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	Inupiat -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The capture of a (Any of the larger cetacean mammals having a streamlined body and breathing through a blowhole on the head) whale benefits each member of a community, as the animal is butchered and its meat and blubber allocated according to a traditional formula.
		Muktuk, the skin of bowhead and other whales, is rich in vitamins (The 1st letter of the Roman alphabet) A and (The 3rd letter of the Roman alphabet) C and contributes to good health in a population with limited access to fruits and vegetables.
		There is a nearly-extinct branch of the Inupiat called Nunamiut, nomads that lived away from the coast and subsisted by hunting caribou and trading with the coastal Inupiat for other items.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/in/inupiat.htm (236 words)

	Ethnographic Portraits - The Inupiat Eskimo of Arctic Alaska (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In these communities, poorer Inupiat households might be allowed to observe or participate in qargi events of more well-to-do families in return for their maintaining the building, running errands, or otherwise assisting the owners.
		The self-sufficiency characterizing the traditional Inupiat family units should not be taken to mean that economic relations between local families in a given locality were non-existent.
		Inupiat men living in the Kotzebue area north of the Seward Peninsula put away their weapons and moved onto the ice for seal hunting, interspersed a little later on with the pursuit of schools of sheefish.
	spirit.lib.uconn.edu /ArcticCircle/CulturalViability/Inupiat/1800s.html (3357 words)

	Alaska's Native cultures - exploring the traditions of the Inupiat people
		The Inupiat are gentle and hospitable people who live in a harsh Arctic environment.
		The Inupiat traditionally believed in reincarnation and the recycling of spirit forms from one life to the next, both human and animal.
		Inupiat rites are used primarily in preparation for hunting.
	www.tour-arctic.com /people.html (268 words)

	Inupiat Views Ignored in ANWR Debate
		Inupiat people are wise in nature and are the best of environmentalists.
		Whitney asserts that the Inupiat are allied with the oil industry, but fails to point out that the Gwich'in Steering Committee is heavily funded by the environmental community.
		At least the Inupiat included measures to safeguard the caribou population affected by the development of Prudhoe Bay.
	www.anwr.org /features/inupiat.htm (473 words)

	IWMC.org - Injustices in Inupiat Whaling
		The Inupiat claim was for up to 67 bowhead whales per year from a stock of around 9,000.
		Given that no one at the IWC actually wants to damage the Inupiat, the hope must be that whaling traditions can actually be strengthened by a new international consensus respected by all countries.
		The silver lining for the Inupiat may be that the arrogance and ineptitude of the State Department on whaling issues has at last been publicly exposed.
	www.iwmc.org /whales/020715.htm (654 words)

	Book Reviews - 'Gift of the Whale: The Inupiat Bowhead Hunt, A Sacred Tradition' and 'Swampwalker's Journal: A Wetlands ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		His goal is not just to introduce us to the Inupiat Eskimos of northern Alaska and their whale-centered culture, but to experience it, become a part of it, show us what it's like from the inside.
		When he is finally granted permission to accompany the Inupiats on their hunts out of Point Barrow on Alaska's Arctic coast, Hess' first job is to trot alongside their skin-covered boat (umiak) while a snowmobile tows it across several miles of jagged ice field.
		Hess evokes the spare pleasures of Inupiat life, the simple fellowship and the traditional sharing of the hunt's bounty, as well as the ubiquitous dangers: one man was killed by a polar bear while strolling a village street with his girlfriend.
	www.smithsonianmag.si.edu /smithsonian/issues99/dec99/bookreview_dec99.html (1404 words)

	Committee on Resources-Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Inupiat Eskimos live in the harshest climate on Earth and want only the opportunity to improve their lives, and the lives of their children, like all Americans.
		The Inupiat Eskimos have survived in one of the harshest environments on earth and even today live a subsistent lifestyle, relying on the land to supply their daily needs.
		The Inupiat Eskimos support exploration and welcome the opportunity to provide an education for their children, water and sewer systems for their families, jobs for their people, and reliable energy for their homes.
	resourcescommittee.house.gov /issues/emr/report/history.htm (556 words)

	The Last Hunters
		Both the Inupiat Eskimo and the Alaska Federation of Natives (AFN) are in favor of drilling in the refuge.
		Opponents of drilling in the refuge claim the Inupiat and the AFN are pawns of the oil cartel.
		The Inupiat people are proud of their achievement, having transformed one of the harshest environments in the world into a modern habitat.
	www.motherearthnews.com /library/1996_October_November/The_Last_Hunters (2177 words)

	Ethnographic Portraits: Inupiat of Arctic Alaska (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A few traditional Inupiat games like putigarok, a form of tag where the person who was "it" tried to touch another on the same spot on the body in which he or she was tagged, closely resembled the western game of tag.
		Young Inupiat were passionately fond of horror stories, and a vivid description of raw heads and bloody bones quickly elicited delighted screams of fear from the throats of the listeners.
		Under this arrangement, all Inupiat who called each other by real or fictive kinship terms assumed a relation of sharing and cooperation; and were seen by outsiders as being responsible for the actions of the entire kin group.
	www.lib.uconn.edu /ArcticCircle/HistoryCulture/Inupiat/growingup.html (8611 words)

	Ethnographic Portraits: Inupiat of Arctic Alaska (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The severity of educational needs for the Inupiat and other Alaska Eskimos, Indians, and Aleuts was highlighted by a report of the Governor's Commission on Cross-cultural Education of 1970 which stated that due to improved comprehensive health services and an increased birth rate, the median age of the Native population had become 16.3 years.
		Considering the mounting interest of Inupiat and other Native students in attending high school and the lack of adequate facilities, the prospects for a minimally adequate secondary education were far from satisfactory.
		For an analysis of the impact of the oil discovery on the Inupiat at this time, turn to Alaska Natives and the Land Claims Settlement Act of 1971 located in the History and Culture section of Arctic Circle.
	arcticcircle.uconn.edu /HistoryCulture/Inupiat/econdependency.html (1573 words)

	Ancestors of Science: Inupiat Clothing and Arctic Winter Survival -- Staff, 2005-09-30, UNITED STATES -- Science's Next ...
		While modern textiles are now available, many of the traditional clothes are still used, which stands as a testament to their value and to the expertise of the Inupiat (also known as Iñupiaq) ancestors who created them.
		Inupiat winter apparel worn for spending extended time outside (i.e., for hunting or traveling) consisted of two layers of fur for both the upper body and the lower body: outer and inner parkas for the upper body, and outer and inner trousers for the lower.
		Caribou furs were commonly used, the animal's hollow "guard" hairs (coarse hairs comprising the top layer of fur) forming an insulating layer to conserve body heat.
	nextwave.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/2005/09/29/5 (591 words)

	Honolulu Star-Bulletin Editorial
		The Inupiat, indeed all Alaskan natives, are kindred spirits with Hawaiians.
		The issue is not one of development or preservation; the Inupiat Eskimo, wise caretakers of their lands for generations, are certain that development and preservation can co-exist.
		The right of the Inupiat Eskimo to self-determination, to decide what is pono for themselves and their children is the paramount reason I support opening the Coastal Plain study area to oil and gas leasing.
	starbulletin.com /2001/11/18/editorial/gathering.html (814 words)

	Natural History: The Open Lead - Inupiat whale hunting in Alaska - Brief Article
		I was privileged to help give the Inupiat people of Alaska's Far North a voice and a mirror of themselves from 1985 to 1996.
		Uiniq is the Inupiaq term for the open lead--the ever-shifting, frigid slice of open water that separates the floating polar pack from the ice shelf that extends from the land.
		I saw the Inupiat prove to the world that the bowhead whale population was in fact strong and growing.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_5_108/ai_54830706 (839 words)

	Higher Education in the Fourth World
		Through the governing structure of a borough, the Inupiat people, who were the original inhabitants of the land on which the oil had been discovered, would be able to exert a small measure of influence on, and reap some economic benefits from the development that was taking place.
		Control over education was viewed as essential if Inupiat people were to have access to the kind of education they felt they needed to shape their own destiny.
		In the meantime, Eben Hopson’s dream of an Inupiat school system is also taking shape as the number of Inupiat teachers and administrators continues to grow, and in 1990 Patsy Aamodt became the first Inupiat Superintendent for the North Slope Borough School District.
	www.ankn.uaf.edu /IEW/WINHEC/FourthWorld.html (14230 words)

	Freedomwriter.com :: Headline News :: Alaska - INUPIAT ESKIMOS FIRST BEST ENVIRONMENTALISTS
		The Inupiat people of the North Slope have called the Arctic their home for thousands of years.
		Long before the riches of this land and its seas were "discovered" by outside cultures, the Inupiat built a world that centered on their interdependence with the vast and diverse animal life found in their seas, skies and land.
		The Inupiat people, working through the North Slope Borough, will act in the same careful, caring and cautious manner we always have when dealing with our lands and the seas.
	www.freedomwriter.com /issue25/ak7.htm (485 words)

	Inupiat Heritage Center (National Park Service)
		The voyage of over 20,000 miles took the whalers to the Azore islands off the coast of Africa, around Cape Horn and the southernmost tip of South America, to the Hawaiian islands and finally, to the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean.
		In addition to crewing on the ships they hunted for food for the whalers, provided warm fur clothing, and sheltered many crews that were shipwrecked on the Alaska coast.
		The Inupiat Heritage Center in Barrow, Alaska was designated an affiliated area of New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park in New Bedford, Massachusetts to ensure that the contributions of Alaska Natives to the history of whaling is recognized.
	www.nps.gov /inup (283 words)

	The Inupiat and the christianization of Arctic Alaska
		Inupiat converted by the Friends at Kotzebue soon began to evangelize on their own, particularly along the Kobuk River.
		Ignorance alone condemned the Inupiat to live in a world that is far from the idyllic place that it should be in theory.
		The early White missionaries were alternately distressed, amused and touched by the Natives’ misunderstandings of the similarities and differences between their old religion and Christianity (see Hadley 1969: 185, 188, Jackson 1896: 1488, Marsh 1900), but almost all of them recognized that they existed.
	www.alaskool.org /native_ed/research_reports/christianization/burch.htm (7600 words)

	Inupiat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Inupiat or Iñupiaq are the Inuit people of Alaska's Northwest Arctic and North Slope boroughs and the Bering Straits region.
		The capture of a whale benefits each member of a community, as the animal is butchered and its meat and blubber allocated according to a traditional formula.
		Muktuk, the skin of bowhead and other whales, is rich in vitamins A and C and contributes to good health in a population with limited access to fruits and vegetables.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/I/Inupiat.htm (308 words)

	Inupiat Heritage Center
		The Inupiat Heritage Center (IHC) is a spacious facility designed to handle multiple functions.
		The theme of the exhibit room is "Agviq, The Bowhead Whale." IHC is currently working on a community curation project with the University of Alaska Museum on a community curation project which will personalize the Center to link objects to community members of the North Slope.
		The Traditional Room provides a place to prepare skin boats, build sleds, and process skins for boats and clothing, and provide space for local artists and craft persons to practice their trade and share their skills with apprentices.
	www.angelfire.com /ak5/inupiat/body.html (227 words)

	Inupiat Style Ulu Knives
		Inupiat Style Ulu knife with laser engraved moose design on the handle.
		Inupiat Style Ulu knife with a Dog mushing desing laser engraved on the handle.
		Inupiat Style Ulu knife with a Grizzly Bear and her cub engraved on the handle.
	www.ulu.com /gnpstore/itmidx1.htm (182 words)

	BreakThrough/Richard Glenn
		As the son of an Inupiat mother and a white father, Richard feels strong connections to his community, which has changed drastically in the last twenty-five years.
		According to Richard, "the culture of the Inupiat remained isolated and basically unchanged until 1968, when vast oil reserves were discovered." With huge quantities of oil flowing out, the Inupiat sold much of their land holdings for almost $1 billion.
		Although Richard grew up far away from Barrow and from Inupiat culture, on a family visit when he was thirteen years old, he was drawn to his Native-American roots and decided that he would move to Barrow as an adult.
	www.pbs.org /breakthrough/resource/glennbio.htm (361 words)

	Inupiat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Inupiat are situated in Alaska stretching from Norton Sound to the Canadian border.
		The Inupiat were relatively self-sufficient before western contact, yet relied on each other for cooperative hunting.
		Common food sources for the Inupiat were seal, ugruk, duck, ptarmigan, walrus, seal, caribou and fish.
	emuseum.mnsu.edu /cultural/northamerica/inupiat.html (315 words)

	HeartbeatOfTheNorth - Archival Selections - 44 Inupiat Visit Western Arctic: Lobby For ANWR
		Inupiat and Inuvialuit have been pretty much separated since the last wave of migration of Inupiat from the North Slope and Herschel Island to the Delta, when ratting came into fashion in the 1920s.
		The Inupiat originally opposed the oil developments at Prudhoe Bay, but over time, their powers to regulate the developments and protect subsistence and the environment through sustainable development, helped to change their minds.
		For once Inupiat were wealthy; they had resources for schools, and hospitals and sophisticated search and rescue gear – all for their people.
	heartbeatofthenorth.com /index.php?articleID=3176 (1688 words)

	Rural Justice Directory - Kotzebue Sound (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The residents are Inupiat Eskimo, traditionally differing from the more northern Inupiat in their subsistence activities and in some aspects of their culture.
		The regional Native non-profit corporation is Maniilaq, which "provides workshops aimed at improving the application of traditional justice concepts and village control of local offenders by sharing the results of staff examination of tribal courts." Maniilaq also employs a tribal operations officer to assist villages in researching and writing grants, and to provide technical assistance.
		Dispute resolution in the area is shaped in part by the Spirit movement expressed through Elders' Councils and the Inupiat Ilitqusiat coordinated by the Maniilaq Association.
	www.ajc.state.ak.us /reports/rjdir2c.htm (813 words)

	NewStandard: 10/29/97
		The new Inupiat Heritage Center should be finished in January, and Dr. MacLean says the official opening is expected to take place next year around the end of June.
		The Inupiat Heritage Center's prospectus also mentions the possibility of having descendants of Yankee whaling captains come up to Barrow to attend the opening of the Inupiat whaling festival, known as the Nalukataq.
		The Inupiats envision the center evolving into more than just a static collection of facts and memorabilia, but also a living, breathing extension of their culture.
	www.s-t.com /daily/10-97/10-29-97/b01lo048.htm (1266 words)

	Inupiat Heritage Center National Affiliated Area -- Experience Your America
		The Inupiat Heritage Center was dedicated in February 1999 and houses exhibits, artifact collections, library, gift shop, and a traditional room where people can demonstrate and teach traditional crafts in Elders-in-Residence and Artists-in-Residence programs.
		The Inupiat Heritage Center is located in Barrow, Alaska.
		Barrow, a community of approximately 4000, is located on the shore of the Arctic Ocean in northern Alaska.
	www.nps.gov /inup/home.htm (506 words)

	INUPIAT ESKIMOS AND GREENPEACE GO TO COURT TO CHALLENGE BP AMOCO OIL DRILLING IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN
		Amsterdam -- Greenpeace today joined Inupiat Eskimos living on Alaska's North Slope to file a lawsuit to challenge BP Amoco's drilling for oil in the Arctic Ocean off Alaska's north coast.
		The groups and individuals are taking the court action to protect the earth's climate from the dangerous release of greenhouse gases from continued production and burning of fossil fuels, and to protect the traditional Inupiat subsistence culture, which is critically dependent on the marine and coastal resources of the Arctic Ocean.
		For thousands of years, the Inupiat people have depended upon the Arctic Ocean for the whales, seals, fish and polar bears that give us sustenance.
	archive.greenpeace.org /pressreleases/arctic/1999oct21.html (546 words)

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