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Topic: Investiture Conflict

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Conflict of Investitures
		Investiture at this period meant that on the death of a bishop or abbot, the king was accustomed to select a successor and to bestow on him the ring and staff with the words: Accipe ecclesiam (accept this church).
		The king having renounced his claim to investiture, the pope promulgated in St. Peter's on 12 February, 1112, the return of all temporalities to the Crown, but thereby raised (as Henry had foreseen) such a storm of opposition from the German princes that he was forced to recognize the futility of this attempt at settlement.
		This led to the outbreak of the investiture quarrel.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08084c.htm (4996 words)

	investiture. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The dispute over clerical investiture was one of the great struggles between church and state in the Middle Ages.
		When the struggle concerning investiture broke out (late 11th cent.), there was no general agreement as to the powers of the pope and the Holy Roman emperor in installing German bishops; it was only generally recognized that both had rights in the matter.
		Lay investiture was the term used for investiture of clerics by the king or emperor, a layman.
	www.bartleby.com /65/in/investit.html (739 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		An "investiture ceremony" is when someone gets inducted into a new office organization and is given some thing as a sign that he or she now holds that office or belongs to that organization.
		The Investiture Controversy was about the ceremony by which a man became a bishop or an archbishop.
		As I was saying, laymen took part in the investiture ceremony, claiming the right to invest the candidate with some or all of the insignia of his office.
	www.the-orb.net /textbooks/nelson/investiture.html (2635 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Holy Roman Empire
		The Salian Emperors and the Investiture Controversy (1024-1125)
		During the 11th century, the issue of investiture by laymen—such as kings and emperors—rather than by churchmen became increasingly contentious.
		Although the imperial role in investiture was acknowledged, the shift towards a more independent church was unmistakable.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761558731___5/Holy_Roman_Empire.html (937 words)

	The clerical reform movement and the investiture controversy
		The lay investiture arose within the feudal system's environment in which clerical dignitaries were profane sovereigns and therefore vassals of the King at the same time.
		Along with that, they attributed to the lay investiture the ethical decline of the clergy, particularly its leniency towards the breach of celibacy, the widespread simony (ecclesiastical crime and personal sin of paying for offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church) as well as the trade with relics.
		The conflict was ultimately settled by King Henry V and Pope Calixt II with the Worms concordat in 1122.
	www.phil.uni-passau.de /histhw/stadtgeschichte/english/investiturstreit.html (859 words)

	Investiture_Controversy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The '''Investiture Controversy''' was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe.
		Prior to the Investiture Controversy, the appointment of church officials, while theoretically a task of the Church, was in practice performed by secular authorities.
		Since a substantial amount of wealth and land was often associated with the position of bishop or abbot, it was materially beneficial for a secular ruler to appoint someone loyal to him.
	copernicus.subdomain.de /Investiture_Controversy (1149 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Paschal II
		Since the pope continued to denounce and anathematize lay investitures in the synods over which he presided, the chief of which were at Guastalla (1106) and Troyes (1107), and since Henry persisted in bestowing benefices at pleasure, the friendly relations between the two powers soon became strained.
		Henry resented the discussion of a German question on foreign soil, though the question of Investitures was one of universal interest; and he threatened to cut the knot with his sword, as soon as circumstances permitted his going to Rome to receive the imperial crown.
		Before receiving the imperial crown, Henry was to abjure all claims to investitures, whilst the pope undertook to compel the prelates and abbots of the empire to restore all the temporal rights and privileges which they held from the crown.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11514b.htm (1002 words)

	[No title]
		The Investiture Conflict centered around the dramatic confrontation between Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII in the 1070s and 1080s.
		The conflict was a consequence of the centuries-old partnership between the papacy and the emperor, in which the popes used their influence to sustain the emperors’ claims to authority in exchange for royal military protection.
		The third section explores some of the conflict’s consequences, including changes to the nature of religious institutions and clerical life, the challenge to the sacred nature of the monarchy, and the enormous increase in the power of the papacy.
	www.bedfordstmartins.com /oconnor/oconnor/content/investiture.htm (928 words)

	CHURCH AND STATE IN CONFLICT
		On the other hand, kings and emperors who could not manage their own secular vassals often resorted to taxing and controlling churches and monasteries, leading to conflicts between the church and the state.
		Impact of the conflict on the church: The Avignon Exile (1304-74)
		The conflict between church and state firmly established that church and state were distinct entities.
	www.indiana.edu /~hisdcl/h113_2001/churchstate.htm (1001 words)

	Eager.html
		The first conflict involved Peter’s pence, and although very little is known about the exact origins of Peter’s pence, the “denarius sancti Petri,” was by far the oldest of the revenues the papacy received from England, the country in which it originated.
		The conflict over investiture between John and Innocent is an example of the struggle for sovereignty over the clergy of England.
		Again, at the heart of the issue of the investiture controversy was whose command was to be obeyed.
	www.sbc.edu /honors/HJ_WinterIssue_2005/Eager.html (3510 words)

	[No title]
		In the ideological conflict between empire and papacy, which we call the 'Investiture Contest', the victory of the crusade tipped the balance sharply towards the papacy.
		The spread of reform in the church and the bitterness of the war of ideas, which was an element of the 'Investiture Contest', attest to the continuing force of this new spirit whose temper was puritan.
		In the Peace Movement, and the tumults of the Investiture Contest, the church was mobilising the masses in her chosen cause.
	coursesa.matrix.msu.edu /~fisher/hst372/readings/france1.html (7931 words)

	Investiture Controversy Details, Meaning Investiture Controversy Article and Explanation Guide
		The Investiture Controversy was the most significant conflict between secular and religious authorities in medieval Europe.
		Prior to the Investiture Controversy church officials were, in practice, appointed by secular authorities.
		Blumenthal, Uta-Renate, The Investiture Constroversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century.
	www.e-paranoids.com /i/in/investiture_controversy.html (1247 words)

	The Salian Century (Stefan Weinfurter) - book review
		His death probably averted a rebellion, but the minority of Henry IV was only a lull in the conflict: at one point the young king was "kidnapped" by archbishop Anno II of Cologne and his later attempts to exert his power provoked the Saxon War (1073-1075) and the election of an anti-king in 1077.
		Henry IV came into conflict with the reform papacy under Hildebrand/Gregory VII and was excommunicated in 1076, but though he got the worst of the ideological conflict he prevailed militarily.
		Henry V's reign saw the Investiture Conflict combine conflicts between the emperor and the pope and between the emperor and the princes (in this case the bishops); the 1122 Concordat of Worms settled this by defining the obligations of the bishops as vassals.
	dannyreviews.com /h/Salian_Century.html (586 words)

	Investiture Controversy biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		By this time Henry IV of Germany was no longer a child and he reacted to this declaration by sending Gregory VII a letter in which he, in effect, removed Gregory VII as pope and called for the election of a new pope.
		With the death of Henry IV in 1106 it did not end either because his son Henry V was also unwilling to give up investiture.
		Most significantly, it was agreed investiture would be eliminated, but it still provided room for secular leaders to have non-official but important input in the appointment process.
	investiture-controversy.biography.ms (1205 words)

	people (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		He regained the royal crown thanks to his military talents and by supporting the Pope in the investiture conflict with the emperor.
		Of great influence was also Boleslaw II's conflict with Stanislaw, Bishop of Krakow, in the course of which the king lost the support of the Catholic Church.
		Kazimierz Wielki had no legal heir, which spelled the end of the Piast dynasty (1370) and the Polish throne was assumed by allied relatives of the Piasts, the Hungarian Angevins (1370-1384; king Louis the Hungarian and his daughter Jadwiga).
	home.btclick.com /polishembassy/info/history_in_brief/history_midages.html (776 words)

	Investiture Controversy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Power struggle between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire during the late 11th and early 12th centuries; it began with a dispute about the lay investiture of bishops and abbots.
		Such prelates held land and often exercised secular as well as ecclesiastical functions; for this reason, lay overlords had an understandable interest in their appointment and frequently invested (formally presented) them with the symbols of their various offices.
		A similar compromise was effected by the Concordat of Worms (1122) between the emperor Henry V and Pope Calixtus II; and in Germany (but not in Burgundy or Italy) the emperor also acquired the right to have elections conducted in his presence.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/InvestitureControversy/InvestitureControversy.html (219 words)

	Heinrich V (1086-1125) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In 1104, in the conflict between the papacy and his father, he sided with the Bavarians and Saxons against his father.
		The Pope was willing to command the German churches to give back all lands and rights received from the crown if Henry would renounce the right to investiture, a bargain that was acceptable to Henry but not to the German bishops and princes.
		By intervening in the conflict between the King and the church, they won a victory for themselves against the King, a fact that dominated the subsequent history of Germany.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/EmperorHeinrich-V/EmperorHeinrich-V.html (843 words)

	Search Results for investiture - Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Under Pope Gregory VII (1073–85) the papal theory of the empire, as formulated in the 9th century, was revived, but on broader and firmer foundations.
		Gregory is chiefly known for his contest with the German emperor Henry IV (1050–1106) over lay investiture (the right of lay rulers to grant ecclesiastical officials the symbols of their authority),...
		Paschal's 12th-century capitulation to Henry V, one of the episodes in the long-running Investiture Controversy.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=investiture&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (404 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1049-1294. (all) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A striking feature of the Middle Ages is the contrast and co-operation of the forces of extreme self-abnegation as represented in monasticism and extreme ambition for worldly dominion as represented in the papacy.
		It was a conflict between priestcraft and statecraft, between sacerdotium and imperium, the clergy and the laity.
		He admits the necessity of the State for the temporal government of men; but in his conflict with the civil power he takes the pessimistic view that the State is the product of robbery, murder, and all sorts of crimes, and a disturbance of the original equality, which must be restored by the priestly power.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc5.all.html (11247 words)

	Guelphs and Ghibellines - Wikipedia
		Broadly, Guelphs tended to come from wealthy mercantile families, while Ghibellines wealth came from landed estates.
		The struggle for power between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire had actually arisen with the Investiture Conflict of the 11th century.
		Guelph (sometimes spelled Guelf) is most probably an Italian form of Welf, the family of the dukes of Bavaria (including the namesake Welf, as well as Henry the Lion).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines (709 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Empire and Papacy
		Nation-States: The papal-imperial conflict lead to the weakening of the Western (Holy Roman) Empire, the first strong state with staying power after the 5th-century collapse of Roman Empire in the West.
		Separation of Church and State: The conflict between church and state firmly established that church and state were distinct entities.
		This is in dramatic contrast to Islam, which never made a distinction between "religion" and "politics"; and in contrast equally to the "Byzantine model" of "symphony" between church and state.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/sbook1l.html (1353 words)

	Part IV - The Middle Ages: Lesson No. 20 - The Political Papacy
		Papal and civil power were bound to come into conflict under such circumstances and they did in what became known as "the investiture conflict." Investiture was the conferral of symbols of office and the commensurate powers upon someone.
		The investiture issue was not settled due to the changing political fortunes of popes and emperors.
		Finally, a compromise was reached between Henry V and Pope Calixtus II in the Concordat of Worms in 1122.
	www.bible.ca /history/eubanks/history-eubanks-20.htm (939 words)

	War between Henry V and the city of Cologne
		By the beginning of the twelfth century, German cities had become important players in the investiture conflict.
		Then appeared the ranks of Cologne in battle array, far fewer in number but nowise inferior in bravery, under the leadership of their duke and archbishop, Frederick, and of the former Duke Henry of Lorraine, Count Theodoric of Are, Count Henry of Kessel, and others equally valorous and well versed in war.
		In the first onset Duke Henry, with a small detachment, rushed upon a far superior mass of the enemy, but was forced to retreat to his camp.
	www.deremilitari.org /RESOURCES/SOURCES/cologne.htm (850 words)

	[No title]
		Remember also that all historical sources have an agenda and cannot, therefore, be regarded as an objective statement of “what happened.” Your analysis must take into account issues of the author’s perspective and experiences, his or her motivation in writing, and the nature and genre of the text itself.
		Which of the two main opponents in the Investiture Conflict, Gregory VII and Henry IV, was the most “traditional” in his position and why?
		Were legalism and legal patterns of thought as important to imperial theorists in the conflict between church and state between 1150-1250 as they were to proponents of ecclesiastical supremacy?
	faculty.washington.edu /rcstacey/HSTAM332summer2003syllabus.doc (1377 words)

	Bedford, Freeman, Worth Publishers - Power and the Holy in the Age of the Investiture Conflict (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Historians tracing the emerging division between church and state in the West have long recognized the importance of the eleventh-century Gregorian reform movement and the investiture conflict -- events that reached a dramatic climax in Pope Gregory VII's excommunication of Emperor Henry IV.
		In her introduction to this ground-breaking volume, Miller recasts the narrative of reform and the investiture conflict -- traditionally portrayed as an elitist struggle between church and state -- in terms of a broad shift in conceptions of the nature of power and the holy.
		The volume brings together a wide selection of compelling documents -- many of which have been largely unavailable -- that allows students to place the investiture conflict within the wider context of social and political change in medieval Europe.
	www.bfwpub.com /highschool/book.asp?1149000397 (209 words)

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