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Topic: Intransitive case

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Syntactic pivot

Morphosyntactic alignment

Transitive verb

Theta role

Oligosynthetic language

Ergative case

Passive voice

Synthetic language

Grammatical voice

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	Grammatical case - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In grammar, the case of a noun or pronoun is its grammatical function in a greater phrase or clause; such as the role of subject, of direct object, or of possessor.
		Nominative-accusative (or simply accusative): The argument (subject) of an intransitive verb is in the same case as the agent (subject) of a transitive verb; this case is then called the nominative case, with the patient (direct object) of a transitive verb being in the accusative case.
		Ergative-accusative (or tripartite): The argument (subject) of an intransitive verb is in its own case (the intransitive case), separate from that of the agent (subject) or patient (direct object) of a transitive verb (which is in the ergative case or accusative case, respectively).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grammatical_case (860 words)

	Ergative case
		Two major case systems found in languages are the nominative-accusative and the ergative-absolutive.
		The first form is the absolutive case and the second form is the ergative case.
		See also nominative case, absolutive case, accusative case, dative case, genitive case, vocative case, ablative case; compare to ergative verb.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/er/Ergative.html (297 words)

	[No title]
		Note: An intransitive verb is an action verb that does not require a direct object or a complement to complete its meaning.
		The word "intransitive" literally means "does not carry across." Therefore, the action of the verb does not transfer to an object, that is, a person or thing that receives the action of the verb.
		Intransitive verbs do not require a complement or a direct object to complete their meaning.
	www.csun.edu /~sab14883/619ve/web_handouts/sentence_patterns.DOC (792 words)

	Chicago Linguistic Society
		case is available for the object in the former but not in the latter.
		Additional evidence for this analysis comes from a second evidential strategy in the language based on the periphrastic perfect, where the mere omission of the be auxiliary also yields an evidential reading.
		One is the animacy of the subject, regardless of predicate type, and the other is a generalized notion of `activity' with respect to the predicate, which includes statives which can be true at intervals (Dowty 1979).
	humanities.uchicago.edu /orgs/cls/conf/case_voice.html (708 words)

	TÄÎKSIRI: Concepts
		An example of an intransitive verb, or one that CANNOT have an object of the action is 'to fall'.
		We want the 'I' of intransitive verbs (fall) to be different from the 'I' of transitive verbs (hit), which are both different from the Him of the transitive verbs.
		That is, the Subject of intransitive verbs, and the Object of transitive verbs.
	www.zece.com /conlang/taiksiri/concepts.html (753 words)

	Syntactic Typology: Studies in the Phenomenology of Language. Ergativity
		Ergativity is a term used in traditional descriptive and typological linguistics to refer to a system of nominal case-marking where the subject of an intransitive verb has the same morphological marker as a direct object, and a different morphological marker from the subject of a transitive verb.
		In Dyirbal this is the reflexive suffix (Dixon 1972: 90):
		In the incorporated version (128), the construction is intransitive, since P no longer exists as a separate word, so the subject is in the absolute case; moreover, the verb is in the appropriate form for an intransitive verb with a third person plural subject (and, of course, no direct object).
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/books/type07.html (7452 words)

	ACCUSATIVE
		The accusative case is used for the direct object of transitive verbs, for the internal object (mostly of intransitive verbs), for the subject of a subordinate infinitive (that is, not as the subject of the historical infinitive), to indicate place to which, extent or duration, and for the object of certain prepositions.
		It is believed that the accusative case originally had a "local" function; it was the case that indicated the end or ultimate goal of an action or movement.
		The Cognate Accusative is the easiest form of the internal accusative to identify; it is called a "cognate accusative" because the noun in the accusative case uses a same linguistic stem or root as (in other words, it is cognate with) the stem or root of the verb.
	omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu /latin/grammar/accusative_case.htm (806 words)

	Nominative case (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun.
		The nominative case is the usual, natural form (more technically, the least marked) of certain parts of speech, such as nouns, adjectives, pronouns and less frequently numerals and participles, and sometimes does not indicate any special relationship with other parts of speech.
		In nominative-absolutive languages, the nominative case marks the subject of a transitive verb or a voluntary subject of an intransitive verb, but not an involuntary subject of an intransitive verb (for which the absolutive case is used).
	www.abcworld.net /Nominative_case.html (295 words)

	friday - conference program - the chicago linguistic society
		I crucially show that structural case is available for the object in the former but not in the latter.
		I additionally show how a popular alternative analysis of Tagalog syntax, which is based on a mechanism of “case agreement”, cannot account for the differences between the two constructions, in particular the distribution of structural case in the language.
		This paper argues instead that structural objective case marks a subject-predicate dependency relation, where the dependency is expressed by a particular term of the predicate, the object.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /orgs/cls/program_f.html (1418 words)

	Intransitive Catalog
		Of Intransitive's previous 2CD compilation, Variious, the critic Michael Heumann wrote in Stylus Magazine that he found the album "especially interesting because it so effortlessly bridges that imaginary gap between 'popular' and 'serious' electronic music, in the process demonstrating that those terms mean absolutely nothing.
		Just in case, I imposed a limitation on the artists: no one was allowed to use anything digital in the composition of their piece.
		Intransitive is very proud to present what could be his greatest work yet, a subtle and moving remembrance of D-day in five sections.
	www.brainwashed.com /intransitive/pages/catalog.html (4773 words)

	rest definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		intransitive verb sleep or relax: to restore your energy by means of relaxation or sleep
		intransitive verb be tranquil: to be in a state of tranquillity
		intransitive verb depend on somebody or something: to depend on somebody or something for action or as a burden or responsibility
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_/rest.html (396 words)

	Some more Grammetical terms - Ummah.com
		- this is the case of the object of a verbal sentence.
		Genitive - this is the case which comes after a preposition or ni idaafa, it's known as "majroor" and means the noun carries a kasra
		Intransitive - this is when a verb needs a prepostion, ie it does not take a direct object.
	www.ummah.net /forum/showthread.php?t=79425 (436 words)

	§ 69. verbs, transitive and intransitive. 1. Grammar. The American Heritage Book of English Usage. 1996
		Intransitive verbs do not take an object: I sleep on a futon.
		In other words, they can be transitive or intransitive depending on how they are used.
		The verb read, for example, is transitive in I read the book but intransitive in I usually read in the evening.
	www.bartleby.com /64/C001/069.html (153 words)

	Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language
		Depending on the type of the verb, an object may be excluded, as in the case of intransitive verbs, or may be required, as in the case of transitive verbs.
		In those rare cases where both objects are in the accusative it is only possible to use the clitic for the indirect object, and then only in combination with a direct object in the form of a full noun phrase.
		However, if the indirect object is in the plural it is possible to replace both direct and indirect object by their clitics because plural accusative clitics have the same form as genitive plural clitics and thus the combination is indistinguishable from the accepted pattern of genitive+accusative.
	www.translatum.gr /books/greek-grammar.htm (2197 words)

	ENGLISH CASE
		As in Latin, so in English "case" refers to a change in the form of a word which indicates how that word is used in a sentence, that is, how it relates syntactically to other words in the sentence.
		In Latin, the indirect object is always put into the dative case, but the Latin Dative Case has greater flexibility and more functions than the indirect object function in English.
		Originally it was as flexible as the genitive case in Latin, and as a result may still in English indicate relationships that are more subtle or complex than ownership.
	omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu /latin/grammar/english_cases.htm (730 words)

	UH Press Journals: Oceanic Linguistics 37 (1998): 193-200
		This solution begs the question of the morphemic status of the "elements," but at least avoids the solecism of using the term "syllable" for a bisyllabic element, and acknowledges implicitly that the ma-/mâ- element is the prefix of that form.
		Intransitive verbs are distinguished by the fact that the unmarked (for case) actor-subject is the first nominal argument.
		Although the editors decided to dispense with the term "ergative" in describing the argument structure and case-marking of Niuean, the expression "in the ergative analysis" crops up in the dictionary glosses for the agentive case-markers he and e and the common article e.
	www.uhpress.hawaii.edu /journals/ol/OL371p193.html (3531 words)

	Scott DeLancey
		Case in its most traditional sense refers to the morphological means by which some languages indicate the grammatical relation of each noun phrase in a clause to the verb.
		A large part of the confusion and controversy in the study of case stems from basic lack of agreement on the scope of case theory and the appropriate methodology for investigating it.
		The essential point of this approach is that case roles are defined and assigned in terms of tightly-constrained event schemas, rather than being assigned with reference to the larger more amorphous scenarios found in the lexical semantics of verbs.
	www.uoregon.edu /~delancey/sb/LECT03.htm (6470 words)

	Equilibrium with Incomplete and Intransitive Preferences
		He should be able, even when intransitive or incomplete, to still find a most preferred bundle in his budget constraint.
		However, incompletenes and intransitivity does not mean it is impossible to choose the maximal element.
		C. Thus, if this is indeed the case, then the maximum h(x*, y) is zero and all points in C yield this, i.e.
	cepa.newschool.edu /het/essays/get/intransitive.htm (2460 words)

	Iltârer Nouns
		The absolutive case is often used for a direct object, the subject of an intransitive verb, and for abstract nouns and nouns representing inanimate objects, regardless of whether they appear as subject or object.
		The uses of the absolutive case are best understood in contrast with the uses of the causative case, which are easier to characterize.
		The causative case is used to convey the immediate source of an action or process (the Aristotelian concept of efficient cause matches closely).
	www.telp.com /ilt_nouns.htm (767 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In this language, the subject otoko of intransitive and agent of transitive sentences is marked with the same nominative case ga.
		In Urdu and Hindi, ergative case is marked on agents in the perfective aspect for transitive and ditransitive verbs, while in other situations agents appear in the nominative case.
		Certain Australian Aboriginal languages (e.g., Warlpiri) possess an intransitive case and an accusative case along with an ergative case, and lack an absolutive case; such languages are called ergative-accusative languages or tripartite languages.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Ergative-absolutive_language (1314 words)

	Glossary of Grammatical Terms
		English has cases for pronouns: I/me/my, he/him/his, she/her/her, you/you/your and they/them/their are the subjective, objective, and possessive cases, respectively.
		It is used especially of a verb, in which case it means to give the forms for every person, number, mood, and tense.
		For example, "lobby" is intransitive in the sentence "I lobby for intransitive verbs".
	www.cs.cf.ac.uk /fun/welsh/Glossary_main.html (2316 words)

	ETCSL:ETCSLlanguage
		In intransitive finite verbal forms, that is those without a direct object, completive aspect is unmarked while incompletive aspect is indicated by the suffix ed immediately after the base.
		These case markers occur at the end of phrases that can be complements or adjuncts, depending on the valency of the verb in the clause.
		This is referred to as ergative-absolutive alignment, the subject of a Sumerian transitive verb being marked by an ergative case marker e (morphologically the same as the directive from which it possibly derives), and the intransitive subject and transitive direct object being zero-marked with what is termed the absolutive case marker.
	etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk /edition2/language.php (4311 words)

	Fluid Ergativity in Gujarati
		In some of these, intransitive subjects are treated as belonging to two groups: subjects of "active" intransitives (laugh, cry, run, jump, etc.) are grouped morphosyntactically with transitive subjects while subjects of "stative" intransitives (be, seem, belong, own, exceed, etc.) are grouped with transitive objects.
		Rather if the referent of the subject of an intransitive is felt to be actively engaged in the action, an ergative or agentive case is assigned.
		It is as if the general, categorical, morphology-based rules specifying the case of the subject are held in abeyance, perhaps by the occurrence of a lexically transitive phasal auxiliary with lexically intransitive main verbs (fn 2).
	www-personal.umich.edu /~pehook/gujflerg.html (1657 words)

	Academic Center: English as a Foreign Language Resources
		Verbs may interact with the rest of the predicate that follows the verbs in the sentence in one of two ways, and they are classified as transitive or intransitive according to this interaction.
		However, note that the verb intruded, since it is intransitive, does not necessarily need anything to follow it at all.
		This verb is being used in an intransitive manner, and it does not require a direct object when the sentence is active.
	www.uhv.edu /ac/efl/verbstransitive.asp (514 words)

	Analyzing English Grammar (pt.II)
		In this case, it is the Determiner (not even the Noun) that determiners whether or not the agreeing verb is singular or plural.
		In Latin, for instance, Case was crucial in determiner whether or not a Pronoun was a subject or an object--this was owing to the fact that Latin was somewhat of a free word order language where words could have a relatively mixed arrangement.
		Case no longer indicates word order for English--English has secured for some time now an SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) order (parting from an earlier Germanic mix of SOV and SVO), so that functional case is no longer a crucial grammatical marker of word order.
	www.csun.edu /~galasso/completehandbook2.htm (5456 words)

	While users will still be able to view your web pages and save it to their local disk, the pages are encrypted by HTML ...
		While users will still be able to view your web pages and save it to their local disk, the pages are encrypted by HTML Protector so that the user will not be able to understand its source code, which will prevent them from using the code on their own pages.
		MIME is a set of secure email standards, intransitive sidesearch which specify not only how to encrypt and sign messages, but also how to handle keys, certificates, and crypto algorithms.
		It intransitive sidesearch is a good way to identify the source and discourage people from copying your photos and claiming them as their own.
	analcowhand.sitesled.com /intransitive-sidesearch.html (3642 words)

	Iranica.com - ERGATIVE CONSTRUCTION
		If the grammatical property involved is case, then S and O are typically described as being in an "absolute (Abs.)" or "direct" case, while A is in an "oblique (Obl.)" case.
		If the grammatical property involved is case, then S and A are typically described as being in the "nominative (Nom.)" case, and O is in the "accusative (Acc.)" case.
		Table 4, this principle had a passive orientation in the case of transitive verbs, with the agent expressed either by a genitive noun phrase (4.i), or a genitive clitic pronoun (4.ii).
	www.iranica.com /articles/v8f5/v8f566.html (1332 words)

	Ergativity
		The core arguments of a predicate are marked by these structural cases (ergative/absolutive, nominative/accusative), whereas oblique arguments are marked by semantic cases carrying clear semantic content (dative, instrumental, abessive and the locative cases).
		In this case, the syntactic conditions for coordination are not met since the coreferential NP in the second clause is not in the pivot-relation with the verb.
		Despite the fact that the coreferential NP is in Nominative case (der) in the first clause and in Accusative case (derin) in the second, the pivot constraint is met because they are in S- and P-function respectively.
	www.graywizard.net /Conlinguistics/ergativity.htm (1747 words)

	Declension - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Nominative-accusative: The agent of both transitive and intransitive verbs is always in the nominative case.
		The patient of a (transitive) verb is in the accusative case.
		The case does not depend on whether a verb is used in a transitive or intransitive form.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=8645 (514 words)

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