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Topic: Investiture Crisis

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Investiture Controversy
		Prior to the Investiture Controversy, the appointment of church officials, while theoretically a task of the Church, was in practice performed by secular authorities.
		The ceremony of investiture consisted of the newly appointed bishop or abbot coming before the secular leader, who would then confer upon the appointee the crosier (staff) and ring as objects of power.
		A crisis arose when a group within the church, members of the Gregorian Reform, decided to liberate the church from the power secular leaders held over them through elimination of the investiture ceremony.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Investiture_Controversy (1209 words)

	Yang Xiong [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		For example, in Fa yan 8:21, there is a terse passage that reads, “The Red and Black Bows and Arrows do not amount to having it.” Centuries earlier the Imperial house of the Zhou dynasty awarded princes a set of bows and arrows as symbol of investiture to punish all within their jurisdiction.
		In an attempt to follow this ancient tradition, a set of red and fl bows and arrows was awarded to Wang Mang in 5 CE as part of the “Conferment of the Nine Distinctions” bestowed on him by ministers, officials, and scholars of the Han court.
		Crisis and Conflict in Han China 104 B.C. to A.D. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1974.
	www.iep.utm.edu /y/yangxion.htm (4927 words)

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