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Topic: Intraplate earthquakes

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	Big quake to strike Sydney? Scientists wonder
		Earthquakes, brushfires, cyclones and floods have the potential to cause havoc in Australia and the largest exposure to most of these risks is Sydney, given its status as the country's centre of commerce and large population.
		Earthquakes are most common where different tectonic plates meet, for example in earthquake-prone New Zealand to the southeast, which straddles the Indo-Australian and Pacific Plates.
		Intraplate earthquakes, like those in Australia and continental North America, are less common and do not follow a pattern.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2004-07/20/content_349759.htm (0 words)

	Washington DGER: Earthquakes
		Earthquakes are caused by the abrupt release of this slowly accumulated strain.
		Intraplate or Benioff zone earthquakes occur in the subducting Juan de Fuca plate at depths of 25-100 km.
		Many precursors to earthquakes have been studied in the hope that they will allow us to predict the size, location, and time of an earthquake, all of which must be accurately predicted simultaneously to be useful in preparing for and responding to earthquakes.
	www.dnr.wa.gov /geology/hazards/equakes.htm (1601 words)

	NASA - Earthquake
		Earthquake is a shaking of the ground caused by the sudden breaking and shifting of large sections of Earth's rocky outer shell.
		Intraplate earthquakes are not as frequent or as large as those along plate boundaries.
		The largest intraplate earthquakes known struck in central Asia and in the Indian Ocean in 1905, 1920, and 1957.
	www.nasa.gov /worldbook/earthquake_worldbook.html (3502 words)

	Intraplate earthquakes: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		Although the theory of plate tectonics well describes the mechanisms for interplate earthquakes (earthquakes at plate boundaries), there is the fact that very large intraplate earthquakes (earthquake within plates) can inflict heavy damage on towns and cities.
		A series of famous intraplate earthquakes occurred on the New Madrid fault zone.
		An especially dangerous form of earthquake, which has been involved in many deaths is the blind thrust earthquake.
	www.encyclopedian.com /in/Intraplate-earthquakes.html (459 words)

	Intraplate Earthquakes (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Earthquakes that occur far from plate boundaries are known as intraplate earthquakes.
		A spatial correlation of earthquake epicenters and gravity and magnetic anomalies associated with inhomogeneities that may cause stress concentration is suggestive; however, it is expected that, since these inhomogeneities are localized, the associated earthquakes are to be minor.
		Spatial correlations of earthquake epicenters and geophysical anomalies
	sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu /matt/seismo.html (2063 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Earthquakes are usually interplate earthquakes, that is, caused by the sudden movement at the edges of plates when stress is released.
		Intraplate earthquakes do not occur at plate boundaries, but often at fault zones ('cracks') in the middle of a plate.
		A series of famous intraplate earthquakes occurred on the New Madrid fault zone in 1812 that were above magnitude 8 and were felt for hundreds of miles.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=intraplate_earthquake (470 words)

	Why do earthquakes form (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Intraplate earthquakes tend to occur in soft, weak areas of plate interiors.
		Scientists believe intraplate quakes may be caused by strains put on plate interiors by changes of temperature or pressure in the rock.
		An earthquake is caused by a sudden rupture in a fault.
	library.thinkquest.org /03oct/01424/why_do_earthquakes_form.htm (436 words)

	NATEXAMINER: Nature - Earthquake
		Most earthquakes are tectonic, but they also occur in volcanic regions and as the result of a number of anthropogenic sources, such as reservoir induced seismicity, mining and the removal or injection of fluids into the crust.
		Earthquakes that occur below sea level and have large vertical displacements can give rise to tsunamis, either as a direct result of the deformation of the sea bed due to the earthquake or as a result of submarine landslips or "slides" directly or indirectly triggered by it.
		Earthquakes have also been known to be caused by the removal of natural gas from subsurface deposits, for instance in the northern Netherlands.
	www.natexaminer.com /nature/earthquake.html (1950 words)

	Earthquake
		Earthquakes were rare in the area prior to construction of the dam, but seismographs registered at least 600 shallow-focus earthquakes between 1936 and 1946.
		After studying the worldwide distribution of earthquakes, the pattern of earthquake types, and the movement of the earth's rocky crust, scientists proposed that plate tectonics, or the shifting of the plates as they move over another weaker rocky layer, was the main underlying cause of earthquakes.
		Earthquakes that occur in the area surrounding the Pacific Ocean, at the edges of the Pacific plate, are responsible for an average of 80 percent of the energy released in earthquakes worldwide.
	autocww.colorado.edu /~blackmon/E64ContentFiles/EarthSciences/Earthquake.html (5494 words)

	1999 Young Naturalist Awards \| American Museum of Natural History
		Ninety percent of earthquakes are a release of pressure on plate boundaries due to collisions or friction.
		The probability of a damaging earthquake (6.0 or greater) occurring within the next 15 years is significant—somewhere in between 40-63 percent, and within the next 50 years it is almost inevitable—around 86-97 percent.
		After the New Madrid Earthquakes of 1811-1812, those residents of the affected states that still remained in the area took as direct an action as they knew to prevent the recurrence of the "wrath of God"—they joined churches and repented for their sins.
	www.amnh.org /nationalcenter/youngnaturalistawards/1999/hagenauer.html (2710 words)

	Mid-Plate Earthquakes \| World of Earth Science
		Mid- or intra-plate earthquakes are those that occur within the boundaries of the major crustal plates.
		Both intra-plate and plate boundary earthquakes occur along faults, zones of crustal weakness that have experienced and/or continue to experience relative movement and deformation associated with tectonic activity.
		Intra-plate earthquakes are difficult to explain because they occur in the relatively stable interiors of plates.
	www.bookrags.com /research/mid-plate-earthquakes-woes-02 (0 words)

	Emergency Managers Guide to Earthquake Hazards in Georgia
		Earthquakes in Georgia are rare, particularly when they are compared to the long history of damaging earthquakes which are associated with California's active San Andrea fault zone and other fault zones bounding the tectonic plates of the Earth's crust.
		In an earthquake, one can expect greater damages in areas of soft and deep soil such as commonly occur in river valleys or in the areas of Charleston, SC that were made by filling in the swamp.
		Intraplate Earthquake: Earthquake that occurs in the interior of recognized tectonic plates, often not associated with major active fault zones.
	quake.eas.gatech.edu /EMguide/EMguide.htm (5389 words)

	Earthquakes--Forces of Nature--Science, Maps, Photos, Video (National Geographic)
		Earthquakes happen when plates, or rocks, within the Earth suddenly break or shift under stress, sending shock waves rippling.
		These intraplate quakes happen when stress builds up and the Earth's crust is stretched or squeezed together until it rips.
		In 1811 and 1812, three large intraplate earthquakes shook New Madrid, Missouri.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /forcesofnature/forces/earthquakes.html (531 words)

	Intraplate earthquakes in the southwest Pacific Ocean basin and the seismotectonics of the southern Tasman Sea
		Intraplate earthquakes in the southwest Pacific Ocean basin and the seismotectonics of the southern Tasman Sea
		An examination of 311 intraplate earthquakes in the Australian plate portion of the Pacific Ocean basin reported from 1918 to 1990 reveals that only 113 events are reliably intraplate, with most of the rest relocating to active trenches and transforms.
		High levels of intraplate seismicity in the southern Tasman Sea adjacent to the Macquarie Ridge Complex (MRC) indicate that this region may be undergoing internal deformation due to the unusual nature of the Australia-Pacific plate boundary.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/1993/93GL02792.shtml (0 words)

	Earthquake hazards
		The two largest earthquakes in recent years in Oregon, Scotts Mills, (magnitude 5.6) and the Klamath Falls, main shocks (magnitude 5.9 and magnitude 6.0) of 1993 were crustal earthquakes.
		Intraplate earthquakes have also caused damage in the Puget Sound region in 1949 and again in 1965.
		The amount of damage sustained by a building during a strong earthquake is difficult to predict and depends on the size, type and location of the earthquake, the characteristics of the soils at the building site, and the characteristics of the building itself.
	www.oregongeology.com /sub/earthquakes/EQs.htm (859 words)

	LEO : Earthquakes in Pennsylvania
		Earthquakes can also be induced through human activities such as mining and injection or pumping of groundwater.
		Earthquakes that occur far from plate boundaries are considered intraplate earthquakes.
		Pennsylvania earthquakes are intraplate earthquakes because the closest plate boundary, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is over 2000 miles away.
	www.leo.lehigh.edu /projects/seismic/pennquakes.html (0 words)

	Understanding mysterious continental intraplate earthquakes
		A new volume published by the Geological Society of America sheds light on mysterious earthquakes in the interiors of continents.
		These earthquakes, like those that occur in the central U.S., are what the book's editors describe as "an embarrassing stepchild of modern earthquake seismology." Continental Intraplate Earthquakes: Science, Hazard, and Policy Issues provides a comprehensive overview of these rare but very real global hazards.
		The emerging picture shows earthquakes moving around among faults, which are active for some time and then become inactive for a long time.
	www.physorg.com /news111416713.html (466 words)

	Earthquakes
		An earthquake is always followed by a series of smaller earthquakes (aftershocks) which represent further adjustments of rock along the fault.
		Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy along faults.
		The earthquake foci mark the descent of the subducting lithospheric plate.
	www.geo.ua.edu /intro03/quakes.html (2047 words)

	Midwest meets East for a study of earthquakes - Columbia Missourian (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The magnitude of an earthquake is a measured value of the earthquake size.
		The intensity of an earthquake is a measure of the shaking created by the earthquake, and this value does vary with location.
		In contrast to more common interplate earthquakes, which happen at the boundaries of tectonic plates that make up the Earth’s outer shell, intraplate earthquakes occur in the middle of presumably stable tectonic plates.
	www.digmo.com /news/print.php?ID=21070 (626 words)

	Earthquake Forecasting, Satellite System May Provide Warning
		Earthquake prediction is a tough assignment, contrasted to forecasting, said Paul Lowman, a geophysicist in the Geodynamics Branch at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
		Intraplate earthquake areas deserving of study include the Hudson Bay, Australia, the Ural Mountains, and the Aegean Sea.
		Understanding intraplate earthquakes would be a very effective use of the GESS mission, Yates said.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/earthquake_watch_020712.htm (0 words)

	Earthquakes and Tsunamis - Environment Article
		On April 24, 1771, a tsunami caused by an underwater earthquake struck the Japanese island of Ishigaki (in the Ryuku chain).
		The Kobe earthquake measured 6.8 on the Richter scale, the San Francisco tremor of 1906 was 8.3 (as was the earthquake in the Mississippi Valley in 1811), and both the Alaskan quake of 1964 and the South Asian underwater temblor of 2004 were around 9 (9.2 in Alaska to be precise)
		The Kobe earthquake measured 7 on the MMS, the San Francisco tremor of 1906 was 7.6, and the Alaskan quake of 1964 was 9.
	www.articles2k.com /article/159/30782/Earthquakes_and_Tsunamis (2312 words)

	Nature of the Northwest
		The amount of damage sustained by a building during a strong earthquake is difficult to predict and depends on the size, type and location of the earthquake, the characteristics of the soils at the building site, and the characteristics of the building itself.
		In fact, in many major earthquakes around the world, a large amount of the damage has been due to the behavior of the soil.
		On the other hand, during an earthquake that is stronger or much closer than our design parameters, even the lowest hazard categories could experience severe damage.
	www.naturenw.org /geo-earthquakes.htm (0 words)

	Why Does the Earth Quake in New England?
		Notable examples of earthquakes that caused damage in New England and adjacent areas are: the earthquake off the coast of Cape Ann, MA in 1755; two earthquakes near Ossipee, NH in 1940; and an earthquake near New York City in 1884.
		An interesting feature of the pattern of earthquake activity in the Northeast is that between 1975 and 1999, some relatively large earthquakes occurred in areas that were not particularly active in the earlier part of the century.
		Two well-known hypotheses to explain earthquakes in the Northeast were the supposed existence of a "Boston-Ottawa seismic zone" and the presumed activity of the Ramapo fault (an ancient geological fault in northern New Jersey and southeastern New York State).
	www2.bc.edu /~kafka/Why_Quakes/why_quakes.html (0 words)

	Site Map
		Earthquakes in the Estrie and Mauricie regions in 1998
		Earthquakes in the Estrie and Mauricie regions in 1999
		Earthquakes in the Estrie and Mauricie regions in 2000
	earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca /sitemap_e.php (600 words)

	Research at MU : News & Press Releases
		In the past 700 years, more than 30 large earthquakes have struck north China, which is now the major political and economic center of China with a huge population.
		This year is the 30th anniversary of the Tangshan earthquake, the deadliest modern earthquake that killed 244,000 people on July 28, 1976, and nearly wiped out the industrial city of Tangshan, about 200 miles southeast of Beijing.
		Intraplate earthquakes in the U.S. have not been as frequent or devastating but have been severe.
	research.missouri.edu /news/stories/060816_china.htm (484 words)

	Seismic Arctic Earthquakes G.P. Avetisov.
		Avetisov G.P. Earthquake hypocentres and focal mechanisms in the delta of the Lena River and its surroundings (English translation) //Volcanology and seismology.
		Chan W.W., and Mitchell B.J. Intraplate earthquakes in Northern Svalbard //Tectonophysics.
		Raiko N.V., and Linden N.A. On the earthquake dated November 20, 1933 in the Baffin Bay and distribution of seismic foci in the Arctic (in Russian) (in Russian) //Trudy seismologicheskogo instituta AS USSR.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /mgg/avetisov/REFS.htm (3546 words)

	Essentials of Geology : Chapter 8 : Overview
		Nevertheless, with such widespread interest, everybody kind of knows what an earthquake is. But there’s more to defining an earthquake than most people realize, and the chapter begins with more to say about the essentials (the what, why, how, where, and when of quakes) than you’d expect.
		Earthquakes come in all sizes, from too small to be detected by humans to real monsters.
		Earthquake zoning and engineering seem to be the best ways to protect human life and property.The chapter ends with a discussion of what society as a whole can do and what you as an individual can do to protect against quake dangers.
	www.wwnorton.com /earth/egeo/overview/ch8.htm (461 words)

	The Virtual Times: The New Madrid Earthquake
		The probability for an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 or greater is significant in the near future, with a 50% chance by the year 2000 and a 90% chance by the year 2040.
		Panther-across-the-sky: Tecumseh & the New Madrid Earthquake, 1811/12
		Landslide scarps in Chickasaw Bluffs Landslide scarps in Chickasaw Bluffs, east of Reelfoot Lake, New Madrid earthquake.
	www.hsv.com /genlintr/newmadrd (0 words)

	Geotimes - March 2007 - New Madrid fault dying?
		The earthquakes changed the Mississippi River’s course, opened deep fissures, destroyed forests and lakes, and produced intense ground-shaking that liquefied the soil, turning the land to the consistency of jelly across an area of 10,000 square kilometers.
		Such intraplate earthquakes are still poorly understood, and what caused the 19th century temblors, and how much longer they might remain a hazard in the region, remains hotly debated (see Geotimes online, Web Extra, May 28, 2004).
		Some studies have suggested that the reason the New Madrid earthquakes occurred is that the seismic zone is significantly hotter, and therefore is structurally weaker, than its surroundings — creating a zone of weakness where stresses building up in the plate become concentrated in the upper crust by the hot lower crust and mantle.
	www.geotimes.org /mar07/article.html?id=nn_newmadrid.html (842 words)

	Oregon Emergency Management Earthquakes
		This earthquake shook the Portland area with a magnitude of 5.2.
		In addition to earthquake activity in the historic record, prehistoric evidence for great subduction zone earthquakes and associated tsunamis has been found in coastal wetlands along the Pacific Northwest coast.
		The sites include general information on the location and types of earthquakes, earthquake magnitudes and intensities, etc. Catalogs and location maps of recent PNW earthquakes, plus earthquake-related articles and hazard publications are also found on these sites.
	www.oregon.gov /OOHS/OEM/plans_train/earthquake.shtml (408 words)

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