Intervertebral foramina

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Topic: Intervertebral foramina

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	labobj1.231
		TYPICAL VERTEBRA, Body, Vertebral arch, Vertebral foramen, Transverse processes, Spinous process, Superior and inferior articular processes, Intervertebral foramina, intervertebral discs, CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (7), atlas, axis, odontoid process (dens), THORACIC VERTEBRAE (12), LUMBAR VERTEBRAE (5), SACRUM (5 fused sacral vertebrae), COCCYX (3-5 fused).
		Foramen rotundum, Foramen ovale, Foramen lacerum, ETHMOID (1), Crista galli, Cribriform plates with olfactory foramina, Perpendicular plate, Superior and medial nasal conchae (turbinates).
		ramus), Mandibular condyle, Coronoid process, Angle, Mental foramina, Mandibular foramen, Alveolar margin, Mandibular symphysis, MAXILLA (2), Alveolar margin, Palatine processes, Infraorbital foramen, PALATINE (2), ZYGOMATIC (2), LACRIMAL (2), Lacrimal fossa, NASAL (2), VOMER (1), INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE (2).
	clem.mscd.edu /~haysc/public_html/bio231/labobj1.231.htm (983 words)

	eMedicine - Spinal Stenosis and Neurogenic Claudication : Article by Michael B Furman, MD
		Verbiest H: Neurogenic intermittent claudication, lesions of the spinal cord and cauda equina, stenosis of the vertebral canal, narrowing of the intervertebral foramina and entrapment of peripheral nerves.
		Neurogenic intermittent claudication in cases with absolute and relative stenosis of the lumbar vertebral canal (ASLC and RSLC), in cases with narrow lumbar intervertebral foramina, and in cases with both entities.
		Central canal stenosis, commonly occurring at an intervertebral disc level, defines midline sagittal spinal canal diameter narrowing that may elicit neurogenic claudication (NC) or pain in the buttock, thigh, or leg.
	www.emedicine.com /pmr/topic133.htm (983 words)

	z_vertebral_column.htm
		Sacral vertebrae (5) ‑ vertebrae are fused; lateral mass represents fused transverse processes; medial crest = fused spinous processes; anterior and posterior sacral foramina = intervertebral foramina for sacral spinal nerves; sacro‑iliac joint transmits weight from vertebrae to pelvis.
		Cervical vertebrae (7) ‑ typically have small bodies; transverse processes have openings called foramina transversaria for vertebral arteries and veins (small in C7); spinous processes are bifid (divided into two parts at their distal ends) for ligamentum nuchae (see below); articular processes are oriented at an angle (tilted superiorly and medially).
		Thoracic vertebrae (12) ‑ bodies increase in size in rostral‑caudal sequence; body is heart shaped; have costal facets on bodies and transverse processes for attachments of heads and tubercles of ribs; spinous processes are long and inclined posteriorly and inferiorly; articular processes are in a coronal plane.
	musom.marshall.edu /anatomy/grosshom/z_vertebral_column.htm (873 words)

	Surface Anatomy, Vertebral Column and Musculature
		A broad, fibrous band running along the anterior surface of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs; extends from the occipital bone of the skull to the anterior surface of the sacrum; stabilizes vertebral bodies anteriorly and reinforces the anterior wall of intervertebral discs; prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column
		Vertebral foramina are triangular; bodies are wider from side to side than from anterior to posterior; spinous processes are bifid and short
		In the early embryo, the vertebral column is C-shaped; pre-natal and post-natal growth accounts for 4 distinct curvilinear regions in the adult
	medic.med.uth.tmc.edu /Lecture/Main/back-surf.htm (1261 words)

	z_vertebral_column.htm
		Sacral vertebrae (5) ‑ vertebrae are fused; lateral mass represents fused transverse processes; medial crest = fused spinous processes; anterior and posterior sacral foramina = intervertebral foramina for sacral spinal nerves; sacro‑iliac joint transmits weight from vertebrae to pelvis.
		Thoracic vertebrae (12) ‑ bodies increase in size in rostral‑caudal sequence; body is heart shaped; have costal facets on bodies and transverse processes for attachments of heads and tubercles of ribs; spinous processes are long and inclined posteriorly and inferiorly; articular processes are in a coronal plane.
		The vertebral arch is composed of pedicles (projecting from the body) and laminae (uniting arch posteriorly).
	musom.marshall.edu /anatomy/grosshom/z_vertebral_column.htm (873 words)

	Surface Anatomy, Vertebral Column and Musculature
		A broad, fibrous band running along the anterior surface of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs; extends from the occipital bone of the skull to the anterior surface of the sacrum; stabilizes vertebral bodies anteriorly and reinforces the anterior wall of intervertebral discs; prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column
		Vertebral foramina are triangular; bodies are wider from side to side than from anterior to posterior; spinous processes are bifid and short
		Ring-shaped structures consist of a stocky anterior body and a posterior vertebral arch.
	medic.med.uth.tmc.edu /Lecture/Main/back-surf.htm (1261 words)

	Scientific Evidence Against Chiropractic
		The spinal nerves, which are the prime concern of chiropractic theory, extend from the vertebral column via the intervertebral foramina, which are short canals formed by the superimposition of pedicles jutting out from each vertebra.
		If one now considers the vertebral column as a structural unit, one sees the column of vertebral bodies anteriorly, joined by the intervertebral discs as bricks are joined by mortar, with the bony arches behind.
		According to chiropractic theory, a major cause of illness is the structural disturbance of that part of the vertebral column which is accessible to manipulation, and this disturbance provokes an alteration of nervous flow in the body in different ways.
	www.chirobase.org /05RB/CPSQ/04.html (2890 words)

	z_vertebral_column.htm
		Sacral vertebrae (5) ‑ vertebrae are fused; lateral mass represents fused transverse processes; medial crest = fused spinous processes; anterior and posterior sacral foramina = intervertebral foramina for sacral spinal nerves; sacro‑iliac joint transmits weight from vertebrae to pelvis.
		Thoracic vertebrae (12) ‑ bodies increase in size in rostral‑caudal sequence; body is heart shaped; have costal facets on bodies and transverse processes for attachments of heads and tubercles of ribs; spinous processes are long and inclined posteriorly and inferiorly; articular processes are in a coronal plane.
		Lumbar vertebrae (5) ‑ large bodies, pedicles, laminae and transverse processes; articular facets are oriented in a sagittal plane.
	musom.marshall.edu /anatomy/grosshom/z_vertebral_column.htm (873 words)

	Synovial cyst at the intervertebral foramina causing lumbar radiculopathy
		Synovial cyst at the intervertebral foramina causing lumbar radiculopathy
		Intraspinal synovial cysts occur most often at the L4-5 level, but they have been reported in all areas of the spine except the intraforaminal region and the sacrum.
		Conclusion: Synovial cysts are uncommon extradural degenerative lesions.
	www.nature.com /sc/journal/v39/n7/abs/3101170a.html (206 words)

	Spinal Cord and Meninges
		Spinal nerve roots emerge from spinal cord segments, descend a progressive distance within the vertebral canal, and merge within intervertebral foramina to form mixed spinal nerves
		Spinal cord segments are situated within the vertebral canal at a level superior to their corresponding vertebra
		Describe each of the spinal meninges, including the meningeal spaces and the contents of each.
	medic.med.uth.tmc.edu /Lecture/Main/back-spcord.htm (206 words)

	eMedicine - Spinal Stenosis : Article by John NK Hsiang, MD, PhD
		Spinal stenosis refers to narrowing of the spinal canal, nerve root canals, or intervertebral foramina due to spondylosis and degenerative disk disease.
		If the stenosis is severe enough, or if it is positioned centrally in the spine, patients may present with signs and symptoms of myelopathy (spinal cord dysfunction).
		The compressed disks result in shortening of the spinal column, which causes the ligamentum flavum to buckle inward and compress the spinal sac and nerve roots.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic2889.htm (2222 words)

	Spinal Cord and Cranial Nerves
		The spaces in the bone of the vertebral column that allow the spinal nerves to pass through are called intervertebral foramina.
		Spinal fluid is extracted from this space during a spinal tap.
		Blood or pus in the subarachnoid space may manifest itself clinically as a severe neckache or backache often accompanied by nuchal rigidity.
	nanonline.org /nandistance/nanneuro/modules/cranial/cranial.html (4852 words)

	Anatomy of the Vertebral Column
		The vertebral artery passes through the transverse foramina of C6-C1, taking blood to the brain.
		An intervertebral disc is found between each of the vertebral bodies (except for C1 and C2 and the fused sacrals)
		Human vertebral column composed of approximately 31 vertebrae
	www.csus.edu /indiv/L/lancasterw/bio22/Anatomy%20of%20the%20Vertebral%20Column.htm (346 words)

	The Vertebral Column
		The concavities above and below the pedicles are named the vertebral notches; and when the vertebrae are articulated, the notches of each contiguous pair of bones form the intervertebral foramina, already referred to.
		The vertebral arch consists of a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, and supports seven processes—viz., four articular, two transverse, and one spinous.
		The spinal column is comprised of 33 bones, these bones are refered to individually as vertebrae.
	www.apparelyzed.com /spine.html (727 words)

	The Vertebral Column
		The concavities above and below the pedicles are named the vertebral notches; and when the vertebrae are articulated, the notches of each contiguous pair of bones form the intervertebral foramina, already referred to.
		A typical vertebra consists of two essential parts—viz., an anterior segment, the body, and a posterior part, the vertebral or neural arch; these enclose a foramen, the vertebral foramen.
		5 sacral vertebrae which are fused together to form 1 bone called the sacrum and 4 coccygeal vertebrae that are also fused together to form the coccyx or tailbone.
	www.apparelyzed.com /spine.html (727 words)

	Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health: Vertebral column
		The body of a vertebra is a round, stocky part on the surface of which the intervertebral disk lies and it has two projections, called pedicles, that connect around the foramen to similar bony projections on the arch called facets.
		Since the vertebrae are all stacked on top of one another, the foramina form the vertebral canal that houses the spinal cord from which the spinal nerves emerge.
		The vertebral column consists of seven cervical-or neck-vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, and five lumbar vertebrae, followed by the sacrum, composed of five fused vertebrae, and by four coccygeal vertebrae which are sometimes fused together and called the coccyx.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_gGENH/is_/ai_2699003833 (1450 words)

	ZOO 3734L - Week 1 Dissections
		Articular Processes and Facets Transverse Process Lamina Spinous Process Sacrum Lumbosacral Articular Surface Auricular Surface (Sacroiliac facet) Promontory Ala (wing) Sacral Part of Pelvic Brim Anterior Sacral Foramina Transverse Ridges (4) Sup.
		Costal Facets [Thoracic only] Transverse Costal Facet [Thoracic only] Vertebral Foramen Intervertebral Notch Typical Cervical Vertebra Body Lamina Pedicle Spinous Process (bifid) Transverse Process Anterior Tubercle (costal element) Posterior Tubercle (transverse element) Costotransverse Bar Transverse Foramen Vertebral Foramen Sup.
		Articular Processes and Facets Atlas (C1) Anterior Arch Tubercle Facet of Odontoid Process (Dens) Posterior Arch and Tubercle Transverse Process Sup.
	www.fiu.edu /~condon/3734-1.htm (1450 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		spinal stenosis, narrowing of the vertebral canal, nerve root canals, or intervertebral foramina of the lumbar spine caused by encroachment of bone upon the space; symptoms are caused by compression of the cauda equina and include pain, paresthesias, and neurogenic claudication.
		subaortic stenosis, idiopathic hypertrophic, a form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, in which the left ventricle is hypertrophied (commonly with disproportionate involvement of the interventricular septum) and the cavity is small; it is marked by obstruction to left ventricular outflow.
		pyloric stenosis, hypertrophic, narrowing of the pyloric canal by muscular hypertrophy and mucosal edema, occurring chiefly in infants, and marked by nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, anorexia, weight loss, dehydration, and hypochloremic alkalosis; in infants there are a palpable pyloric mass and visible peristalsis.
	www.merckmedicus.com /pp/us/hcp/thcp_dorlands_content.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/dmd-s-045.htm (1450 words)

	GC1135: Brain Lab
		Describe the functions of the foramen magnum, optic canal (foramen), superior orbital fissure, intervertebral foramina, crista galli, and sella turcica.
		The two large superior bulges are the superior colliculi, which contain the visual reflex centers.
		If you separate the cerebrum from the cerebellum and look deep into the transverse fissure, you will see the corpora quadrigemini, which are the posterior bulges of the midbrain.
	www.gen.umn.edu /courses/1135/lab/brainlab/brainlab.html (1450 words)

	Spinal Cord and Meninges
		Spinal nerve roots emerge from spinal cord segments, descend a progressive distance within the vertebral canal, and merge within intervertebral foramina to form mixed spinal nerves
		myelinated axons ascending or descending the spinal cord
		Spinal cord segments are situated within the vertebral canal at a level superior to their corresponding vertebra
	medic.med.uth.tmc.edu /Lecture/Main/back-spcord.htm (1647 words)

	al-Marja.com
		He has also given elaborate descriptions of the intervertebral foramina and the spinal chord, and correctly asserted that an injury either to the brain or spinal chord would lead to paralysis of the parts of the organs whose nerve supply was damaged or destroyed.
		He died in 930 C.E. Razi's portrait adorns the great hall of the Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris.
		His al-Judari wa al-Hasabah was the first treatise on smallpox and chickenpox, and is largely based on Razi's original contribution.
	www.muslimtents.com /almarja/razi.html (1297 words)

	Bone Features
		centrum, neural arch, vertebral foramen, pedicle, spinous process, lamina, superior articular processes, transverse process, Draw small side view of a thoracic vertebrashowing the demifacets and the vertebral notches which form intervertebral foramina for spinal nerves.
		Scapula: (posterior view): acromion process, coracoid process, spine of the scapula, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, glenoid fossa, vertebral border, axillary border
		Unique thoracic features:demifacets for articulation with rib head, seen from side (except for 11th and 12th.), articular facets on transverse processes (for rib tubercle) and long delicate spinous processes
	biology.clc.uc.edu /fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P201/Skeletal/Bone_Features_old.htm (459 words)

	The Spinal Cord
		These roots fuse as they reach the intervertebral foramina to form spinal nerves L2-Co1.
		That portion of the filum terminale which is a continuation of the pia mater inside the dural sac is referred to as the filum terminale internum.
		The filum terminale internum and lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots are collectively referred to as the Cauda Equina.
	cats.med.uvm.edu /cats_teachingmod/gross_anatomy/back/pages/spinal_cord.html (459 words)

	back.html
		All of the roots of the spinal nerves from L2 to the lowest coccygeal nerve pass caudal to the conus medullaris to exit at their respective intervertebral foramina.
		Both the arachnoid and pia mater are continuous with the arachnoid and pia surrounding the brain, but unlike the arachnoid, which follows the dura mater, the pia essentially ends, with the caudal end of the spinal cord, at the level of the second lumbar vertebra.
		A stalk of pia mater, the filum terminale attaches it to the end of the dura mater at S2.
	www.emory.edu /ANATOMY/AnatomyManual/back.html (459 words)

	CERVICOGENIC HEADACHES
		The sites of nerve compression in the neck are the intervertebral foramina, the spinal canal, the interscalene space and the course of the occipital nerves through the trapezius muscle at the base of the skull.
		Similarly, the nerve is not vulnerable to bony compression between the posterior arch of the atlas and the lamina of the axis.
		As the greater and lesser occipital nerves pierce the trapezius at the base of the skull they are subject to pressure by cervical muscles and spasm.
	www.usdoctor.com /sym7.htm (459 words)

	GlobalSpine - Advanced Anatomy - Spinal Cord
		Above, it is continuous with the cerebral arachnoid, on each side it is continued on the various nerves, so as to form a sheath for them as they pass outward to the intervertebral foramina.
		At the base of the posterior horn on its inner side, adjoining the gray commissure is a group of nerve-cells, called Clarke's posterior vesicular column, which extends from the eighth cervical to the second lumbar nerve.
		Thus, the posterior horns are long and narrow in the cervical region; short and narrower in the thoracic; short, but wider, in the lumbar region.
	www.globalspine.net /spinal_cord_advanced.html (4217 words)

	al-Marja.com
		He has also given elaborate descriptions of the intervertebral foramina and the spinal chord, and correctly asserted that an injury either to the brain or spinal chord would lead to paralysis of the parts of the organs whose nerve supply was damaged or destroyed.
		His al-Judari wa al-Hasabah was the first treatise on smallpox and chickenpox, and is largely based on Razi's original contribution.
		Like other great scholars of Islamic history, Razi's erudition was all-embracing and his scientific work remarkable.
	www.muslimtents.com /almarja/razi.html (4217 words)

	Dysafferentation: A Novel Term
		They believe that subluxations impinge upon spinal nerves at the level of the intervertebral foramina and interfere with the conduction of impulses innately generated within the brain and which subsequently pass through neural tissue, with the result that tissue supplied by the affected nerves could suffer some form of functional insult (3).
		In neurological literature, the word "deafferentation" is typically reserved for conditions in which peripheral nerves are either damaged, completely severed or avulsed (9-11).
		They studied the medial articular nerve in cats and discovered that, in normal joints, the afferent volley during a simple flexion movement comprises approximately 4,400 impulses per 30 seconds, including resting discharges.
	www.chiro.org /LINKS/ABSTRACTS/Seaman_dysafferentiation.shtml (4217 words)

	CERVICOGENIC HEADACHES
		The sites of nerve compression in the neck are the intervertebral foramina, the spinal canal, the interscalene space and the course of the occipital nerves through the trapezius muscle at the base of the skull.
		Occipital nerve blockade will local anesthetic may also be used as a prognostic tool to determine if rhizotomy is warranted in refr actory cases.
		Sensory cutaneous distribution in the occipital nerve is over the back of the head anteriorly to the borders of the innervation of the first division of the trigeminal nerve.
	www.usdoctor.com /sym7.htm (4217 words)

	Bone Features
		centrum, neural arch, vertebral foramen, pedicle, spinous process, lamina, superior articular processes, transverse process, Draw small side view of a thoracic vertebrashowing the demifacets and the vertebral notches which form intervertebral foramina for spinal nerves.
		Scapula: (posterior view): acromion process, coracoid process, spine of the scapula, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, glenoid fossa, vertebral border, axillary border
		Unique thoracic features:demifacets for articulation with rib head, seen from side (except for 11th and 12th.), articular facets on transverse processes (for rib tubercle) and long delicate spinous processes
	biology.clc.uc.edu /fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P201/Skeletal/Bone_Features_old.htm (459 words)

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Topic: Intervertebral foramina

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In the News (Thu 10 Dec 09)