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	International Encyclopedia of Military History
		Mutiny does not normally include the rebellion of military forces in a coup d'etat, rebellion or revolt, such as the actions of a Roman praetorian guard to install a new emperor, or the revolt of certain elements of the Spanish army against the II Republic in 1936.
		Mutinies occur when the subordinates in a unit lose confidence in the ability of their superior officers to satisfy their grievances, order legal actions, avoid the unnecessary risk or sacrifice of their lives, or when the leaders otherwise present a hazard to their condition or well-being.
		Mutinies were more common in the premodern era when pay and support of troops was irregular, as in the case of Spanish units serving in the Netherlands in the late sixteenth century.
	www.routledge-ny.com /ref/intlmilitaryhistory/mutiny.html (1045 words)

	Invergordon Mutiny - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Invergordon Mutiny was an industrial action by around a thousand sailors in the British Atlantic Fleet, that took place on 15-16 September 1931.
		Sailors of the Atlantic Fleet, arriving at Invergordon, on the Cromarty Firth in Scotland, in the afternoon of Friday 11th September, learned about the cuts from newspaper reports; some reports implied that a 25% cut would be imposed on all ratings.
		In summarising the mutiny for the Admiralty, Tomkinson reported that the crews had remained respectful to their officers throughout, and that officers had done their best to explain the government's reasons for the cut in pay and that complaints would be taken seriously.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Invergordon_Mutiny (1824 words)

	Invergordon Naval & Heritage Centre
		The people of Invergordon were exposed to the horrors of war when, at Hogmanay in 1915, HMS Natal blew up in mysterious circumstances with a loss of over 300 lives.
		Invergordon Distillery, the largest grain distillery in Europe, was constructed in 1961 as part of an initiative to bring new industry into the area following the closure of the Naval dockyard.
		Invergordon Museum is a delight to visit, and is only one of a small number of museums which can claim to have something of interest for all visitors in its extraordinary collection.
	www.invergordonnavalmuseum.co.uk /about_naval_museum.htm (543 words)

	Historical Highlights - a series by LEUT Tom Lewis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		However, the great mutiny in the Royal Navy at Spithead in 1797 was a quiet, orderly affair where discontented crews sought a much-deserved improvement in their living conditions.
		Other mutinies in the Royal Navy included the Invergordon Mutiny of 1931, where crews rebelled against a pay cut that had been ordered; again the discontent was seen as justified.
		A famous mutiny in the Russian Navy - later immortalised in the film Battleship Potemkin (1925) began in 1905 when rotten meat was taken on board the Potemkin and the sailors refused to eat the soup which was subsequently made from it.
	www.defence.gov.au /news/navynews/editions/2001/10_15_01/story20.htm (772 words)

	1918-1930: Mutiny and resistance in the Royal Navy \| libcom.org
		Mutinies in the forces of intervention were not confined to the Navy.
		In recognition of the fact that their officers had acted contrary to Army instructions in employing young and inexperienced lads at the front, the remainder of those arrested were either released or had their sentences commuted to 6 months.
		Resistance in the Navy continued between 1919 and the time of the large Invergordon mutiny of 1931.[8] In 1930 there were no fewer than six major movements within the Navy against conditions of work and the arbitrary injustice of naval discipline.
	libcom.org /history/1918-1930-mutiny-and-resistance-in-the-royal-navy (1585 words)

	Mutiny - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		While many mutinies are carried out in response to conditions within the military unit or ship, some are part of a larger aim, such as national liberation or reform of society, and may lead to revolution: e.g.
		The Connaught Rangers Mutiny and the Wilhelmshaven mutiny.
		The Connaught Rangers Mutiny (or Rebellion) in India, 1920.
	88.208.194.172 /wiki/index.php/Mutiny (418 words)

	The Invergordon Mutiny
		That is, a 10% decrease for a well-paid officer would be no more than a "drop in the bucket." To the lower ranks, who were not well paid to begin with, the decrease would be devastating- especially for the married matelots supporting families.
		In the case of officers the nature of the reductions appeared in detail, but with regard to the men it was stated only that the 1925 rates would be applied to all personnel.
		Order was restored, the Canteen bar was closed at 2000, and the men left in an orderly manner to return to their ships; and although further speeches were made when the libertymen arrived at the pier, and singing was continued through the town, all libertymen returned to their ships by 2115.
	www.ross-shire.com /guidebook/history/invergordon_Mutiny.htm (1542 words)

	The Mutiny - Invergordon Mutiny
		He suggested lower ratings on the old rate should remain on that rate with a cut of 10%, and marriage allowances should be extended to ratings under the age of 25.
		Shortly afterwards, he was informed by the Admiralty that the matter was being considered by the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, and communicated this to the Fleet.
		Tomkinson directed the ships to proceed in their squadrons as soon as possible, and gave officers and crew with family at Invergordon leave to visit the shore and say their goodbyes.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /Adachi645/invergordon-mutiny-the-mutiny.html (702 words)

	Invergordon Info - History
		Invergordon received its name from Sir William Gordon, a local landowner of the early eighteenth century.
		For centuries the estate on which Invergordon now stands was known as Inverbreakie, `the mouth of the Breakie', the Breakie presumably being the stream which enters the Firth at Rosskeen Bridge, near the old parish church west of the present Town.
		Invergordon was used as a base for coaling and for taking on water in the middle of the 19th century.
	www.invergordon.info /history-g.asp (1077 words)

	UISGE! Invergordon Grain + Ben Wyvis Distillery: All about it
		In 1915 ammunition carried in a cruiser blew up and 400 men died; in 1931 the Invergordon Mutiny took place; and it has become the repair yard to the great floating rigs of North Sea oil.
		Expected to give a rousing commentary to the listening nation on the night-time splendour of the fleet assembled to send Hitler packing, all he could produce was the repeating expression that 'the fleetsh all lit up, all lit up, itsh...
		Recently, Invergordon began bottling a single grain whisky - one of only two in the whole of Scotland - to serve modern consumer interest in unblended Scotch from individual distilleries.
	www.uisge.com /ud/invergordon.html (311 words)

	Guttridge Review: Autumn 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The mutinies they have selected for study are of a character so dramatic that no matter how scholarly the approach and painstaking the research, each tale is likely to intrigue the reader.
		The mutiny in the Adriatic Sea aboard the Austro-Hungarian armored cruisers Sankt George and Kaiser Karl VI in February 1918 is said to have helped bring down the Hapsburg monarchy.
		The Chilean navy’s revolt had its roots, as had that of the men of Invergordon, in the world economic depression, but the Chilean navy’s revolt is notable as the first naval mutiny crushed by air bombardment.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /PRESS/Review/2005/autumn/br8-a05.htm (762 words)

	Select Bibliography on Mutiny (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		An act for continuing an act made in the session held in the third and fourth years of Her Majesties reign, intituled, An act for punishing mutiny and desertion, and false musters, and for the better payment of the army and quarters.
		A charge of mutiny: the court martial of Lieutenant Colonel George Johnston for deposing Governor William Bligh in the rebellion of 26 January 1808.
		The cutlass and the lash: mutiny and discipline in Nelson's navy.
	www.au.af.mil /au/aul/school/acsc/mutiny2.htm (1531 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Mutiny is the crime of conspiring to disobey orders that the mutineer is legally obliged to obey, for example by crew members of a ship.
		A member who, with intent to usurp or override lawful military authority, refuses in concert with any other person, to obey orders or otherwise do his or her duty or creates any violence or disturbance, is guilty of mutiny.
		A person who, with intent to cause the overthrow or destruction of lawful civil authority, creates, in concert with any other person, revolt, violence, or other disturbance against that authority, is guilty of sion.
	www.brujula.net /english/wiki/Mutiny.html.html (204 words)

	The
		At 13.40 I informed the Admiralty of what appeared to be the chief cause of complaint, and urged that an early decision should be communicated, stating that until this was received I did not consider that discipline could be restored and that it might still further deteriorate (telegram Nr.
		At 17.25 I was informed by telegram by the Commodore (D) at Rosyth that he had nothing of importance to report, and that the submarines had proceeded to sea for exercises.
		It will be quite clear to Their Lordships from this report that for two days the ships at Invergordon of the Atlantic Fleet were in a state of open mutiny.
	www.ross-shire.com /guidebook/history/invergordon_mutiny_cont.htm (1610 words)

	Invergordon Naval Museum & Heritage Centre
		For those who believe in fate, kismet is a powerful force to be reckoned with, and doubtless it has played a significant part in the partnership that has made a twenty year dream become a reality, in just three calendar months.
		The councillor was particularly pleased with the gesture and on a close examination of the gift by his charming wife Jennifer, she identified the words `Made in Italy' stamped on the shaft.
		After a mail drop that covered every residence within the Invergordon IV18 postal code area, the response by members of the public to the invitation to attend the inaugural meeting was quite outstanding.
	www.invergordonnavalmuseum.co.uk /news_pre_ed1.htm (2130 words)

	Mutiny at Invergordon\|30Sep06\|Socialist Worker
		In order to wipe the memory of the mutiny clean, there was no official inquiry, no court martials and the name of the fleet was changed to the Home Fleet.
		The mutinies of the Russian army and navy were a key element in the Russian Revolution of 1917 that meant that Russia withdrew from the First World War.
		Mutinies, most notably that of the French navy in the Black Sea, stalled foreign imperialist intervention against the Soviet regime after the First World War.
	www.socialistworker.co.uk /article.php?article_id=9794 (1771 words)

	Invergordon Off The Wall - a voluntary community initiative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Invergordon is a small town in the northeast highlands of Scotland, situated on the shores of the Cromarty Firth, approximately 26 miles north of Inverness.
		It is perhaps best known for its naval history, from the sinking of the ‘Natal’ in 1915 with the loss of over 300 lives, to the Invergordon Mutiny in 1931, both of which are well documented.
		The Royal Navy’s presence in the town continued into the fifties although on a much smaller scale than during previous years when thousands of sailors thronged the streets when ‘the fleet was in’.
	www.invergordonoffthewall.co.uk (259 words)

	Causes - Invergordon Mutiny
		The Invergordon Mutiny was an industrial action by around a thousand sailors in the British Atlantic Fleet, that took place 15 September-16 September 1931.
		On top of this, many working-class sailors shared the sense of betrayal felt in the labour movement, at Ramsay Macdonalds split with the Labour Party (UK) and his formation of a new government with the Conservative Party (UK).
		Sailors of the Atlantic Fleet, arriving at Invergordon, on the Cromarty Firth in Scotland, in the afternoon of Friday 11th September, learnt about the cuts from newspaper reports, some reports implied that a 25% cut would be imposed on all ratings.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /Adachi645/invergordon-mutiny-causes.html (387 words)

	Cromarty Firth
		Cromarty was the jewel in the crown, providing genteel living whilst Invergordon, Alness Evanton and Nigg were for the working population, the coming of the railway in 1863 made Invergordon become the premier port, instead of Cromarty.
		Meetings were held, coinciding with the annual Invergordon Highland Games and the outcome was that a period of passive resistance was started and no ships to were permitted to sail.
		One person with whom I spoke told me that he had just come home off night shift, been in bed for a short while, when his wife got a 'phone call to say that the smelter had closed permanently and her husband was not to bother to go back for work.
	www.users.zetnet.co.uk /devout/cromarty_firth.htm (1410 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Their findings call into question standard definitions of mutiny, while shedding new light on the patterns that mutiny tends to take, as well as the interactions that can occur between mutinous soldiers and surrounding civilian societies.
		Richard M. Watt's engulfing narrative of the calamitous French army mutinies throws fresh light on the weakness of the Army of France in the last years of the war and, indirectly, on the importance of American intervention.
		However, the navy's treatment of the senior personnel involved in the mutiny is less important than its efforts to identify and correct systemic problems within the service that were believed to be undermining the foundations of naval discipline.
	www.au.af.mil /au/aul/school/acsc/mutinybib.htm (1887 words)

	Amazon.com: Jannaway's Mutiny: Books: Charles Gidley Wheeler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In September 1931, the sailors of the Royal Navy’s Atlantic Fleet staged a mass mutiny at Invergordon, Scotland.
		Jannaway's Mutiny is an historical novel based on the September 1931 mass mutiny at Invergordon, Scotland, by sailors of the Royal Navy's Atlantic Fleet.
		The mutiny was rather remarkable in its civility, as the mutineers treated officers with deference and continued to carry out essential duties - they basically just prevented their ships from going to sea.
	www.amazon.com /Jannaways-Mutiny-Charles-Gidley-Wheeler/dp/0595339565 (2944 words)

	H.M.S. Hood Association-Battle Cruiser Hood: History of H.M.S. Hood - The Invergordon Mutiny, September 1931
		By 1931, Britain was in the throes of an economic crisis brought on by the world-wide "Great Depression." At this point with devalued currency, high inflation, etc., the UK had amassed a budget deficit of approximately £170,000,000.
		At 13.40 I informed the Admiralty of what appeared to be the chief cause of complaint, and urged that an early decision should be communicated, stating that until this was received I did not consider that discipline could be restored and that it might still further deteriorate (telegram NR 805).
		Perhaps Tomkinson's only crime was that he had too much of a heart and that he truly cared for the crewmen- they were afterall, the backbone of the fleet.
	www.hmshood.com /history/inverg/index.htm (3119 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 2003048867
		Mutiny in the Chilean Navy, 1931 145 William F. Sater 8.
		The Invergordon Mutiny, 1931 170 Christopher M. Bell 9.
		The Chongqing Mutiny and the Chinese Civil War, 1949 232 Bruce A. Elleman 12.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/fy042/2003048867.html (217 words)

	Charles Gidley Wheeler - Home
		The sequel to Jannaway's Mutiny is The Raging of the Sea, which was withdrawn from book shops and libraries soon after publication in 1984.
		It is an autobiographical novel that tells the story of Frank's son, Steven Jannaway, who joins the navy as a cadet in 1955, serves as a fleet air arm pilot, and leaves twenty-five years later.
		"Hard-to-put-down and often moving novel by ex-serving RN officer, "Jannaway's Mutiny" is the story of the 1931 Invergordon Mutiny.
	www.charlesgidleywheeler.com (1017 words)

	The Invergordon Mutiny
		In September 1931 half the Royal Navy went on strike when the Atlantic fleet, which was anchored at Invergordon on the Cromarty Firth in Scotland, mutinied.
		In the wake of the Invergordon events a massive demonstration against wage cuts took place in Hyde Park, consisting of civil servants, teachers and postal workers--groups with no previous history of struggle.
		The Invergordon Mutiny and the events it inspired show that the most unlikely people can move very quickly from anger to direct action.
	pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk /sr244/sherry.htm (845 words)

	Dear Kitty. Some blog :: September :: 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		From 1965 onwards the writing of history textbooks for use in schools and universities was undertaken under the supervision, either directly or indirectly, of the History Centre of the Armed Forces.
		These textbooks taught as the sole permitted version of history that the 1965 colonelsâ mutiny was a PKI coup attempt.
		They also taught that PKI women activists mutilated the genitalia of the generals whom the colonelsâ had detained before they were executed â” despite the fact that the army hospital autopsy showed that no torture of any kind had taken place.
	dearkitty.blogsome.com /2006/09/26 (2001 words)

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