Introduction of the euro

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Topic: Introduction of the euro

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	Economic and Financial Affairs - Publications
		EURO PAPERS are intended to provide information of a practical and/or technical nature on the implications of the introduction of the euro and to seek comments and suggestions.
		The paper deals with the psycho-social consequences of the introduction of the Euro for the citizens, particularly as far as sensitive populations (the blind, the deaf, the learning impaired, the elderly, the socially excluded) are concerned.
		This issue, as the final number of this series, presents the Commission Communication adopted on 19 June 2002, which notes that the introduction of euro notes and coins at the beginning of this year was a landmark achievement in the history of European integration.
	europa.eu.int /comm/economy_finance/publications/europapers_en.htm (1917 words)

	One year of euro banknotes and coins
		The introduction of euro banknotes and coins had a clear impact on the use of the euro outside the euro area, not only in Europe but also in other parts of the world.
		Since the introduction of the euro banknotes and coins, 12% of European consumers are more interested in buying goods in another EU country.
		On the other continents, the introduction of euro notes and coins also had some impact, although on a more limited scale.
	www.paris-europlace.net /eu/doc61440_fr.htm (1070 words)

	Euro: a reality for the Europeans
		The Community of Action Euro, composed by the Federal German government, and the European Comission and Parlament, provides a Service Center for organisations and citizens, along with links, exhaustive information on the European economic situation, and euro's introduction monitoring.
		This comission, dependent on the Portuguese ministry of Economy, provides practical information on the euro's introduction for citizens, organisations and public administrations, as well as a section on general aspects of the European construction process.
		This Governmental Greek site provides plenty of information on the euro's introduction.
	www.diplomaticnet.com /uk/act/act35.html (702 words)

	Economic and Financial Affairs - Publications
		The paper deals with the psycho-social consequences of the introduction of the Euro for the citizens, particularly as far as sensitive populations (the blind, the deaf, the learning impaired, the elderly, the socially excluded) are concerned.
		EURO PAPERS are intended to provide information of a practical and/or technical nature on the implications of the introduction of the euro and to seek comments and suggestions.
		This checklist aims to provide assistance to enterprises in the planning and implementation of the process leading to the introduction of the EURO.
	europa.eu.int /comm/economy_finance/publications/europapers_en.htm (702 words)

	FT.com - Special Reports / Euro
		Yet the economic and political implications of the introduction of the euro are far less clear-cut.
		A cadre of professionals oversaw the introduction of millions of notes and coins, ensuring that the biggest logistical exercise in continental Europe since World War II was a success.
		The euro made a leap into the wallets, cash tills and piggy banks of the eurozone's 300m citizens on January 1 2002.
	specials.ft.com /euro (172 words)

	Technical Note TN1140: The Euro Currency Symbol
		According to the European Union, the Euro is scheduled to exist as banking currency beginning on January 1, 1999, and it will move into more general use with the introduction of coins and notes on January 1, 2002.
		With the introduction of Mac OS 8.5 and LaserWriter 8.6, Apple is redefining this code point in the MacEncoding vector to instead correspond to the Euro character.
		The Euro is the name of the proposed single currency symbol for the European Union.
	developer.apple.com /technotes/tn/tn1140.html (4326 words)

	The EURO - Europe's New Currency
		IBM's Euro Centre provides information that is directed primarily towards businesses that are preparing for the introduction of the euro.
		is a scaling factor that normalizes the exchange rate so it matches the actual euro exchange rate on the date of its introduction.
		With the changeover to the euro on January 1, 1999, the practice of quoting exchange rates in price notation (ie, how many euros you have to pay for one foreign currency unit) will be replaced by volume notation (ie, how many foreign currency units you will get for one euro).
	fx.sauder.ubc.ca /euro/euro.html (4597 words)

	The EURO - Europe's New Currency
		IBM's Euro Centre provides information that is directed primarily towards businesses that are preparing for the introduction of the euro.
		is a scaling factor that normalizes the exchange rate so it matches the actual euro exchange rate on the date of its introduction.
		Bills and coins of the national currencies will remain in circulation as subdenominations of the euro until January 1, 2002, when they will be exchanged against new euro coins and bills.
	fx.sauder.ubc.ca /euro/euro.html (4597 words)

	Euro
		The introduction of the euro may prove to be the greatest step forward in European unification since the Treaty of Rome.
		PROMEURO, the organisation with the responsibility of promoting the Euro throughout the world, sets out to explain the introduction of Europe's own unit of currency.
		From the surprise defeats of Euro giants, to the historical battles that have ranged on and off the pitch.
	www.amorgos.de /euro/book_en.html (303 words)

	Scotsman.com News - The Euro - Mr Prodi spells out the euro endgame
		THERE can be no reasonable person in Britain, euro enthusiast or euro sceptic, who has cause to wish the introduction of new notes and coins throughout the 12 countries of the euro-zone as anything other than a success.
		Indeed, there are many in Brussels for whom the introduction of the euro is not an end in itself, but a vital step on the way towards ever greater union.
		Today, Tony Blair may have thought that simply by declaring that there was no objection in principle to Britain joining the euro, such hugely sensitive issues such as sovereignty and control of taxes would vanish.
	news.scotsman.com /topics.cfm?tid=79&id=462002 (753 words)

	FT.com - Special Reports / Euro notes & coins
		The introduction of euro notes and coins on January 1 could lead to a spending boom as consumers use their hoarded cash to buy Swiss watches, jewellery and fine wine, UBS Warburg has predicted.
		The Irish government is to bolster next year's budget by recouping from the central bank the one-off profits it is set to make on the introduction of euro notes and coins.
		As the European Central Bank prepares for the official launch of its new euro notes, there are signs that the holders of an estimated E120bn equivalent of hoarded old currency notes have also been busily getting ready for the change.
	specials.ft.com /euro/transeconomic.html (372 words)

	Welcome to Euroland
		With the introduction of the Euro, monetary policy shifts from national governments to a monolithic central bank, non-responsive to political pressure.
		So, assuming you stuck through my lecture of currency trading, you see that, although the Euro doesn’t exactly evoke the same kind of interest as say, the President quite literally trying to be the father of our country, it remains perhaps the most important global event since the collapse of communism.
		However, with the Euro’s introduction, we can expect countries to balance their currency holdings by dumping dollars for Euros.
	www.umich.edu /~mrev/archives/1999/1-20-99/pg10.htm (372 words)

Conjunction introduction

Conjunction introduction is the inference that, if A is true, and B is true, then the conjunction A and B is true.

It uses material from the wikipedia article Conjunction introduction.

introduction article @ Euro Online Encyclopedia'>Conjunction introduction
article at Free Euro Online Encyclopedia

www.eurofreehost.com /co/Conjunction_introduction.html (119 words)

	Fortis Bank Polska SA - Euro - currency of the United Europe
		The euro conversion has been carried out based on fixed and irrevocable foreign exchange rates established in the Act regarding "The Consequences of the Introduction of the Euro Single Currency in Certain EU Member Countries", dated May 25, 2001; the rates are identical to those specified in the European Union ordinances.
		The introduction of the euro banknotes and coins into circulation completed the transition period during which the euro had been used in non-cash transactions only.
		As of March 1, 2002, the national currencies (coins and banknotes) of the EMU member states will no longer be a legal tender on the territory of the countries which are the members of the Monetary Union.
	www.fortisbank.com.pl /info/Euro.html (356 words)

	Conversation with Guenter Burghardt, p. 2 of 4
		And the afternoon of the 31st of December, with the time difference with Europe, we were able to show the introduction of the Euro three times, with the three time zones we have, starting in Athens and Helsinki, then in six more, in the other members states, and ending with Portugal and Ireland.
		Now, the introduction of the Euro, our single currency, makes us really very proud, because this is a very tangible result of our decade-long efforts.
		I have brought a coin with me, just to show what it means when the European citizen now has a part of Europe in its pocket.
	globetrotter.berkeley.edu /people2/Burghardt/burghardt-con2.html (1285 words)

	About the Euro
		It was recognised by the Euro Changeover Board of Ireland that there were special interest groups within the general population, such as people with disabilities, older people, travellers and people with literacy difficulties who had particular concerns around the introduction of a new currency.
		The introduction of the euro has also brought challenges for consumers:
		The smallest of the euro coins (the one cent coin) is slightly smaller than the old Irish 5p coin and the largest (two euro coin) is about the same size as the old Irish 2p coin.
	www.oasis.gov.ie /personal_finance/euro.html (1314 words)

	Euro - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The euro was established by the provisions in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty on European Union that was used to establish an economic and monetary union.
		Another factor in the early decline of the euro was that many investors and central banks sold large portions of their legacy (national) currency holdings once the irrevocable exchange rates were set, as the goal of holding multiple currencies is to dampen losses when one currency falls.
		To simplify future adjustments to ATMs at the adoption of the euro, when the Romanian new Leu was adopted in 2005 (at 10,000 old Lei to 1 new Leu) the new banknotes were issued to the same physical proportions as euro banknotes, the old leu notes being substantially longer in relation to their width.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Euro (6924 words)

	Monetary Union For Business - EUbusiness - EU law, politics and finance
		Council regulation (EC) on the introduction of the euro
		Suggestions for a smooth changeover to euro notes and coins: Suggestions for a smooth changeover to euro notes and coins is the resume of a workshop organised by the AMUE in Frankfurt on 23 June 1999.
		Euro Preparation Guide for Retailers: Provides retailers with detailed information regarding the consequences of the euro on their business.
	www.eubusiness.com /emu/euroamue.htm (350 words)

	Information on Euro
		OANDA Currency Products & Euro - How OANDA's Currency Services will be changed by the introduction of Euro
		The Euro is the new 'single currency' of the European Monetary Union, adopted on January 1, 1999 by 11 Member States.
		On January 1, 2002, these 12 countries officially introduced the Euro banknotes and coins as legal tender.
	www.oanda.com /site/euro.shtml (305 words)

	Euro Information
		On this site you can find information about how the introduction of the euro in the euro area could affect your business, details of euro notes and coins, and documents relating to euro preparations.
		The euro is the currency of twelve Member States of the European Union.
		Information on the Government's work to ensure that the UK could make a smooth and cost effective changeover to the euro, if that is what Government, Parliament and the people, in a referendum, decide.
	www.euro.gov.uk (299 words)

	Introduction of EURO Banknotes and Coins
		Euro area Member States then began implementing a common monetary policy and the euro was introduced as the single currency with the 11 currencies of the participating Member States becoming subdivisions of the euro.
		The euro will be comprised of seven different banknotes and eight coins, replacing the national banknotes and coins of the countries in the euro area.
		However, if you still have national banknotes after the dual circulation period has ended, the 12 national central banks of the euro area will exchange national banknotes for euro free of charge for a minimum of 10 years, and national coins for a minimum of two years.
	www.delmkd.cec.eu.int /en/euro/info.htm (1273 words)

	FT.com - Special Reports / Euro notes & coins
		Italy was the one eurozone country reporting widespread problems with the introduction of euro notes and coins as long and sometimes angry queues formed at banks, post offices, railway stations and motorway tolls across the country.
		BP is to pilot the acceptance of euro notes and coins at British petrol stations in a move that will heighten concerns among eurosceptics over the currency's creeping influence.
		Small and medium-sized companies, for long among the biggest headaches for planners of euro changeover day on January 1, appear at last to be stepping up preparations for the final disappearance of national currencies in the 12 nation eurozone.
	specials.ft.com /euro/transbusiness.html (471 words)

	Microsoft Typography - euro Currency Symbol FAQ
		According to the European Commission, the euro will exist as a currency from 1 January 1999, but will only gradually move into general use, with the introduction of coins and notes in 2002.
		In English, 'euro' and 'cent' should not be capitalized, and the plural forms should not include an 's' in official documents.
		The euro is the name given to the single currency of the European Union.
	www.microsoft.com /typography/EuroSymbolFAQ.mspx (1228 words)

	euro_en.html
		1 entitles "the production and introduction of monetary coins in Euro, for the year 2002, with the technical and artistic characteristics according to the decision of the Council of the European Union and the shared artistic features of the national side laid down in the following article 2".
		Euro coins can be used anywhere in the euro area, regardless of their national sides.
		The eight denominations of Euro coins vary in size, colour and thickness according to their values, which are 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 Eurocent or Eur 1 and Eur 2.
	www.vatican.va /news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sp_ss_scv/euro/euro_en.html (1136 words)

	Abstract - Introduction of euro banknotes and coins
		The final stage of the changeover to the euro started on January 1, 2002 with the introduction of euro coins and banknotes as legal tender for the settlement of transactions.
		As for the future, chances are that the introduction of the physical euro has incited some users in the regular sector to permanently change their payment habits by shifting towards electronic means of payment.
		Notwithstanding the ambiguous approach taken by the authorities - a 500 euro banknote was issued but at the same time it was announced that the conversion of large amounts of national banknotes in euro could not be done anonymously - the changeover process evolved surprisingly smoothly.
	cfec.vub.ac.be /cfec/abstract_euronotes.htm (323 words)

	Euro Collections International :: View Product
		Most countries began to strike coins as early as 1999 in order to stock pile them and thus be ready for the introduction of the Euro in January 2002.
		Some countries decided that the dates on coins struck in 1999, 2000 and 2001 would be the actual year in which they were struck while others decided to date all coins for the year of issue (2002) regardless of the year in which they were struck.
		Also making this set very interesting is the fact that the dates of the coins in this set are not all 2002.
	eurocollections.com /catalog/?category=132&product=305 (222 words)

	Euro Information
		On this site you can find information about how the introduction of the euro in the euro area could affect your business, details of euro notes and coins, and documents relating to euro preparations.
		The euro is the currency of twelve Member States of the European Union.
		Information on the Government's work to ensure that the UK could make a smooth and cost effective changeover to the euro, if that is what Government, Parliament and the people, in a referendum, decide.
	www.euro.gov.uk (299 words)

	Conversion to the Euro
		With the introduction of the euro, and the demise of individual national currencies and coinage, a little bit of this collective memory is lost.
		Three members of the EU, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Denmark, have opted out of the euro system, and will retain their national currencies -- as will Norway and Switzerland, which are not members of the EU (Link to more information on euro conversion, from the European Central Bank).
		The symbol of the euro resembles the Greek letter epsilon, except for two horizontal parallel lines representing stability.
	socrates.berkeley.edu /~kihlstrm/euro.htm (299 words)

	BBC NEWS Business Euro cash switch hailed a success
		The European Commission says that the introduction of new euro notes and coins has gone smoothly during the first day of their becoming legal tender in more than a dozen European countries.
		Elsewhere the political implications of the euro, the European Union's most ambitious integrationist policy, were being mulled by those changing their cash.
		EU leaders believe the launch of the euro notes and coins will strengthen economic and political cooperation across the eurozone.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/business/newsid_1736000/1736938.stm (588 words)

	Euro banknotes
		Luxembourg was in a monetary union with Belgium (1 BEF = 1 LUF) before the introduction of euro, so it was not used to produce its own banknotes (although Luxembourg produced some national notes).
		The security features for the 5-20 euro notes are similar to the new Swedish 100 and 500 kronor notes from 2001: foil hologram, watermark with value in digits, look-trough picture, small bright yellow circles on both sides of the note, colour with different brightness dependant on viewing angle.
		Uncirculated euro banknotes issued by the Banque centrale du Luxembourg currently bear the code letter (serial # prefix) of the NCBs (National Central Bank) of those countries in which the banknotes for Luxembourg are produced.
	hem.passagen.se /sedel/eur/english.htm (985 words)

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Topic: Introduction of the euro

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