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Topic: Intravenous drug

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	Intravenous drug infusion apparatus - Patent 4623334
		An intravenous drug administration apparatus is provided which automatically delivers a drug with an exponentially decreasing concentration from a high loading concentration down to a patient maintenance concentration followed by continued infusion at the maintenance concentration rate.
		Intravenous solutions, such as saline or glucose solutions, are often used as carriers for the continuous administration of drugs to patients at controlled infusion rates.
		The intravenous drug administration apparatus of this invention provides in a simple and automatic manner a first administration phase in which the drug is infused at an exponentially decreasing concentration from a high loading concentration down to a maintenance concentration, and a second phase in which there is continued delivery of the low maintenance concentration.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4623334.html (4072 words)

	Comprehensive Edecrin information, uses and side effects.
		Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from Edecrin, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
		This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function.
		In the mouse, the oral LD50 of ethacrynic acid is 627 mg/kg and the intravenous LD50 of ethacrynate sodium is 175 mg/kg.
	www.drugs.com /pro/edecrin.html (3520 words)

	Comprehensive Dantrium Intravenous information, uses and side effects.
		Dantrium Intravenous is indicated, along with appropriate supportive measures, for the management of the fulminant hypermetabolism of skeletal muscle characteristic of malignant hyperthermia crises in patients of all ages.
		Dantrium Intravenous should be administered by continuous rapid intravenous push as soon as the malignant hyperthermia reaction is recognized (i.e., tachycardia, tachypnea, central venous desaturation, hypercarbia, metabolic acidosis, skeletal muscle rigidity, increased utilization of anesthesia circuit carbon dioxide absorber, cyanosis and mottling of the skin, and, in many cases, fever).
		Drug Interactions: Dantrium is metabolized by the liver, and it is theoretically possible that its metabolism may be enhanced by drugs known to induce hepatic microsomal enzymes.
	www.drugs.com /pro/dantrium_intravenous.html (3513 words)

	Needle sharing among intravenous drug abusers: future directions.
		The prevention of AIDS requires a multipronged approach to reach intravenous drug abusers, with various motivations for behavior change: Communities across the United States should quickly implement programs to educate addicts regarding their risk for AIDS and how they may reduce their risk.
		Drug abuse treatment is an important means of combating the AIDS epidemic among intravenous drug abusers who wish to quit using drugs and are willing to enter treatment.
		Since a substantial number of intravenous drug abusers will continue to inject drugs, an effective AIDS prevention strategy must encourage these individuals not to share injection equipment and must provide clear and explicit information on how they can clean their injection equipment to decrease the likelihood of HIV transmission if they continue to share.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1988/nov/M88B0180.html (473 words)

	Recreational drug use - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Recreational drug use is the use of psychoactive drugs for recreational purposes rather than for work, medical or spiritual purposes, although the distinction is not always clear.
		Regardless of medical supervision, this label does not apply to the use of drugs for utilitarian purposes, such as the relief of fatigue or insomnia, or the control of appetite.
		A distinction is frequently made between recreational use of drugs and drug abuse, although there is much controversy on where the dividing line lies on the spectrum from a drug user to a drug abuser.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Recreational_drug_use (335 words)

	The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and intravenous drug abuse.
		Intravenous drug abusers constitute 25 per cent of the cases of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in adults in the United States of America and 21 per cent of such cases in Europe.
		The heterosexual and perinatal spread of AIDS is also largely associated with intravenous drug abusers, and drug abusers have been identified as a major vector for the spread of the AIDS epidemic as it is associated with intravenous drug abuse.
		AIDS risk-reduction counseling must also be provided to intravenous drug abusers who continue injecting drugs, and to addicts and their sexual partners to prevent the sexual spread of HIV.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1989/may/M8950393.html (455 words)

	The Risk of HIV Transmission from sharing water, drug mixing containers and cotton filters among intravenous drug users
		Ethnographic fieldwork among intravenous drug users in Denver and discussions with AIDS prevention outreach workers indicate that the "Don't Share" message needs to be extended to include other items in the drug user's injecting kit.
		Intravenous drug users require water for two purposes: to rinse the syringe and to mix with the drug (heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine or a pharmaceutical drug) in order to liquefy it for injection.
		Two women who are intravenous drug users explained that they had changed their needle sharing practices more than a year ago after first learning about the danger.
	www.drugtext.org /library/articles/901609.html (3324 words)

	Features : IRAN: HIV/AIDS and Intravenous Drug Usage
		"Intravenous drug usage remains the key challenge to combating the spread of HIV/AIDS in Iran today," Dr Mitra Motamedi, the director of Iran's department of AIDS and hepatitis in the Ministry of Health, told IRIN in the capital, Tehran.
		In many ways, the rise in intravenous drug usage is a product of the Taliban ban on the cultivation of opium in Afghanistan in 2000.
		According to the expert, drug usage had a long history in Iran, but what had changed were the categorisation of users.
	www.youandaids.org /Features/Iran29thNov.asp (1565 words)

	eMedicine - Injecting Drug Use : Article by Gloria J Baciewicz, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Most injecting drug users (IDUs) inject their drugs intravenously, but subcutaneous injection (ie, "skin-popping") also is common, and intramuscular injection may occur intentionally or when the individual misses the vein or the subcutaneous space.
		Addictive drug effects are mediated through the mesolimbic dopamine pathway of the brain, a final common pathway for all of the drugs of abuse.
		Injecting drug use is a popular route of drug administration because the injected substance has almost 100% bioavailability, and the onset of the drug high is fairly rapid, generally 15-30 seconds.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic586.htm (5664 words)

	Investigation into the Effectiveness of Filters for use by Intravenous Drug Users
		From this, the most commonly used drugs by the IV route were established and it became clear that the method of preparation used for heroin was similar, but the preparation method used for tablets varied.
		The contribution to particle count not from the drug is low except in the case of kettle water and the Acrodisk.
		Sincere thanks are extended to the staff of drugs Action, Aberdeen for their ongoing assistance and support for this project and also to the users for lending their time and knowledge.
	www.drugtext.org /library/articles/scott01.htm (1977 words)

	Intravenous drug - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An intravenous drug (IV drug) is a drug administered intravenously, either by an intravenous drip or a syringe.
		As it is one of the most effective methods of administering drugs with rapid effect, it is used widely used in medical practice and by recreational drug users.
		The reuse of syringes to administer hippo drugs intravenously is a primary vector for diseases that can be transmitted through blood and the practice is generally forbidden in medicine, although in some areas syringe or needle reuse is necessary for economic reasons (such as in sub-Saharan Africa).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Intravenous_drug (207 words)

	Camurus: Intravenous drug delivery systems from Camurus
		While emulsions and liposomes have found use as intravenous carriers in drug products, our LCNP structures show promise in increased drug payloads of peptides, proteins and many insoluble small molecules, and are ideal carriers for injection or infusion of many actives.
		Drug payloads of up to 40% (by excipient weight) have been established for small molecule drugs, allowing smaller injection volumes.
		A particular advantage of our FluidCrystal nanoparticle drug delivery systems is the ability to incorporate high amounts of drug within the particle carriers while still retaining a narrow particle size distribution, interior structure, and stability.
	www.camurus.se /index.php?id=intravenous (301 words)

	FDA OKs First IV Osteoporosis Drug
		The drug is a new form of Boniva, an osteoporosis medicine that is already approved in pill form.
		Intravenous Boniva is an alternative for women who have trouble swallowing pills or sitting upright for 30-60 minutes after taking the pills, a requirement for patients taking osteoporosis drugs like Boniva.
		Intravenous Boniva is given directly through a vein every three months and must be given by a doctor or other health care provider.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/117/112556.htm (465 words)

	Drug-Resistant HIV Often Transmitted Among Intravenous Drug Users (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Evidence of increasing prevalence of drug resistance among recent HIV seroconverters indicates a growing public health concern and warrants an examination of the problem from a prevention perspective.
		Although injection drug users (IDUs) have been underrepresented in these studies, transmission of resistant virus among IDUs is a growing public health concern and warrants an examination of the problem from a prevention perspective.
		Intermediate- and high-level resistance to a drug was deemed clinically significant such that the expert would be less likely to use that drug in a subsequent regimen.
	www.hivdent.org /medical/medDRHO052004.htm (4337 words)

	A normal aortic valve is shown at the top to compare with an aortic
		The drugs themselves may have the major effect of impairment of mental function, but the route of administration can have serious complications.
		Injection of drugs with needles that are not sterile leads to the potential for a wide variety of infections.
		Persons with a history of intravenous drug abuse also are more likely to have tuberculosis of the lungs.
	www.angelfire.com /al4/drugsarebad/intravenous.html (221 words)

	Skin infections in intravenous drug users. DermNet NZ
		Skin and soft tissue bacterial infections are a common complication of intravenous drug use.
		Necrotising fasciitis in drug users may be caused by a variety of bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, aerobic and anaerobic streptococci, Gram-negative bacilli from the gut and other anaerobes.
		Necrotising fasciitis in intravenous drug users is less likely to result in death or amputation than in non-drug users.
	dermnetnz.org /reactions/iv-drug-abuse.html (607 words)

	Ethnographic study of incidence and severity of intravenous drug errors -- Taxis and Barber 326 (7391): 684 -- BMJ
		drug round as the general workload on the ward was high.
		We found a high incidence of errors in the preparation and administration of intravenous drugs.
		Hartley GM, Dhillon S. An observational study of the prescribing and administration of intravenous drugs in a general hospital.
	www.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/326/7391/684 (2925 words)

	Intravenous drug users' HIV-risk behaviors with primary/other partners American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse - ...
		Individuals who use intravenous drugs experience multiple HIV-risks, through both their drug use and sexual behaviors.
		In fact, a recent meta-analysis of HIV prevention interventions focused on reducing sex behaviors of drug users found only one study out of 33 that assessed partner relationship in their behavioral outcome (4).
		We also examined sex and drug use behaviors with primary partners among those who report one partner and those who report more than one partner.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0978/is_2_30/ai_n6157922 (928 words)

	[No title]
		Intravenous or intra-arterial push is defined as injection/infusion of short duration (i.e., thirty minutes or less.) Report procedure codes G0346 and G0348 and G0360 for infusion intervals greater than thirty minutes beyond the initial up to one hour infusion.
		If there is a visit or other drug administration service provided on the same day, payment for G0363 is included in the payment for the other service.
		The first drug took 2 hours, the second drug took 4 hours for a total of 6 hours.
	www.moasc.org /NHICDrugAdmin.doc (852 words)

	United Nations - OCHA IRIN \| Web Special \| World AIDS Day 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		But what concerns experts most in this staunchly Islamic state of 70 million is the increasing number of intravenous drug users.
		"Most of the drug abusers here use opium, and the method of use is through smoking/inhalation," Fariba Soltani, an expert on drug demand reduction at the United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP) in Tehran, told IRIN.
		This in turn resulted in the drug users either going into treatment - wherever possible - or they switched to heroin, and injecting drug abuse increased." she explained.
	www.irinnews.org /webspecials/aids/iran.asp (1608 words)

	Drug Policy Alliance: Public Health Crisis
		The drug war is a public health crisis.
		The high incidence of HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis B and C among intravenous drug users and their partners are direct results of zero tolerance laws that restrict access to clean syringes.
		Needle exchange programs, safe-injection rooms and drug maintenance therapies have all been proven to reduce overdose deaths and the spread of communicable disease.
	www.drugpolicy.org /drugwar/publichealth (411 words)

	The Medical Complications of Drug Addiction and the Medical Assessment of the Intravenous Drug User: 25 Years Later -- ...
		Infected false aneurysms of the femoral artery in intravenous drug addicts.
		Mycotic aneurysms of the pulmonary arteries in intravenous addicts.
		Pharmacokinetics and bactericidal rates of daptomycin and vancomycin in intravenous drug abusers being treated for gram-positive endocarditis and bacteremia.
	www.annals.org /cgi/content/full/119/10/1017 (7927 words)

	NEJM -- Seroprevalence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 among intravenous drug users and persons in clinics for sexually ...
		We used serum samples that were collected in eight cities in 1988 and 1989 during surveys of human immunodeficiency virus infection among intravenous drug users entering treatment and persons seen in STD clinics.
		Among 3217 intravenous drug users in 29-drug-treatment centers, the median seroprevalence rates of HTLV varied widely according to city (range, 0.4 percent in Atlanta to 17.6 percent in Los Angeles).
		HTLV infections are common among intravenous drug users and are primarily caused by HTLV-II.
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/abstract/326/6/375 (690 words)

	Abstract: Cognitive Function in HIV-1-Infected Intravenous Drug Users
		Detectable deficits in cognitive/motor function among HIV-1+ drug users have been described (2-4) and are similar to those observed in predominantly homosexual groups.
		Concha M, Graham NMH, Munoz A et al., Effect of chronic substance abuse on the neuropsychological performance of intravenous drug users with a high prevalence of HIV-1 seropositivity.
		The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
	www.nida.nih.gov /meetsum/meg/12shorposner.html (546 words)

	Causes of Death in Hospitalized Intravenous Drug Abusers
		The authors reviewed at autopsy the causes of death of 274 patients with evidence of intravenous drug abuse who had been admitted to a large public hospital.
		There were 127 who died from diseases unrelated to intravenous drug abuse, and in 41% of these, chronic alcoholism was implicated.
		These findings indicate that persons hospitalized with a history of intravenous drug abuse usually die from causes other than overdose and that AIDS and chronic alcoholism are significant problems.
	www.astm.org /JOURNALS/FORENSIC/PAGES.OLD/1891.htm (286 words)

	Study: Hepatitis C Has Reached Epidemic Proportions Among Intravenous Drug Users
		The study found that in Baltimore, a city known both for its serious drug problems and its progressive approach to solving them, over 90% of intravenous drug users are infected with the Hepatitis C virus, or HCV.
		HCV is a disease that attacks the liver, and currently it is the number one reason for liver transplants in the United States.
		Beilenson said that the continued expansion and evolution of that program and the drug treatment programs to which it is connected are "absolutely necessary" in the face of widespread HCV infection.
	stopthedrugwar.org /chronicle/098/hepc.shtml (941 words)

	Internet Differential Equations Activities: IV Administration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Intravenous Drug Administration: Death for Old Man Withers?
		intravenously at a continuous rate of 4 mg/min.
		Also take care to be consistent with your units of measure.
	www.sci.wsu.edu /idea/Drugs (343 words)

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