390 words)

	VetMedCenter - Consumer - Article Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease is the result of age-related degeneration within the thoracolumbar intervertebral disks.
		Certain breeds of dogs are prone to early degeneration of their intervertebral disks and thus the clinical symptoms related to intervertebral disk disease.
		The prognosis for dogs with thoracolumbar disk disease is generally good as long as they maintain the ability to feel pain in their hind limb toes.
	consumer.vetmedcenter.com /Consumer/display.asp?id=8745&dt=p (460 words)

	Intervertebral Disk Appearance Correlated withStiffness of Lumbar Spinal Motion Segments -- Haughton et al. 20 (6): ...
		Intervertebral Disk Appearance Correlated withStiffness of Lumbar Spinal Motion Segments -- Haughton et al.
		a reduction in the stiffness of the intervertebral disk and
		Bram J, Zanetti M, Min K, Hodler J. MR abnormalities of the intervertebral disks and adjacent bone marrow as predictors of segmental instability of the lumbar spine.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/20/6/1161 (2186 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Intervertebral disk (IVD) disease in the dog is a common clinical disorder manifested by pain, ataxia, paresis, motor paralysis, or sensorimotor paralysis.
		The involved disk is located and small curved hemostats are used to separate the longus colli muscle overlying the ventral anulus.
		Removal of disk material from the ventral spinal canal is difficult without excessive spinal cord manipulation and is generally not attempted.
	cal.vet.upenn.edu /saortho/chapter_62/62mast.htm (12147 words)

	VetMedCenter - Consumer - Article Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		An intervertebral disk is a cushioning "spacer" found between two adjoining backbones (vertebrae or spinal bones).
		The signs of cervical intervertebral disk disease vary, depending on the location of the slipped disk (in other words, which disk has slipped) and how much damage has occurred in the spinal cord or nerves.
		If the disk presses on a nerve in the lower neck region, the animal may appear lame in one forelimb, and may hold the limb off the ground.
	consumer.vetmedcenter.com /Consumer/display.asp?id=8699&dt=p (597 words)

	In Vivo Detection of Intervertebral Disk Injury Using a Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibody Against Keratan Sulfate -- ...
		of the peripheral disk lesion, intervertebral disk degeneration
		Keratan sulfate was target molecule for studying experimental intervertebral disk injury in rats.
		Proteoglycan components of the intervertebral disc and cartilage endplate: an immunolocalization study of animal and human tissues.
	jnm.snmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/42/3/476 (3345 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Intervertebral disk
		The disks are filled with a gelatinous substance, called the nucleus pulposus, which provides cushioning to the spinal column.
		The annulus fibrosus is a fibrocartilageous ring that surrounds the nucleus pulposus, which keeps the nucleus pulposus in tact when forces are applied to the spinal column.
		The intervertebral disks allow the vertebral column to be flexible and act as shock absorbers during everyday activities such as walking, running and jumping.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19469.htm (224 words)

	eMedicine - Lumbar (Intervertebral) Disk Disorders : Article by Jere Baldwin, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Pathophysiology: The intervertebral disks act as shock absorbers and are found between the bodies of the vertebrae.
		Patients with disk disease usually are not able to give a precise time that the problem began because it usually is preceded by multiple episodes of less severe low back pain.
		Plain films of the lumbar spine generally are not helpful in the diagnosis of lumbar disk disease, except to rule out other diseases and to evaluate for possible skeletal etiology as the cause of the patient's symptoms.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic303.htm (2299 words)

	Fungal Spinal Osteomyelitis in the Immunocompromised Patient: MR Findings in Three Cases -- Williams et al. 20 (3): 381 ...
		Isointense signal with preserved intranuclear clefts (arrows) is present in the L2–L3 and L3–L4 disks as compared with the minimally degenerated disks at the L4–L5 and L5–S1 levels.
		disk appeared to be spared with an intact intranuclear cleft.
		In addition, the L3–L4 disk is normal in signal with a preserved intranuclear cleft.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/20/3/381 (1954 words)

	Back Pain and Sciatica - UMMC
		Intervertebral disks begin deteriorating and growing thinner by age 30.
		When defective, it may cause the disk to be less able to resist compressive forces.
		Although disk abnormalities are certainly a cause of low back pain, many people with disk rupture or tears do not experience back pain.
	www.umm.edu /patiented/articles/what_conditions_make_people_susceptible_low_back_pain_000054_3.htm (1880 words)

	Understanding Back Surgery and How to Avoid It (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Intervertebral disks lie between the vertebrae and serve as a cushion between them.
		During a laminectomy, surgeons sometimes remove part of a disk in addition to the lamina to treat a back problem.
		But if ruptured disks run in your family, you should be extra careful to protect your back.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/41/1728_50938.htm (329 words)

	Intervertebral Disk - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Intervertebral Disk - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Intervertebral Disk, flexible disk of cartilage between the vertebrae, the bones that form the spinal column.
		Most of the individual vertebrae are shaped somewhat like rings; the body, or thick portion of the ring, is located toward the front portion of the...
	encarta.msn.com /Intervertebral_Disk.html (108 words)

	Volumes of Degenerated Lumbar Intervertebral Disks Determined From Volumetric Image Analysis
		Intervertebral disk degeneration is a common problem resulting in significant disability.
		The purpose of this study was to extract in–vivo lumbar disks from CT images of the degenerated lumbar disk space and measure their volumes.
		Volumes of two disk spaces at each level from T12–L1 through L5–S1 were compiled: T12–L1 10.9+/–1.5 (average+/–standard deviation), L1–L2 13.3+/–4.7, L2–3 14.8+/–1.72, L3–4 17.1 +/– 0.6, L4–5 14.1 +/– 7.2, and L5–S1 14.5+/–7.4, all in cm3.
	www.spineuniverse.com /displayarticle.php/article536.html (343 words)

	Pet Columns: Rest and Surgery Can Help Dogs with Disk Disease
		The intervertebral disks act as shock absorbers and allows the spinal
		In intervertebral disk disease, the disks lose much of this water and may
		Ruptured disks are seen most often in the lower back, beyond the rib cage, but about 15
	www.cvm.uiuc.edu /petcolumns/showarticle.cfm?id=143 (600 words)

	AbcBodybuilding
		Therefore the body is designed with the lumbar region containing much wider vertebrae then their cranial (closer to the skull cap) counterparts(59).
		Further, in order to absorb much of the shock, their lies a cushion of cartilage, known as the annulus fibrosis(intervertebral disks) between each adjacent vertebrae.
		Your goal as an athlete is to minimize stress, or in many cases use it to your advantage.
	www.abcbodybuilding.com /bonemechanics2.php (4603 words)

	Learn About Intervertebral Disks: Part 3: Back Pain Series
		As conditions in the human body involving the intevertebral disk and their surrounding structure become increasingly severe, the pain increases and can even become completely debilitating.
		Such conditions of the spine and back can cause interruptions in your routines of daily living from work, household chores and recreation to sexual activity.
		Ultimately, protecting the back and the spine will save you a lot of pain and heartache in the long term, and taking measures to do so at an early age is always better than waiting until the pain has become so severe that you have no other choice but to take action.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/chronic_pain/52554/2 (146 words)

	Kettler Apollo inversion table orthopaedically approved relieving pressure on the intervertebral disks 7426-600
		Kettler Apollo inversion table orthopaedically approved relieving pressure on the intervertebral disks 7426-600
		The upside-down position is orthopaedically approved for relieving pressure on the intervertebral disks as well as preventing back pains and tenseness of the muscles.
		Exercise to promote a healthy back will increase circulation, provide better joint movement, strengthen the main supportive muscles of the back and neck and provide spinal stability, ultimately giving you increased mobility.
	www.net2fitness.com /kettler_apollo_inversion_gravity_table.htm (409 words)

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