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	Relativistic mass
		The invariant mass of a particle is independent of its speed v, whereas relativistic mass increases with speed and tends to infinity as the speed approaches that of light, c.
		At zero speed, the relativistic mass is equal to the invariant mass.
		Invariant mass proves to be more fundamental in Minkowski's geometric approach to special relativity, and relativistic mass is of no use at all in general relativity.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/mass.html (2272 words)

	Invariant speed - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The concept of an observer invariant speed arises from Newtonian relativity.
		Einstein's theory of relativity drops the assumption that the invariant speed must be infinite and denotes the speed with the constant c.
		It is generally accepted that the observer invariant speed c corresponds physically to the speed of light, and this is a postulate of special relativity, where the speed of light is invariant in all inertial reference frames.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Invariant_speed (421 words)

	Conventional Wisdom
		Similarly people sometimes imagine that the one-way speed of light could be discerned by (for example) observing, from the center of a circle, pulses of light emitted uniformly by a light source moving at constant speed around the perimeter of the circle.
		The invariant round-trip speed of light fixes the observable elements of the theory, but it does not uniquely determine the presumed ontological structure, because multiple different interpretations can be made to fit the same set of appearances.
		The invariance of lightspeed is a convention, but the invariance of lightspeed in terms of inertial coordinates is an empirical fact, and this empirical fact is not a formal tautology, because inertial coordinates are determined by the mechanical inertia of material objects, independent of the propagation of light.
	www.mathpages.com /rr/s4-05/4-05.htm (4146 words)

	Newtonian Physics has an invariant speed too (was: Photon everywhere on
		To see what the invariant speed is in Newtonian Physics, consider that (in any spacetime kinematic theory) every speed (of an object travelling on a given line) corresponds to a distinct slant of the corresponding worldline.
		An object moving at that speed can't even be distinguished from a line existing at an instant (namely the worldline of the object while it was moving at speed Omega).
		There is still the speed Omega in the corresponding kinematics, but since the invariant speed is finite, a neighborhood of Omega can be excluded from the kinematics (corresponding to those speeds over +c or under -c).
	www.lns.cornell.edu /spr/1999-07/msg0017015.html (720 words)

	Galactic Interactions » Blog Archive » “Speed of Light” : a bad name for a great fundamental ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The “speed of light” is in GR is the speed at which a massless particle will be observed to be moving by a local (i.e.
		The speed of light is defined to be that, and the actual, physical length of the meter is uncertain….
		In non-relativistic physics the invariant speed is infinite, in relativistic physics it is finite.
	brahms.phy.vanderbilt.edu /~rknop/blog/?p=72 (1732 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Invariant speed
		The invariant speed or observer invariant speed is the speed an object or particle must be traveling at for its speed to have the same measure in all reference frames.
		The invariance of the speed of light is a consequence of the postulates of special relativity, and the terms speed of light and invariant speed are often considered synonymous.
		In non-relativistic classical mechanics, or Newtonian mechanics, the existence of an invariant speed is ignored (the only invariant speed predicted by Newtonian mechanics is infinity).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Invariant_speed (139 words)

	chapter 1 Modern Relativity modernrelativity special general black hole mass energy Einstein wormhole time light
		The invariant speed c, is finite and is the vacuum speed of light.
		The statement that this invariant speed c is the vacuum speed of light merely tells us where to look experimentally for what that speed it.
		And should we find that light travels at speeds just less than c then one may merely remove the "and is the vacuum speed of light" part and the fact that physics is relativistic according to the remainder of the two postulates would be unaffected.
	www.geocities.com /zcphysicsms/chap1.htm (2990 words)

	Another Symmetry
		is the speed of the ith particle in terms of the inertial rest frame coordinates of the jth particle.
		However, the remaining speed does not have a direct expression in terms of that frame, so a composition formula is needed to relate all three quantities.
		We’ve seen that the relativistic composition formula yields the same value for the third speed (e.g., the speed defined in terms of frame 1) regardless of whether we use the two other speeds (e.g., the speeds defined in terms of frame 2) or their reciprocals.
	www.mathpages.com /rr/s1-08/1-08.htm (2017 words)

	The Physics of a Global Episodic Quantum Frequency Change
		If the invariant frequency model is true, then energy is conserved but the speed of light changes in the same ratio as the length scale, and Einstein’s postulate regarding the universal constancy of the speed of light is false.
		According to this model, we would expect to find the speed of a particular stream or ray of photons emitted by the same galaxy and converging on the same observer’s world to be identical within a given ether density shell but different inside different shells.
		If the speed of light were constant through all the shells (and it is not), then the 0.7 Mpc distance would correspond to 2.3 million light years, and the 16 Mpc distance would correspond to 52 million light years.
	home1.gte.net /res00bfl/redshift_physics.htm (6257 words)

	Conventionality of Simultaneity (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Using "Aut" to refer to the appropriate invariance group and "nontrivial" to refer to an equivalence relation on spacetime that is neither one in which all points are in the same equivalence class nor one in which each point is in a different equivalence class, Giulini (2001, pp.
		Just as the speed of light in vacuum is an upper limit to the possible speeds of ordinary particles (sometimes called bradyons), it would be a lower limit to the speeds of tachyons.
		When a transformation is made to a different inertial frame of reference, the speeds of both bradyons and tachyons change (the speed of light in vacuum being the only invariant speed).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/spacetime-convensimul (3460 words)

	THE RADIATION CONTINUUM THEORY AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO SPECIAL RELATIVITY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The invariance of the speed of light was detected by Michelson and Morley.
		The speed of light appeared to be c regardless of the relative velocity of the observer.
		In the face of this experimental evidence for the invariance of the speed of light, a model had to be developed that allowed this to be possible.
	renshaw.teleinc.com /papers/rs98rc1/rs98rc1.stm (7549 words)

	Speed reading programs
		Speed reading is reading that is faster than a person's normal rate of reading, or accelerated reading.
		Note: Speed reading is often used for specific purposes, as to locate essential information only, to get an overview of text, etc. The concept that an invariant, high-speed rate of reading comprehension applicable to all materials can be obtained or is desirable has been largely discredited.
		In order for children to increase their rate of speed they first need to be fluent readers and have a good vocabulary.
	www.exceltutoring.net /speedreading.htm (532 words)

	[No title]
		Wavelength, frequency and velocity in Chart III illustrate this theory predicts the speed of light is constant throughout the path, an essential outcome because of the constancy which is observed in all measurements of the speed of light throughout the solar system so far.
		It is divided by the speed of light, because this number is the fraction by which the photon's characteristics change in distance.
		It is a necessary and sufficient principle for some astronomical phenomena, such as the motions of planets, the emission lines from moving ions in the solar atmosphere, relative velocities of the approaching and receding sides of the solar disk and of stars, and the approaching and receding sides of edge-on spiral galaxies.
	members.chello.nl /~n.benschop/charts.htm (1566 words)

	ML Lecture #5, Principles of Motor Control and Movement Accuracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Relative timing is an invariant feature of the generalized motor program. The term relative timing indicates that the components of the motor skill are invariant when presented as percentages or proportions of the overall movement.
		The concept of invariant relative timing indicates that the percentages of time for each major component of a motor skill such as pouring as related to the total time of the task of invariant, regardless of task speed.
		The student will sacrifice some speed for accuracy and then the student will be assured of having the ball put into play, but he/she will sacrifice some accuracy for speed in order to follow the teacher’s instruction.
	astro.temple.edu /~mridenou/dk4/ml_lec5.html (2681 words)

	[No title]
		Maxwell is right, the speed of light is an invariant, Maxwell's equations look the same in any reference frame and we need a new set of transformation equations (not Galilean).
		The speed of light is an invariant quantity (the same number in any constant velocity reference frame), just as Maxwell said.
		Since S' is moving forward and the speed of light is a fixed number, by the time the light reaches S' she has moved forward some distance.
	physics.ius.edu /~kyle/P301/relativity.html (3462 words)

	Zeno and the Paradox of Motion
		On the assumption that matter, space, and time are continuous and infinitely divisible (scale invariant), we can conceive of a point-like massless particle (say, a photon) traveling at constant speed through a sequence of mirrors whose sizes and separations decrease geometrically (e.g., by a factor of two) on each step.
		He says, in effect, that if someone is running towards me from the west at the maximum possible speed, and someone else is approaching me from the east at the maximum possible speed, then they are approaching each other at twice the maximum possible speed...which is a contradiction.
		According to this view, with it's rejection of absolute simultaneity, we're inevitably led from a dynamical model in which a single slice of space progresses "evenly and equably" through time, to a purely static representation in which the entire history of each worldline already exists as a completed entity in the plenum of spacetime.
	www.mathpages.com /rr/s3-07/3-07.htm (2721 words)

	Why is c the ultimate speed limit? - THE FORUM for Ayn Rand Fans
		So, conceptually, the relation between the velocity of an object and the ultimate speed can be simply stated as the following: The energy required to increase the speed of an object tends toward infinity, as the speed of the object tends toward c, the object never reaching the speed c.
		Note that the light speed limit has been experimentally verified across all scales, from the quantum in quantum electrodynamics to the cosmic scale of general relativity.
		In the theory, the Lorentz transformation does depend on one invariant speed, and in order to preserve causality the speed of particles and signals are limited by c, the value of which can be determined experimentally.
	forums.4aynrandfans.com /index.php?showtopic=626 (3198 words)

	Automorphism Group of a Graph or Digraph
		The invariant is specified by a string which is the name of a C function computing an invariant, as on page 14 of the nauty manual [McK].
		Thus, it can be that an invariant fails to refine the partition at the root of the search tree but succeeds further down the tree.
		This is a simple invariant that corrects for a deficiency in the built--in partition refinement procedure for directed graphs.
	www.umich.edu /~gpcc/scs/magma/text1196.htm (2088 words)

	Universal Symmetry
		This can be accounted for in terms of an invariance of the laws of mechanics under a Galilean transformation which maps a stationary frame of reference onto one which is moving at constant speed.
		In the language of symmetry we would say that the laws of electrostatics are invariant under the addition of a value to the potential which is the same everywhere.
		Diffeomorphism invariance describes a symmetry of space-time while the symmetry of electromagnetism acts on some abstract internal space of the components of the field.
	www.weburbia.com /pg/symmetry.htm (4557 words)

	why the speed of light - SciForums.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		locality requires that there be an invariant speed, but there is no great reason why light has to travel at that speed.
		to recap, locality requires an invariant speed, and abelian nature of light requires that it be massless, and therefore must travel at the invariant speed.
		and you cannot predict the speed of light, because it is dimensionful.
	www.sciforums.com /showthread.php?t=32939 (2238 words)

	Quantum Gravity:The Properties of Mass and Space-time Curvature as Wave Dispersion, by Todd Desiato
		From the Dirac equation the invariant mass of a free particle is determined by the energy-momentum four vector.
		The speed of light is a constant in vacuum because the wavelength and frequency of the light obey the dispersion relationship
		The most astonishing result of the dispersion interpretation is that the speed of light is shown to be constant locally only, and is a variable function of the environment over global distances.
	www2.3dresearch.com /~alistolmar/Dispersion.html (3281 words)

	Journal of Vision - The speed tuning of single units in macaque visual area MT depends on spatial form and contrast, by ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		We measured the dependence of speed tuning on spatial frequency by systematically varying the spatial and temporal frequency of sine gratings moving in the preferred direction of the isolated cell.
		MT cells' preferences for spatial and temporal frequency did not change as a function of contrast, although the responses to lower contrast gratings tended to be less oriented in spatial-temporal frequency space.
		When a stimulus contained two spatial frequencies moving at a single speed the response of the MT cell was greater than when the two components moved at different speeds.
	journalofvision.org /1/3/19 (388 words)

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