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Topic: Invasion of Panama

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	Encyclopedia: Invasion of Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		After the invasion, governments throughout Latin America — including the government of Chile under Augusto Pinochet, which was generally supportive of United States policies — issued statements condemning the invasion and calling for the immediate withdrawal of U.S. troops.
		One of the reasons Bush gave for the invasion, the reestablishment of democracy in Panama, was widely viewed with suspicion, since the United States was perceived throughout Latin America as one of the primary destabilizers of other democratically elected governments in the region.
		One notorious after-effect of the invasion was nearly two weeks of widespread looting and lawlessness, a contingency which the United States military apparently had not anticipated.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Invasion-of-Panama (1629 words)

	Panama - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Much of Panama's domestic politics and international diplomacy in the 20th century were tied to the Panama Canal and the foreign policy of the United States.
		Panama is a republic with three branches of government: executive and legislative branches elected by direct vote for 5-year terms, and an independently appointed judiciary.
		Panama is located in both North and South America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Panama (1423 words)

	Operation Just Cause - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One of the reasons Bush gave for the invasion, the reestablishment of democracy in Panama, was widely viewed with suspicion, since the United States was perceived throughout Latin America as serving its own strategic or economic interests, often at the expense of democratic principles.
		The various reasons supplied by the United States to justify the invasion were widely regarded in Latin America as a thin veneer to disguise other intentions, such as the reestablishment of military bases in Panama or even the overturning the Torrijos-Carter treaties themselves.
		On July 19, 1990 a group of 60 companies based in Panama filed a lawsuit against the United States Government in Federal District Court in New York City alleging that the U. action against Panama was "done in a tortious, careless and negligent manner with disregard for the property of innocent Panamanian residents".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Operation_Just_Cause (2484 words)

	The United States Invasion of Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The event that prompted an increase in the invasion of Panama was the death of a United States navy officer.
		The intervention in Panama was due largely to actions made by Noriega because one of the reasons given for the intervention in Panama was that the United States sought to end the Noriega regime and install a democratic government.
		Among the SOA’s nearly 60,000 graduates are notorious dictators Manuel Noriega and Omar Torrijos of Panama, Leopoldo Galtieri and Roberto Viola of Argentina, Juan Velasco Alvarado of Peru, Guillermo Rodríguez of Ecuador, and Hugo Banzer Suarez of Bolivia.
	www.georgetown.edu /sfs/programs/clas/Pubs/entre2003/Panama.html (4875 words)

	Uncle Sam: The invasion of Panama
		Panama has been traditionally controlled by its tiny European elite, less than 10% of the population.
		He was our man in Panama, and the Arias party was considered to have dangerous elements of "ultranationalism." The Reagan administration therefore applauded the violence and fraud, and sent Secretary of State George Shultz down to legitimate the stolen election and praise Noriega's version of "democracy" as a model for the errant Sandinistas.
		In fact, at exactly the moment it invaded Panama because of its outrage over Noriega's abuses of human rights, the Bush administration announced new high-technology sales to China, noting that $300 million in business for US firms was at stake and that contacts had secretly resumed a few weeks after the Tiananmen Square massacre.
	www.zmag.org /chomsky/sam/sam-2-05.html (1383 words)

	USA Panama Invasion 1989
		The initial attack took place in darkness on the morning of December 20 and was focused primarily on Noriega's headquarters in Panama City.
		On the first day of the invasion, Endara and his two vice presidents were sworn in to head the government of Panama.
		Noriega took refuge in the Vatican nunciature (embassy) in Panama, until he surrendered to U.S. authorities on January 3, 1990, and was then transported to Miami, Florida.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/papa/panamaus1989.htm (270 words)

	Panama: "Operation Just Cause": The Human Cost of the U.S. Invasion
		One year after the invasion, the number of dead and wounded is still a matter of controversy.
		PHR endorses the call of Archbishop McGrath of Panama for the creation and empowerment of an independent, international commission for a final accounting of the casualties.
		They were assisted by Eric Rosenthal, a law student and research assistant to Professor Bloche and by Nancy Arnsion, J.D., of the PHR staff who served as the principal editor.
	www.phrusa.org /research/health_effects/humojc.html (503 words)

	Modern Rangers \| Panama
		The invasion of Panama, known as Operation JUST CAUSE, was an unusually delicate, violent, and complex operation.
		American SOF personnel, having been based in Panama, were acutely aware of the delicate nature of the mission and were instrumental in achieving U.S. objectives.
		After Noriega declared the Panama election invalid and he declared himself president, many American soldiers and their dependents began to be harassed (Towel and Felton, 1989).
	www.suasponte.com /m_panama.htm (5804 words)

	Operation Just Cause -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Panama had become a center for drug (Concealing the source of illegally gotten money) money laundering and a transit point for drug trafficking to the United States and Europe.
		The United States (The federal department responsible for safeguarding national security of the UnitedStates; created in 1947) Department of Defense claimed that the servicemen were unarmed and in a private vehicle and that they attempted to flee the scene only after their vehicle was surrounded by a crowd of civilians and PDF troops.
		One notorious after-effect of the invasion was nearly two weeks of widespread (Plundering during riots or in wartime) looting and lawlessness, a contingency which the United States military apparently had not anticipated.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/o/op/operation_just_cause.htm (1909 words)

	Panama
		Panama became one of the 4 Latin American countries forming the Contadora Group in 1983 launching efforts to negotiate peace for the sovereign nations of Central America.
		One of the confusions about Panama's politics lie in the fact that Noriega was from the poorer sectors of Panama society and represented an anti-oligarchic philosophy.
		On December 22, 1989 the OAS voted a harsh condemnation of the U.S. invasion by a vote of 20 to 1.
	www.brianwillson.com /awolpanama.html (8506 words)

	PANAMA
		The prisons of Panama, built to accommodate a maximum of 1,600 prisoners, today hold approximately 3,700; over 1,000 of those are housed at the Modelo prison in Panama City, which was designed to hold no more than 250.
		2 During the invasion, moreover, the Supreme Court's offices and courtrooms were thoroughly gutted by Noriega loyalists, and the courts in the city of Colon were destroyed in the United States attack on police headquarters, located in the same building.
		Panamanian officials maintain that some of the bodies buried in the common graves were not actually victims of the invasion, but died in hospitals from other causes and were mixed together with invasion casualties by hospitals when their morgues exceeded their capacity.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1991/panama (6663 words)

	Panama History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Panama Defense Force (restructured as the Public Force in 1990) exerted a strong (even controlling) role under Torrijos and later under Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega, although the nation has a civilian government headed by a president who is directly elected for a five-year term.
		The first European known to have visited Panama was the Spaniard Rodrigo de Bastidas in 1501; in 1502, Christopher COLUMBUS explored the eastern Panamanian coast on his fourth trip to the New World.
		Panama was, as a result, one of Spain's wealthiest colonial centers during the 17th century.
	www.czimages.com /BHS70/Main_Pages/panamahistory.htm (1373 words)

	Ronald C. Kramer - EXPLORING STATE CRIMINALITY: THE INVASION OF PANAMA - JCJPC - Volume 3, Issue 2
		In fact, the authors note, "Panama is an especially good example of how the rollback strategy involves subverting or overthrowing not only governments that are socialist or left-wing but the governments of countries that seek full independence from the economic, political, or military influence of the United States" (p.
		President Bush cited four reasons to justify the invasion of Panama: to safeguard the lives of American citizens; to defend democracy in Panama; to apprehend Noriega and bring him to trial for drug trafficking; and to ensure the integrity of the Panama Canal Treaties.
		Finally, the issue of the future of the region is raised by the argument that the invasion of Panama sets the stage for the wars of the 21st century in South America.
	www.albany.edu /scj/jcjpc/vol3is2/state.html (2795 words)

	panama invasion and other panama related information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		US Invasion of Panama 1989 On December 15, 1989, Noriega sought and was given by the legislature the title of chief executive officer of the government.
		The Panama invasion revisited: lessons for the use of force in the...
		Eytan Gilboa, "The Panama Invasion Revisited: Lessons for the Use of Force in the Post Cold War Era," Political Science Quarterly, (v110 n4), p539 The 1989 U.S. invasion of Panama was the first...
	www.nethorde.com /panama/panama-invasion.html (341 words)

	ipedia.com: Operation Just Cause Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Operation Just Cause was the U.S. military invasion of Panama which deposed Manuel Noriega in December 1989, during the administration of U.S. President George H. Bush.
		One notorious aftereffect of the invasion was nearly two weeks of widespread looting and lawlessness, a contingency which the United States military apparently had not anticipated.
		Panama: Background of U.S. Invasion of 1989 - historical timeline
	www.ipedia.com /operation_just_cause.html (852 words)

	US Invades Panama: 1989
		The invasion of Panama in 1989 was known as Operation JUST CAUSE.
		With the transfer of the Canal Zone from US to Panama approaching, the US government wanted to make sure Panama was in the hands of people they could control.
		Media coverage of the invasion was marked by significant misrepresentation.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/Americas/PanamaInvade.CP.html (317 words)

	The Panama invasion revisited: lessons for the use of force in the post Cold War era.
		The Panama invasion revisited: lessons for the use of force in the post Cold War era.
		The 1989 U.S. invasion of Panama was the first American use of force since 1945 that was unrelated to the cold war.
		Following the invasion, the Bush administration used the same means to deal with Saddam that it had employed against Noriega, including dispatching forces, imposing economic and diplomatic sanctions, negotiating with Saddam's representatives, and calling upon the Iraqi army and people to rebel against Saddam.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/gilboa.htm (10118 words)

	Panama Invasion by United States in 1989: Background and chronology
		Any leader in Panama has two choices: be a puppet of U.S. Government without any real power or assert some independence, forcing reliance on nationalist base.
		U.S. forces carry out military exercises in the "white" areas that were returned to Panama in 1979 (as opposed to "green" areas still under U.S. control), as well as in outlying areas.
		The CIA is supposed to be bound by a 1976 law banning its involvement in assassination plots.
	andromeda.rutgers.edu /~hbf/panama.htm (2082 words)

	OPERATION JUST CAUSE, PANAMA 1989 -PERIODICALS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A reassessment by Panamanians of the U.S. invasion of Panama is presented.
		Two officials of Panama's leading newspaper, "La Prensa" dispute a CBS "60 Minutes" TV report that thousands of civilians were killed in the invasion of Panama.
		The U.S. invasion of Panama was the first time in 45 years that the U.S. sent troops into combat for a goal unrelated to communism.
	www.au.af.mil /au/aul/bibs/just/justc2.htm (1642 words)

	Cook and Cohen, "How Television Sold the Panama Invasion"
		Panama's new chief justice of the supreme court and new treasury minister were also members of the bank's board.
		The Southern Command told reporters soon after the invasion that 110 pounds of cocaine were found in Noriega's so-called "witch house," and this played big on TV news and the front-pages.
		Days after the US relied largely on the death of a single US citizen to justify its invasion of Panama, two nuns--one an American--were killed when their pickup truck was ambushed in northeastern Nicaragua.
	www.chss.montclair.edu /english/furr/panamainv.html (5279 words)

	Panama Invasion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		U.S. Troops Move in Panama in Effort to Seize Noriega; Gunfire is Heard in the Capital (N.Y. Times, Dec. 20, 1989)
		Eytan Gilboa, The Panama Invasion Revisited: Lessons for the Use of Force in the Post Cold War Era (Political Science Quarterly)
		The Invasion of Panama was a Lawful Response to Tyranny
	www.latinamericanstudies.org /panamainv.htm (88 words)

	The Empowerment Project::The Panama Deception
		"[A] total dismissal of the official story." "The disastrous effects of the invasion are on display: massive carnage, brutality against innocent citizens, refugees living in poverty." "[The] most potent aspect is its merciless indictment of the news media (print and TV) as puppets manipulated by the White House."
		"[P]resents a powerful argument that the invasion of Panama actually laid the groundwork for a scheme by the United States to keep control of the Panama Canal, which by treaty reverts to Panamanian control in a few years."
		"The Panama Deception portrays the invasion for what it was the occupation of a neighboring independent state without cause." "It's as riveting as it is revolting."
	www.empowermentproject.org /pages/panamacritics.html (708 words)

	INVASION OF PANAMA 1959 - CUBA'S RESPONSE
		We have always thought that the crisis of the Caribbean is due to the economic and social structure which prevails in the forms of government and in the ways of living together.
		The invasion of Panama organized by Panamanians from Cuban territory will be pounced upon as a pretext by the enemies of Cuba.
		On that point there is no possible doubt; the Ambassador of the Republic of Panama has not accused Cuba because it is impossible to deny the neutrality of the Cuban State in the process.
	cuban-exile.com /doc_026-050/doc0039.html (1081 words)

	Amazon.com: State Crime, the Media, and the Invasion of Panama (Praeger Series in Criminology and Crime Control ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Johns and Johnson analyze the invasion of Panama in order to explore the ways in which the War on Drugs has been used as an ideological justification for a projection of U.S. state power into Latin America.
		They characterize the Bush Administration's reasons for the invasion as cynical ideological rhetoric which covered up strategic interests the United States had in deposing Noriega and replacing him with a more cooperative regime.
		Finally, they examine the aftermath of the invasion in the United States--Bush's popularity ratings, the distortion of civilian casualty information, the macho celebration of the war--and in Panama--the destruction of the labor and independence movements, the puppet Endara government, and the increased drug trafficking through Panama.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0275943143?v=glance (530 words)

	Search Tuna Report for Invasion of Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		After a century of operation, the US is returning the Panama Canal to its namesake This article was posted on Decmeber 13, 1999.
		The Panama Invasion Revisited: Lessons For The Use...
		Panama Invasion By United States In 1989: Background...
	www.searchtuna.com /ftlive2/1563.html (1980 words)

	American Invasion of Panama - InfoLanka Forum
		Less than two weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the United States showed its joy that a new era of world peace was now possible by invading Panama, as Washington's mad bombers struck again.
		On December 20, 1989, a large tenement barrio in Panama City was wiped out; 15,000 people were left homeless.
		Counting several days of ground fighting between U.S. and Panamanian forces, 500-something natives dead was the official body count — i.e., what the United States and the new U.S.-installed Panamanian government admitted to.
	www.infolanka.com /ubb/Forum1/HTML/004432.html (311 words)

	"The Panama Deception" Part I
		This film shows how the U.S. attacked Panama and killed 3 or 4 thousand people in an invasion that the rest of the world was against.
		The excuse given was to get the drug lord, General Noriega, who had been on the CIA's payroll for 20 years.
		We see not only the devastation we did to poor cities in Panama, but also how our media was complicit in the way all of this was presented to the American public.
	www.informationclearinghouse.info /article4078.htm (171 words)

	OPERATION JUST CAUSE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Hinojosa, Ernest A., III Panama: December 1988 to May 1991.
		Robinson, Charles W. Panama: Military Victory, Interagency Failure: A Case Study in Policy Implementation.
		Cole, Ronald H. Grenada, Panama, and Haiti: Joint Operation Reform.
	www.au.af.mil /au/aul/bibs/just/opjc.htm (985 words)

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