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Topic: Investiture Controversy

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	Investiture Controversy - MSN Encarta
		Investiture Controversy, major dispute between church and state in the 11th and 12th centuries over the role played by lay princes in the ceremonies.
		Investiture Controversy, major dispute between church and state in the 11th and 12th centuries over the role played by lay princes in the ceremonies by which bishops and abbots were installed in their offices.
		Investiture was a key issue in the Gallican controversies of the 17th century (see Gallicanism) in France, and it was a controversial issue in Spain until recently.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761560899/Investiture_Controversy.html (696 words)

	investiture controversy
		The Investiture Controversy was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe.
		Prior to the Investiture Controversy, the appointment of church officials, while theoretically a task of the Church, was in practice performed by secular authorities.
		In 1075 Pope Gregory VII declared in the Dictatus Papae the elimination of the practice of investiture.
	www.crusades-history.com /Investiture-Controversy.aspx (1043 words)

	Investiture Controversy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The controversy, undercutting the Imperial power established by the Salian Emperors, would eventually lead to nearly fifty years of civil war in Germany, the triumph of the great dukes and abbots, and the disintegration of the German empire, a condition from which it would not recover until the reunification of Germany in the 19th century.
		Prior to the Investiture Controversy, the appointment of church officials, while theoretically a task of the Church, was in practice performed by secular authorities.
		The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Investiture_Controversy (1557 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Conflict of Investitures
		Investiture at this period meant that on the death of a bishop or abbot, the king was accustomed to select a successor and to bestow on him the ring and staff with the words: Accipe ecclesiam (accept this church).
		Petrus Crassus, the only layman engaged in the controversy, represented the youthful science of jurisprudence and strongly advocated the autonomy of the State, maintaining that, as the sovereign authority was from God, it was a crime to war upon the king.
		The king having renounced his claim to investiture, the pope promulgated in St. Peter's on 12 February, 1112, the return of all temporalities to the Crown, but thereby raised (as Henry had foreseen) such a storm of opposition from the German princes that he was forced to recognize the futility of this attempt at settlement.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08084c.htm (4988 words)

	Investiture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Investiture, from the Latin (preposition in and verb vestire, 'dress' from vestis 'robe') is a rather general term for the formal installation of an incumbent (heir, elect of nominee) in public office, especially by taking possession of its insignia.
		Approximately 22 Investitures are held annually in Buckingham Palace, one or two at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh and one in Cardiff.
		Lay investiture was the appointment of bishops, abbots, and other church officials by feudal lords and vassals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Investiture (437 words)

	investiture - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		INVESTITURE [investiture] in feudalism, ceremony by which an overlord transferred a fief to a vassal or by which, in ecclesiastical law, an elected cleric received the pastoral ring and staff (the symbols of spiritual office) signifying the transfer of the office.
		When the struggle concerning investiture broke out (late 11th cent.), there was no general agreement as to the powers of the pope and the Holy Roman emperor in installing German bishops; it was only generally recognized that both had rights in the matter.
		Lay investiture was the term used for investiture of clerics by the king or emperor, a layman.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-investit.html (840 words)

	Investiture Controversy - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The ceremony of investiture consisted of the newly appointed bishop or abbot coming before the secular leader, who would then confer upon the appointee the crosier (staff) and ring as objects of power.
		Since a substantial amount of wealth and land was often associated with the position of bishop or abbot, it was materially beneficial for a secular ruler to appoint someone loyal to him.
		The controversy had resulted in both sides trying to marshall public opinion, lay people became engaged in religious affairs, and lay piety had increased as a result, setting the stage for the Crusades and the great religious vitality of the 12th century.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Investiture_controversy (1288 words)

	Investiture Controversy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It also refers to related controversies in other European countries, most notably in England, regarding the dual allegiance of bishops to their sovereign and to the pope.
		The details are complex, but the controversy culminated in 1075, when Pope Gregory VII formally prohibited Emperor Henry IV in the Dictatus Papae to appoint bishops at all.
		Gregory VII died in exile, and Henry had problems with his own son The controversy was only formally resolved many years later, during the reign of Henry V with the Concordat of Worms in 1122.
	www.nebulasearch.com /encyclopedia/article/Investiture_Controversy.html (340 words)

	Pope Callistus II
		His reign, beginning 1 February, 1119, is signalized by the termination of the Investiture controversy which, begun in the time of Gregory VII, had raged with almost unabated bitterness during the last quarter of the eleventh century and the opening years of the twelfth.
		In the end, as there was no hope of a favourable compromise with Henry, it was determined that the emperor and the antipope should be solemnly excommunicated in the presence of the assembled fathers and the representatives of the secular authority (30 October, 1119).
		Here it was agreed that a general truce should be proclaimed between the emperor and his rebellious subjects; that the Church should have free use of her possessions; that the lands of those in rebellion should be restored, and peace with the Church permanently established with the least possible delay.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/c/callistus_ii,pope.html (1748 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		An "investiture ceremony" is when someone gets inducted into a new office organization and is given some thing as a sign that he or she now holds that office or belongs to that organization.
		The Investiture Controversy was about the ceremony by which a man became a bishop or an archbishop.
		As I was saying, laymen took part in the investiture ceremony, claiming the right to invest the candidate with some or all of the insignia of his office.
	the-orb.net /textbooks/nelson/investiture.html (2635 words)

	End of Europe's Middle Ages - Investiture Contests (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Investiture Controversy of the eleventh and twelfth centuries sprang from the Church reforms initated by Henry III (1039-1056).
		investiture and deposition of bishops and archbishops, even to the bishop of Rome, the pope.
		In the Concordat, Henry V gave up lay investiture and the pope conceded to the emperor the privilege of bestowing the symbols of territorial and administrative jurisdiction.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/bluedot/invest2.html (490 words)

	Rites Controversy - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Rites Controversy, dispute concerning the extent to which Christian missionaries could accommodate themselves to certain customs of the countries...
		Investiture Controversy, major dispute between church and state in the 11th and 12th centuries over the role played by lay princes in the ceremonies...
		A panel, usually of five judges, and made up of prominent critics, authors, publishers, and academics, draws up a shortlist from which a winner is...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Rites_Controversy.html (117 words)

	Investiture Controversy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Italso refers to related controversies in other European countries, most notably in England, regarding the dual allegiance of bishops to their sovereign and to the pope.
		The details are complex, but the controversy culminated in 1075, when Pope Gregory VII formally prohibited Emperor Henry IV in the Dictatus Papaeto appoint bishops at all.
		The controversy was only formally resolved many years later, during the reign of HenryV with the Concordat of Worms in 1122.
	www.therfcc.org /investiture-controversy-51396.html (299 words)

	Investiture Controversy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The details are complex but the controversy in 1075 when Pope Gregory VII formally prohibited Emperor Henry IV in the Dictatus Papae to appoint bishops at all.
		The controversy was only formally resolved many later during the reign of Henry V with the Concordat of Worms in 1122.
		The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century (Middle Ages Series)
	www.freeglossary.com /Investiture_Controversy (485 words)

	[No title]
		Introduction: The Investiture Controversy, which raged from 1075 to 1122, was a struggle between the papacy and the Western Empire, an empire that Otto I (known as the Great) had recreated in 962 but that essentially encomapssed only Germany and northern Italy.
		The controversy ostensibly centered on the issue of laylords investing high-ranking church leaders with their offices and the symbols of their spiritual powers - in effect, turning them into vassals.
		The immediate background to the Investiture Controversy lay in successful attempts to free the Roman papacy from the control of local Roman factions and to reform the moral life of the Roman clergy, especially of the pope.
	www2.h-net.msu.edu /~fisher/hst205/readings/InvestitureControversy.html (2756 words)

	Investiture Controversy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The term Investiture Controversy usually refers to a political crisis in the 11th century, in which the pope and the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire argued about, essentially, which of them had the supreme power over the other.
		In 1076, both sides made use of their most powerful weapons, respectively: the emperor declared the pope unseated, the pope in turn declared a clerical ban on the emperor (which relieved all dukes in the Empire from their oaths to the emperor, in fact thus unseating him as well).
		The controversy was only formally resolved many years later, with the Concordat of Worms in 1122.
	www.websign.sk /in/Investiture_Dispute.html (263 words)

	Controversy Portal @ Disagreeable.org (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Thai gov't not to intervene in Singaporean company's controversy...
		Controversial issues are held as potentially divisive in a given society, because it leads to heated debates, arguments and tension.
		Some controversies are considered taboo to many people, unless a society can find a common ground to share and discuss their feelings on a certain controversial issue.
	www.disagreeable.org (886 words)

	Investiture Controversy - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Holy Roman Empire : The Salian Emperors and the Investiture Controversy (1024-1125)
		For the next 100 years, German kings were chosen from the Salian line of Franconia, which was related to the Saxons.
		Controversy with the king continued over investiture, with...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Investiture_Controversy.html (120 words)

	Matilda of Tuscany
		The war between the pope and the emperor was part of a larger series of events that came to be called the Investiture Controversy, one of the most-studied topics in medieval European history.
		The literature of the Investiture Controversy is vast.
		Discusses the evidence of Matilda’s charters for her involvement in war; citations are to the 16th century editions rather than the Monumenta edition of 1998; includes discussion of the "canonical approaches to women’s military authority" and representations of Matilda in the polemical literature of the Investiture Controversy.
	www.libraryautomation.com /valerieeads/matilda.html (2396 words)

	Lateran Councils
		The third of the chronic evils which the reformers fought--lay investiture, as it was called--was not, at first, seen by all of them as a thing evil in itself, or even as the main reason why the other evils had been impossible to reform.
		And the original, and permanently influential, reason for this royal investiture was the same reason as of all such--these prelates held, "of the king," vast lordships, and it was vital to the stability of the country that the king be assured of the competence and the loyalty of the prelates to whom they were granted.
		In lay investiture, however, the stricter school of the reformers discerned the root of all the evils.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txs/lateran.htm (16494 words)

	Henry, V Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As for the Investiture Controversy itself, it dragged on until 1122, when a new pope, Calixtus I, negotiated a compromise settlement of the dispute with Henry called the Concordat of Worms.
		So ended this controversy, which had caused trouble between pope and emperor for almost 5 decades, with a settlement which represented in essence a victory for the papacy.
		Finally, once the Investiture Controversy had ended, Henry in his last days became interested in increasing his authority in the Low Countries along the borders of France.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/henry-v (660 words)

	The Investiture Controversy
		Timothy Reuter (Cambridge, 1986); Ute-Renate Blumenthal, The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century (Philadelphia, 1988); Colin Morris, The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250 (Oxford, 1989).
		And see I. Robinson, Authority and Resistance in the Investiture Contest: The Polemical Literature of the Late Eleventh Century (Manchester, 1978) for a previously understudied period in the controversy.
		A few useful articles on the background to some of the chief issues concerning clerical purity in the controversy: Hans Meier-Welcker, "Die Simonie im frühen Mittelalter," Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte 64 (1952/53), pp.
	urban.hunter.cuny.edu /~thead/invest.htm (615 words)

	Outlines (Site not responding. Last check: )
		church, opposing lay investiture, as they served dual roles
		controversy, which reached its height in the conflict between
		that bishops would be elected by the church, but investiture
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /England1/outlines1.htm (188 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Gregory VII: Lay Investitures Forbidden 1080 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Gregory issued a decree in 1073 forbidding prelates to receive their churches from lay rulers.
		The text of this decree against "lay investiture" has been lost.
		But if he shall presume to do so he shall clearly know that such investiture is bereft of apostolic authority, and that he himself shall lie under excommunication until fitting satisfaction shall have been rendered.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/g7-reform2.html (172 words)

	SparkNotes: High Middle Ages (1000-1200): Germany, 920-1075: The Saxon Empire to the Investiture Controversy
		Germany, 920-1075: The Saxon Empire to the Investiture Controversy
		When later Carolingians had not been able to exert royal power or defend Eastern Francia against Magyars and Vikings, political units began to collapse on to pre-Charlemagne lines--Saxony, Franconia, Lorraine, Swabia, and Bavaria.
		Raise your score on the U.S. History SAT Subject Test with the experts at SparkNotes.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/middle2/section3.rhtml (2844 words)

	Case Study 2
		In this case study we will be studying the relationship between the medieval rulers and the church.
		The example we will use will be the Investiture Controversy, the conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV.
		We will learn the historical background to the investiture controversy, and we will identify the issues that caused the conflict between Gregory VII and Henry IV.
	www.hmml.org /centers/malta/hist335/HIST335doss2.htm (236 words)

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