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Topic: Intifada

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	Intifada - MSN Encarta
		The intifada was loosely organized, and three main groups participated in the movement, including the United National Command, which included the principal factions of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO); the Islamic Resistance Movement, or Hamas; and the Islamic Jihad.
		The intifada was a factor leading to the September 1993 Oslo Accords between the PLO and Israel.
		In reaction to the second intifada, Israeli public opinion shifted noticeably to the right, and in February 2001 center-right politician Ariel Sharon, a vocal critic of returning the West Bank and Gaza Strip to Palestinian control, was elected prime minister.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761579974/intifada.html (644 words)

	Intifada
		Uprising in the Palestinian occupied territories from 1987 to 1993, in protest against the Israeli occupation and politics.
		The Intifada involved demonstrations, strikes, riots and violence, and was carried out both in the Gaza Strip and on the West Bank.
		What made the Intifada stand out from earlier — and later — forms of protests, was its broadness, the wide support, the duration, and the involvement and organization by Islamist groups.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/intifada.htm (239 words)

	Intifada - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		INTIFADA [Intifada] [Arab.,=uprising, shaking off], the Palestinian uprising during the late 1980s and early 90s in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, areas that had been occupied by Israel since 1967.
		The term "intifada" has also been used to describe the anti-Israeli uprising that began after the Sept. 20, 2000, visit of the right-wing Israeli politician Ariel Sharon to the Jerusalem holy site known as (to Jews) the Temple Mount or (to Arabs) the Haram esh-Sherif.
		The Intifada and the New Political Role of the Israeli Arab Leadership.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-intifada.html (375 words)

	Palestine, Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Primer-Page 10
		Intifada activism was organized through popular committees under the umbrella of the United National Leadership of the Uprising.
		The intifada shifted the center of gravity of Palestinian political initiative from the PLO leadership in Tunis to the occupied territories.
		Although the intifada did not bring an end to the occupation, it made clear that the status quo was untenable.
	www.merip.org /palestine-israel_primer/intifada-87-pal-isr-primer.html (719 words)

	Intifada - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The al-Aqsa Intifada (also known as the Second Palestinian Intifada or the Second Intifada) was the violent Palestinian-Israeli conflict that began in September of 2000.
		The 1990s Intifada was a popular uprising in Bahrain demanding a return to democratic rule.
		"Intifada of Independence" is also the term used by the Lebanese media to refer to the events that occurred after Rafiq Hariri's assassination.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Intifada (282 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Middle East \| Intifada: Then and now
		The current violence in the Palestinian territories and Israel is being widely referred to as the "Al-Aqsa intifada", tying it to a high-point of Palestinian resistance and casting it as a popular uprising - not, as Israelis argue, violence organised by the Palestinian Authority.
		Though it is clear that part of the current crisis is a popular expression of frustration at the peace process there are clear differences between the late 1980s and the current violence in the organisation of the protests, the level of violence and where it might all lead.
		One of the main achievements of the intifada was to draw world attention to the plight of Palestinians under the occupation - in particular the brutal measures used by the Israelis against the uprising.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/middle_east/1061537.stm (778 words)

	The Intifada
		Throughout the intifada, the PLO played a lead role in orchestrating the insurrection.
		In fact, as the intifada waned around the time of the Gulf War in 1991, the number of Arabs killed for political and other reasons by Palestinian death squads exceeded the number killed in clashes with Israeli troops.
		PLO Chairman Yasir Arafat defended the killing of Arabs deemed to be "collaborating with Israel." He delegated the authority to carry out executions to the intifada leadership.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/intifada.html (621 words)

	Efaw \| Palestinian Psychological Operations: The First Intifada
		In order to support the thesis that Intifada achieved the success through an effective, coordinated series of psychological operations, the paper will address the messages of the Intifada, what messages were delivered to which target audiences, how the messages were delivered, and when possible, evaluate the effectiveness of the messages.
		Intifada translates to "uprising." Thomas Friedman (1995) in his book From Beirut to Jerusalem, ponders why the Palestinian named their uprising intifada instead of the popular call of "thawra," which means revolt.
		When the Intifada started, the Palestinians were ready and had the knowledge of how they planned to cast their uprising to the world—often inviting the media to planned attacks and protests.
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/item/2006/0103/ca_efaw/efaw_intifada.html (5659 words)

	Freezerbox Magazine - Whose Intifada?
		The Intifada is confronted with a geographical reality imposed by the regionalism of Areas A, B and C, that has brought about the inutility and ineffectiveness of the previous forms of demonstration seen in the first Intifada.
		The Intifada in its current form--including its types of resistance, the internal front, the loose coalition of political parties on one side and the Palestinian Authority on the other etc.--is not capable of achieving and accomplishing the nationalist project for which it was created, and for which the people rose in resistance.
		As far as the PA is concerned, this Intifada is being conducted to improve the conditions and prepare the groundwork to be in the most exacting position for when the decision is made to return to the negotiations table.
	www.freezerbox.com /archive/article.php?id=158 (3079 words)

	The first Intifada 1987- 1993
		The first Intifada (1987 - 1993), was a spontaneous explosion of popular resistance to the Israeli occupation, a resistance which had begun some fifty years before.
		The force with which the Intifada began and continued for eight years stunned not only Israel, but indeed, all countries of the world.
		The primary aim of Oslo was to kill the Intifada and to ensure that Israel gained as many political benefits as possible, all the while transforming its identity into that of a peace-making country.
	www.jerusalemites.org /Intifada/first.htm (706 words)

	Al-Aqsa Intifada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The al-Aqsa Intifada is the wave of violence and political conflict that began in September 2000 between Palestinian Arabs and Israelis; it is also called the Second Intifada (see also First Intifada).
		Palestinians often consider the intifada to be a war of national liberation against foreign occupation, whereas Israelis consider it to be a terrorist campaign.
		Some Israelis claim that the Palestinian Authority throughout the intifada has sought to place unarmed men, women, children and the elderly in the line of fire between Israeli Forces and armed Palestinians, and that television, radio, sermons, and calls from mosque loudspeaker systems are used for this purpose.
	al-aqsa-intifada.iqnaut.net (6994 words)

	al-Aqsa Intifada 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The al-Aqsa Intifada is the wave of violence and political conflict that began in 2000 between Israel and the Palestinians.
		Focuses on the impact of the Al-Aqsa Intifada outbreak on the socio-economy of Palestine.
		When the grass-roots Intifada broke out in the occupied territories in 1987, Arafat, from his outpost in Tunis, was able to portray himself as leader of the movement.
	www.au.af.mil /au/aul/bibs/alaqsa.htm (3409 words)

	Behind the 21st Century Intifada \| libcom.org
		The 1992 bulletin Worldwide Intifada #1 attempts to counter the conventional leftist perspective on the Intifada, by emphasising the contradictions between different classes of Palestinians.[36] While the perspective of Worldwide Intifada #1 is obviously superior to support for 'national liberation', their argument has certain weaknesses.
		Although Worldwide Intifada #1 correctly identifies nationalism as containing the 'seeds of defeat' for the 1987 Intifada, they discuss nationalism in the abstract, as if it is some kind of psychological trick played on the Palestinian working class by the Palestinian bourgeoisie.[37] True, nationalism is an ideology.
		The Intifada led to the abandonment of the 'peace process' by the Israeli bourgeoisie; but their dependence on the USA, which has other considerations in the Middle East, limited the pace at which they can they could intensify the repression of the uprising.
	libcom.org /library/21st-century-intifada-israel-palestine-aufheben (20166 words)

	"One Year of Yasser Arafat's Intifada: How It Started and How It Might End" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The first anniversary of the current Palestinian Intifada was marked on September 28, 2001, throughout parts of the Arab world.
		Even earlier, Al-Faluji had explained that the Intifada was initiated as the result of a strategic decision made by the Palestinians (Al-Ayyam, December 6, 2000).
		Arafat's continuing pursuit of the Intifada option, including the use of his own security forces in attacks against Israeli civilians, is based on his assessment that he is succeeding in converting the violence into tangible gains.
	www.jcpa.org /art/brief1-4.htm (1229 words)

	Intifada - The Peace Encyclopedia
		Perhaps it is this apparent weakness on the part of the Israelis which fueled the continuation of the intifada, and prolonged world sympathy with the 'weaker' side in the conflict.
		Perhaps the world would have respected Israel more if they saw the soldiers standing up for themselves and their nation's right to exist, instead of acting on orders to show restraint to the mobs.
		Read Walid's testimony above to see that the motivation for the intifada was edenistic and religious in nature, and not primarily a rebellion against 'oppression'.
	peace.heebz.com /intifada.html (652 words)

	CNN.com - Intifada 2 years on but few answers - Sep. 28, 2002
		When the Intifada erupted two years ago, some called it a Palestinian war of independence and others described it as a threat to Israel's survival.
		The soldiers and the stone throwers have moved to the centre of this city battered by war and paralysed by curfews.
		The Intifada started with stone throwing, but it was not long before the suicide bombings began.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/meast/09/28/palestinians.intifada.otsc (614 words)

	2nd Intifada
		He stated that the intifada "was carefully planned since the return of (Palestinian President) Yasser Arafat from Camp David negotiations rejecting the U.S. conditions."[5] David Samuels quotes Mamduh Nofal, former military commander of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, who supplies more evidence of pre-September 28th military preparations.
		Accordingly, we have no basis on which to conclude that there was a deliberate plan by the PA to initiate a campaign of violence at the first opportunity; or to conclude that there was a delilberate plan by the Government of Israel to respond with lethal force.
		Some Israelis claim that the Palestinian National Authority throughout the intifada has sought to place unarmed men, women, children and the elderly in the line of fire between Israeli forces and armed Palestinians, and that television, radio, sermons, and calls from mosque loudspeaker systems are used for this purpose[38].
	forums.canadiancontent.net /.../48058-2nd-intifada.html (6951 words)

	Palestine Center - 1987-1992: The Intifada
		The intifada was directly preceded by a series of events that are said to have kindled the uprising.
		The intifada was directed by an underground leadership, the Unified National Leadership of the Uprising, which issued leaflets that provided information and direction to the people.
		However, the toll was heavy; 40,000 Palestinians arrested; more than a thousand dead; the economy in shambles, as workers observed strike days and were confined to their homes during curfews; and unemployment which reached between 30 percent to 50 percent in the Occupied Territories.
	www.palestinecenter.org /palestine/intifada.html (563 words)

	THE HAITIAN INTIFADA Part 2
		During this intifada, the cultural obtuseness of the Americans is displaying itself likewise among the MINUSTAH occupying forces from Latin American countries, led by the confused and strident General Heleno of Brazil, who has redeployed the majority of this thin force into Port-au-Prince in what has been ominously named Operation Baghdad.
		The debility of the intifada in Haiti is similar in many ways to the debility of the PLO, and that is in the essentially horizontal (and therefore in many ways unaccountable) structure of the organization.
		Moreover, the current intifada is city-based and slum-based, and the mentality of many participants is often reflective of the hustler-survivor orientation of slum dwellers, individualistic in the extreme, and often difficult to discipline into a coherent political project that is not built around a charismatic personality.
	www.fromthewilderness.com /free/ww3/011005_haitian_intifada_pt2.shtml (5241 words)

	Tthornton : The al-Aqsa Intifada ("Uprising"), 2000 - 2005
		On August 6, Israel released 300 Palestinian prisoners (many of whom were due to be released anyway and none of whom was suspected of having been involved in fatal attacks on Israelis) claiming it had fulfilled a key Palestinian demand in the Roadmap Peace process.
		A Jerusalem Media and Communications Center survey found that for the first time since the outbreak of the intifada a majority of Palestinians disapproved of violent operations against Israel and were expressing their optimism about the future.
		According to PNA (Palestine National Authority) figures, 63% of Palestinian households had seen their incomes slashed in half since the intifada started in 2000 and 58% were living in poverty.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/intifada_2000.htm (7792 words)

	Palestine Report - Why the Intifada became militarized (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		THIS PAPER examines the reasons that led to the militarization of the 2000 Intifada, contrasting it with the first Intifada in 1987, which was characterized by non-violent forms of protest.
		The army feared it would have to confront a new Intifada, much like the first one except one in which Israel would be prevented from again using without restraint its main source of superiority, i.e., its military power.
		And if this explosion, which was predicted to be a qualitative confrontation, had been delayed this far, it was because of Arafat’s adaptability to Israeli pressure and the reluctance of either side to be in direct confrontation with the Clinton administration and be seen as the party responsible for “sabotaging the peace process”.
	www.palestinereport.org /article.php?article=913 (2472 words)

	BBC NEWS \| In Depth \| Israel and the Palestinians \| issues \| Palestinians count the cost
		Since the outbreak of the current intifada in October 2000, living standards among Palestinians have fallen dramatically.
		Before the intifada the number of Palestinian workers was 651,000, of whom 133,000 worked inside Israel.
		Ghassan Khatib, director of the centre, says Palestinians are in no mood to compromise because they believe the one achievement of the intifada so far has been to prevent Israel from imposing its blueprint for a final settlement.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/middle_east/newsid_1564000/1564975.stm (697 words)

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