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Topic: Involucral bract

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	Involucral bract - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Involucral bract
		Bracts are generally green and smaller than the true leaves.
		A whorl of bracts surrounding an inflorescence is termed an involucre.
		A bracteole is a leaflike organ that arises on an individual flower stalk, between the true bract and the calyx.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Involucral+bract (216 words)

	Identifying Conebushes
		The formation of the inflorescence bud and the development of the involucral bracts are useful characters in distinguishing between the species.
		The Northwestern Sunconebushes are all centred in the Cederberg and associated Hex River, Gifberg and Nieuwoudville mountains in the north-west of the fynbos.
		Involucral leaves closely overlapping around the lower portion of the head, hiding the involucral bracts.
	protea.worldonline.co.za /coneid.htm (3859 words)

	Glossary
		Bract - A reduced(usually) leaf like appendage usually associated with an inflorescence or just at the base of a flower or flower head.
		Involucre - (Pronounced "In - voh - lew - ker").
		Sorus(Sori) - A cluster of sporangia on a fern frond.
	www.missouriplants.com /Glossary.html (2821 words)

	Rare Plant Guide Codes and Definitions
		Involucre - A whorl of bracts located beneath a flower cluster, as in the heads of members of the sunflower family (Asteraceae, Polygonaceae).
		Palea - The smaller of the two bracts (the other being the lemma) that enclose the stamens and pistil in a grass floret.
		Phyllary - The involucral bract on the head of members of the sunflower family (Asteraceae).
	www.cnhp.colostate.edu /rareplants/glossary.html (3310 words)

	Flower-Involucral Bracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The appearance of the involucral bracts of the head provides useful characteristics for separating thistle genera and species within genera.
		The bracts may vary in shape from linear to ovate and may be either erect or
		bracts are pinnatifid with numerous spines or hairs along the upper margin of the bract.
	el.erdc.usace.army.mil /pmis/plants/html/flower_i.html (74 words)

	Identifying Proteaceae 5. Paranomus and Allies
		In addition, the inflorescences consist of a spike of heads (involucres), each head comprising a (involucral) bract and four florets each with a (floral) bract.
		This is a tricky species: it is difficult to discern the diagnostic four flowers per bract and thus it may be mistaken for a Serruria.
		With the exception of S. barbigera Fine-leaf unispoon which extends on to the Swartberg, the 13 species are found south of the Breede River in the west and south of the Little Karoo in the southern Cape.
	protea.worldonline.co.za /p8paa.htm (1162 words)

	Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany
		Parts of several florets have been removed to reveal the white, inferior ovaries, a few of which still have one or both of the very pale pappus scales attached to their summits at the flanks of the tiny annular nectary that encircles the scar where the style was attached.
		Each of them has an associated receptacular bract or chaff scale that is not readily visible unless the head is dissected or until it matures and sheds its fruits as is the case with the head on the right.
		The upper heads are in an early fruiting stage and show persistent, conspicuous yellowish green receptacular bracts in the center of the heads and darker, purple-marked involucral bracts at the periphery.
	www.botany.utoronto.ca /courses/BOT307/Carr-vascular/heliantheae.htm (524 words)

	Chrysanthemum: floret initiation
		Broad thin bracts have had to be removed to reveal the surface of the capitulum only the centre of which has no floret initials present.
		The portion to the right of the depression is thought to be the vestigeal bract and does not develop much further than this while the larger dome to the left forms the ray florets.
		The subtending bract of the ray florets has nearly disapeared amongst the trichomes.
	www2.warwick.ac.uk /fac/sci/whri/about/staff/jhorridge/mumf/?textOnly=true (788 words)

	Oil Crops: Sunflower
		Abstract: “As previously described a circular wounding procedure as applied to the young capitulum of the sunflower to isoalte a 1 mm diameter cylindrical plug of receptacle tissue in situ and stimulate the recapitulation on the plug surface of involucral bracts, ray and disc floret initials.
		Abstract: “This paper reports the effect on the sunflower capitulum development and seed yield of removing the involucral bract (IB) primordia and upper leaf primordia during early growth of the capitulum.
		The first formed initials developed into involucral bracts or ray florets and the later ones into disc florets which were organized into contact parastichics, the number of which did not conform with the Fibonacci series.
	agrarias.tripod.com /oil_crops.htm (1687 words)

	Anemone in Flora of China @ efloras.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Rhizome long or short; leaf blade ternate or 3-sect, petiole narrow or basally sheathing; involucral bracts sessile; pistils and achenes with distinct or obscure style and small or capitate stigma.
		Involucral bract petiole 1--2 mm wide, free; ovary and achenes glabrous.
		Involucral bract petiole 1--2 mm wide; leaf blade central leaflet 3-lobed; sepals ca.
	www.efloras.org /florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=101733 (1518 words)

	Juncus in Flora of China @ efloras.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Inflorescences pseudolateral, basal involucral bract erect, terete, seemingly a continuation of stem; bracteoles 2; leaves reduced to a sheath and closely embracing stem.
		Involucral bract not seemingly a continuation of stem; capsule 2--3.6(--4) mm.
		Involucral bract shorter than or equaling inflorescence; perianth segments 3.1--4 mm; filaments 1.2--1.5 mm.
	www.efloras.org /florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=116870 (1541 words)

	NPWRC :: Aquatic and Wetland Vascular Plants
		Involucral bracts 1-several subtending the inflorescence, when 1, the bract appearing like a continuation of the culm, otherwise foliaceous.
		Inflorescence terminal or appearing lateral, paniculate or umbellate, the spikelets single or in glomerules on pedicels, or the inflorescence compact, with all or most of the spikelets sessile; spikelets 1-numerous; scales spirally arranged, imbricate.
		Principal involucral bract 1, erect or nearly so, resembling a continuation of the culm; inflorescence appearing lateral.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/plants/vascplnt/genscirp.htm (444 words)

	vPlants - Plant Glossary
		— A small bract, typically that which subtends a flower, the pedicel of which is already subtended by a bract.
		— The cup-like involucre characteristic of the genus Euphorbia.
		— The central or principal vein of a foliar or bracteal organ, or of a sepal or petal.
	www.vplants.org /plants/glossary (7093 words)

	Eriogonoideae (Polygonaceae) of North America north of Mexico
		Involucres reduced to a series of 2-5 obscure involucral bracts; perennial shrubs; ec California.
		Involucral bracts lacking or seemingly in a single whorl or a tight spiral; California,
		Bracts not 3-lobed or parted, opposite or whorled,; flowers 1(-2) per involucre; w North America.
	www.life.umd.edu /emeritus/reveal/pbio/eriog/key.html (641 words)

	Hawaiian silversword alliance, UH Botany
		An outermost involucral bract (sometimes called a phyllary) envelops the fruit (achene or cypsella) of each of the ray flowers at the extreme periphery of the flowering head.
		In Argyroxiphium, Wilkesia, and some species of Dubautia, these receptacular bracts are restricted to the perimeter of the disk and are laterally coalesced to form a cylinder that encircles the tubular disk flowers.
		Some species such as Dubautia reticulata (l) have a cylinder of laterally fused receptacular bracts enclosing the disk flowers while others, e.g., Dubautia paleata (r), have a separate receptacular bract associated with each disk flower in the head.
	www.botany.hawaii.edu /faculty/carr/flowers.htm (601 words)

	Juncus effusus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Soft rush appears to be leafless (leaves are reduced to sheaths that surround stem bases) and have lateral inflorescences (involucral bract appears to be a continuation of the stem).
		Soft rush appears to have lateral inflorescences because the involucral bract, which is round and erect, appears to be a continuation of the stem.
		The inflorescence is a diffuse to tight panicle, between 3-15 cm in length.
	www.esr.pdx.edu /maser/esr410/juef.html (427 words)

	Untitled Document
		When these plants began to flower, it was found that, in some heads at least, only the ray flowers were normal.
		Note the foliaceous bracts developing inside the circle of ray-flowers.
		The occurrence of so many variations in the early generations raised in the garden shows that many of the abnormal plant forms developed by man are present in the wild stock, only awaiting selective breeding to bring them to light.
	www.bulbnrose.com /Heredity/Tarweeds/tarweed.html (3055 words)

	Untitled
		Spikelets flattened, the scales in 2 rows on opposite sides of the rachilla; rachilla often with thin wings somewhat enclosing the achene (or nutlet) or running to the scale next above; may have leafy bracts at the base; spikelets often in heads, with leafy bracts at base, leaves basal; fruit an achene; habitat variable.
		stems with sheaths at base, up to a meter tall, erect, sharply 3 sided; involucral bract of a single leaf looks as if it is part of the stem
		involucral bracts dull brown with flish bases; scales ovate, achenes flattened, plant extending.5-1m in height; wet meadows,
	www.msu.edu /course/bot/423/Plntlist6grssedgrsh.htm (1065 words)

	Glandular Hairs of Sigesbeckia jorullensis Kunth (Asteraceae): Morphology, Histochemistry and Composition of Essential ...
		I, Higher magnification indicates the presence of flavonoids in vacuoles, whereas the inner part of the cells (asterisks), where the nucleus is surrounded by plastids, is free of flavonoids, as indicated by the lack of secondary fluorescence.
		A, Outer involucral bract with a large median vein, two lateral veins, smaller veins, and many long-stalked glands.
		A, Fruit dispersion unit consisting of an achene that had been torn out of the receptacle together with the outer and inner involucral bracts.
	aob.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/89/4/459 (3642 words)

	Taxonomic Treatment of Eriogonoideae (Polygonaceae) by JLReveal: Pterostegia
		Involucres composed of a highly modified, erect, variously lobed or notched, involucral bract with two lateral wings becoming slightly gibbous on the abaxial surface with age and the adaxial surface invaginated, entirely cream or tinged with pink or rose, hyaline and reticulated with faint cream-colored veins, glabrous or pubescent.
		Flowers pedicellate, not stipitate, 2-3 per involucre, pale yellow to pink or rose, sparsely pubescent along the midribs and bases abaxially; perianth lobes (5-)6, petaloid, monomorphic, lanceolate, united about 1/3 their length.
		The involucre of both genera is a highly modified structure that is a slightly to markedly gibbous, reticulated, winged structure that encloses the mature achene.
	www.life.umd.edu /emeritus/reveal/PBIO/eriog/pterostegia.html (477 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		a mass of ovule-bearaing or pollen-bearing scales or bracts in trees of the pine family and in cycads arranged usu.
		an inflorescence consisting of a cuplike involucre with the flowers arising from its base (as in the poinsettia).
		a sheathing bract or pair of bracts subtending or enclosing an inflorescence on the same axis exhibiting much variation in form and coloring, and occurring typically in plants whose inflorescence is a spadix or in modified form in many monocotyledonous plants (as the irises)
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~plants-c/bio415/glossary.shtml (4538 words)

	Safflowr
		All observations on the plant, the sixth leaf and the bract should be made at the time of flowering.
		Capitulum : length of outer involucral bract of main capitula
		Capitulum : ratio of length/width of outer involucral bract of main capitula
	agricoop.nic.in /SeedTestguide/safflowr.htm (922 words)

	Wavy-leaf Thistle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Note the long spines at the tip of each involucral bract as well as the grayish longitudinal markings along the middle of each bract which make the flower heads of this species attractive.
		The heads are generally several to numerous and found at the ends of the branches.
		Wavy-leaf thistle is found in dry, open, well-drained habitats, and frequently in sand or gravel in the lowlands and foothills.
	ghs.gresham.k12.or.us /science/ps/nature/gorge/sun/button/cirs/undulatum.htm (314 words)

	Shady Creek Enterprises Ltd.
		INFLORESCENCE: Apparently lateral, many-flowered, compact to open; lowermost bract 8-25 cm long, erect and appearing as a continuation of the stem; flower scales ('sepals' and 'petals') greenish or brownish, 2-3.5 mm long; stamens usually 3, anthers about 1 mm long.
		INFLORESCENCE: Spikelets brown, 8-15 mm long, several to many in an open to compact, branched, terminal cluster; main involucral bract 1-10 cm long, greenish, appearing as an extension of the stem.
		INFLORESCENCE: Numerous short spikelets in small clusters at the ends of spreading stalks; involucral bracts several, leaf-like.
	www.shadycreek.ca /Native_Sedges.htm (1182 words)

	Botanical Electronic News - BEN #358
		Members of the group are distinctive in having a seemingly lateral inflorescence and an erect inflorescence bract that resembles a continuation of the stem.
		Fresh upper stems dull or matt, evidently ridged near inflorescence (roll several stems together to feel ridges); dried stems usually coarsely ridged, ridges visible in high relief on dried stems; dried ridges capped with shiny papillose cells (use 10x magnification).
		Inflorescence bract swollen at base of inflorescence; in fruit bract often somewhat reflexed; sheath bases warm reddish-brown; upper sheaths 15-23 cm long; inflorescence capitate or lobed; 18-24 ridges visible on one side of stem.........................
	www.ou.edu /cas/botany-micro/ben/ben358.html (2353 words)

	Amazon.com: "bract shape": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The bract shape is rhombic-cordate or obovate and acute.
		Cut out a bract shape using a scalpel and one of the bract templates from page 154.
		Critical RAYS 8 or more characters are leaf size and shape, and involucral bract shape.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/bract-shape (417 words)

	Plant Guide Glossary
		A very small leaf-like structure collectively forming a tight series of whorls around or under a flower head, also known as a phyllary or involucral bract in the composite (Asteraceae) familyâ“see Cape Sable thoroughwort (Eupatorium frustratum); or (2) a small, often leaf-like structure on an otherwise leafless flower stalkâ“see giant orchid (Pteroglossaspis ecristata).
		gnaphalifolium); (2) a whorl of bracts surrounding or underlying a tight cluster or head of flowers, with the bracts often occurring in several series or whorlsâ“see pine-woods aster (Aster spinulosus); (3) cup-like structure bearing spores at leaf tips of some fernsâ“see Florida filmy fern (Trichomanes punctatum ssp.
		a pair of small, leafy bracts at the base of the leaf stalk in some plantsâ“see Florida willow (Salix floridana) and scrub lupine (Lupinus aridorum).
	www.fnai.org /fieldguide/Plant_guide_glossary.cfm (1327 words)

	CSIRO PUBLISHING - Australian Journal of Botany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Stage 2 (also vegetative) was characterized by a doubling in both height and diameter.
		A doming of the apical meristem signified the commencement of stage 3, and at the appearance of the first involucral bracts (stage 4) the apex had further tripled in height and doubled in diameter.
		The lower portion developed into a small involucral bract and the upper portion into a floret.
	www.publish.csiro.au /nid/65/paper/BT9880575.htm (266 words)

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