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Topic: Iodine antenatal infection

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	Endemic Goiter - Pathophysiology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Urinary iodine excretion is a good marker of the very recent dietary intake of iodine and, therefore, is the index of choice for evaluating the degree of iodine deficiency and of its correction.
		Iodine concentrations in casual urine specimens of children or adults provide an adequate assessment of a population iodine nutrition, provided a sufficient number of specimens is collected.
		Iodine supplementation is accompanied by a change in the epidemiological pattern of thyroid cancer with an increased prevalence of ocult papillary cancer discovered at autopsy (201, 202).
	www.thyroidmanager.org /Chapter20/20_pathoph.htm (6302 words)

	Human nutrition in the developing world (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Infections, especially those resulting in fever, lead to an increased loss of nitrogen from the body which can only be replaced by protein in the diet.
		Iodine deficiency is responsible not only for very widespread endemic goitre and cretinism, but also for retarded physical growth and intellectual development and a variety of other conditions.
		The iodine content of foods varies widely, but the amount of iodine present in common staple foods such as cereals or root crops depends more on the iodine content of the soil where the crop is grown than on the food itself.
	www.fao.org /docrep/w0073e/w0073e05.htm (17891 words)

	Annex A FACT SHEETS FOR CANDIDATE DISEASES FOR ELIMINATION OR ERADICATION
		Meningitis is characterized by infection of the spinal fluid and the meninges, a membrane that surrounds the brain.
		Infection is more likely to progress to clinical disease in the presence of certain risk factors, including time since infection and level of cell-mediated immunity.
		Infection with these parasites leads to a variety of clinical manifestations, including lymphoedema and elephantiasis of the leg, genital disease (including hydrocele, chylocele, and elephantiasis of the scrotum and penis) and recurrent acute secondary bacterial infections, commonly known as "acute attacks".
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su48a26.htm (16417 words)

	American Public Health Association - APHA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are another type of micronutrient deficiency prevalent in certain areas of India, where it causes an estimated 90,000 stillbirths and neonatal deaths each year (ISTI, 1996; Nath, et al, 1998).
		Iodine deficiency during pregnancy can also cause "mental retardation, delayed motor development, stunting, auditory, speech, and neuromuscular disorders in infants and children, miscarriage, and increased child and maternal mortality" (DeSantis, 1998).
		Although the adult (ages 15-49) infection rate of HIV is 0.82% in India (UNAIDS/WHO, 1998), this translates into a significant number of people when the national population is 1 billion--that is, about one-sixth of the world's population.
	www.apha.org /ppp/RED/indiamorbid.htm (1256 words)

	WHO/Europe - Health Evidence Netw... - Summary
		Antenatal Care (ANC) means "care before birth", and includes education, counselling, screening and treatment to monitor and to promote the well-being of the mother and foetus.
		Antenatal care from midwives or general practitioners in low-risk pregnancies is cost-effective.
		A model of ANC with a restricted number of visits for low-risk women has been shown to be safe, more sustainable, and possibly as effective as models with higher number of visits.
	www.euro.who.int /HEN/Syntheses/antenatalsupp/20051219_11 (648 words)

	Impact of Maternal Infection on Foetal Growth and Nutrition
		In addition to the impact of infection on the nutritional status of the mother herself, there may be a striking change in blood flow to the placenta during febrile conditions, with a negative impact on nutrient flow from mother to fetus.
		The placenta and membranes may be infected from a variety of sources, such as ascending infections from the vagina to the amniotic sac and a wide range of organisms reaching the placenta in the maternal blood.
		In the case of reproductive tract infections, there may be a strong stigma associated both with the disease itself, with genital or pelvic examination, and with attendance at clinics that are known locally as ‘STD clinics’.
	www.unsystem.org /scn/archives/scnnews11/ch08.htm (1854 words)

	WHO/Europe - Health Evidence Netw... - Antenatal care activities found to be effective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Two important ones that have not yet been mentioned are antenatal classes and "tight" control of diabetes, both of them essential and effective in antenatal care.
		Therefore, the evidence is strong that antenatal care by midwives and doctors results in equivalent medical outcomes.
		In addition, the women in the continuous model were more likely to be pleased with their care in the antenatal period and in labour and delivery.
	www.who.dk /HEN/Syntheses/antenatal/20031223_5?language=?language= (1385 words)

	Original Articles Oct-99
		Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) were assessed by clinical examination of thyroid gland and by urinary iodine excretion levels.
		Iodine content of the salt consumed by the pregnant women was also assessed by iodometric titration method.
		Iodine content of the salt samples was estimated using the standard iodometric titration method.
	www.indianpediatrics.net /oct99-2.htm (2673 words)

	UNICEF - Health - Key action to tackle the main causes of under-five mortality
		Iodine deficiency is the leading cause of preventable mental retardation, and iron deficiency, by far the most prevalent form of malnutrition, is a leading cause of anaemia.
		Measles, a vaccine-preventable viral respiratory infection, claimed over 770,000 lives in 2001 because children were not immunized with a $0.26 vaccine.
		The direct causes of maternal deaths are haemorrhage, sepsis (infections on a massive scale), obstructed labour, hypertensive pregnancy disorders,, and complications due to unsafe abortion.
	www.unicef.org /health/index_interventions.html (1292 words)

	Chapter 2: Micronutrients
		Iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones which in turn are needed for the regulation of metabolic activities of all cells throughout the life cycle.
		Iodine deficiency is the most prevalent cause of preventable mental retardation in the world (reviewed by Delange, 1994).
		The relationship between rising iodization rates and median urinary iodine (or goitre prevalence) is not necessarily a straightforward one, however, because of the nature of the indicators and the way survey data are collected.
	www.unsystem.org /scn/archives/rwns03/ch07.htm (13236 words)

	STI/RTI assessment in pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period
		Yeast infection is more common during pregnancy and, although it is not associated with any adverse pregnancy outcomes, the symptoms may be unpleasant and women should receive appropriate treatment.
		Infection can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, during labour and delivery, and through breastfeeding.
		Postpartum uterine infection is a common and potentially life-threatening condition, and early detection and effective treatment are important measures to prevent complications.
	www.who.int /reproductive-health/publications/rtis_gep/pregnancy.htm (2267 words)

	CHAPTER THREE - Safe Motherhood
		The primary objective of antenatal care is to establish contact with the women, and identify and manage current and potential risks and problems.
		In the stabilisation phase, antenatal and post-natal services should be offered in an appropriate environment, in the same location as family planning, STD services, the "baby clinic" and any other services related to primary health care.
		Breastfeeding is particularly important in emergency situations because of the increased risk of diarrhoea and other infections, and because the warmth and care which breastfeeding provides is crucial to both mothers and children.
	www.unfpa.org /emergencies/manual/3.htm (3864 words)

	Division of Family and Reproductive Health - Antenatal Screening And Birth Defects Surveillance
		Maternal health, including antenatal monitoring and care and management of the newborn, and child health are major components of reproductive health programmes.
		For example, the use of folic acid by women of reproductive age (before and during pregnancy and lactation), for the prevention of neural tube defects; the use of iodised salt for the prevention of hearing defects in babies of iodine deficient women; and the prevention of foetal alcohol syndrome.
		The overriding principle driving the initiative is the improved quality of care, management and psychosocial support of affected individuals and families.
	www.afro.who.int /drh/antenatal.html (1277 words)

	UNICEF - Nutrition - Meeting nutritional needs of HIV-affected populations
		The longer a child is breastfed by an HIV-positive mother the higher the risk of HIV infection.
		The maternal viral load is higher shortly after a new infection resulting in an increased risk of infection of the child.
		Breastfeeding is protective against death from diarrhoea, respiratory and other infections, particularly in the first months of life.
	www.unicef.org /nutrition/index_HIV.html (1586 words)

	Department Of Urology and Renal Transplantation - Health Info
		Severe Iodine Deficiency: In areas of the world where there is an iodine deficiency in the diet, severe hypothyroidism can be seen in 5 to 15% of the population.
		Severe iodine deficiency is also seen in remote mountain areas such as the Andes and the Himalayas.
		Since the addition of iodine to table salt and to bread, iodine deficiency is rarely seen in the United States.
	www.medindia.net /urology/patientinfo/hypothyroidism.html (896 words)

	[No title]
		Studies have shown that spontaneous abortion, preterm labor, premature birth, preterm premature rupture of the membranes, amniotic fluid infection, postpartum endometritis, and postcesarean wound infections are increased because of infection with bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy.
		AB - Papanicolaou (Pap) smears taken at the first antenatal visit of fl African women were examined for lactobacillary expression and its correlation with the prevalence of genital infections and with the outcome of pregnancy.
		It is more than a nuisance vaginal infection in that (a) many patients have recurrent episodes, and (b) it has recently been associated with post-partum and post-operative fever, upper genital tract infection, amnionitis and prematurity.
	www.lib.umich.edu /dentlib/nihcdc/searches/tanzer/tanzerLacto2bEM.txt (10867 words)

	Famine-Affected, Refugee, and Displaced Populations
		Data regarding iodine deficiency in displaced populations are difficult to find, anecdotal evidence suggests that iodine deficiency, as evidenced by the presence of goiter, has been a problem in at least some camps in Pakistan and Ethiopia (CDC.
		Antenatal care should include screening for high-risk pregnancies and providing iron and folic acid supplementation (as well as iodine supplementation in areas of endemic goiter), tetanus toxoid immunization, and health education.
		Similarly, fever, respiratory tract infection, and diarrhea are not contraindications for measles vaccination.
	wonder.cdc.gov /wonder/prevguid/p0000113/p0000113.asp (16909 words)

	Iodine/Selenium Connection to Sudden Infant Death Syndromes
		They calculated that maternal and hence fetal iodine deficiency was responsible for 101,800 stillbirths and 93,500 neonatal deaths, each year, in the region's eight member countries; the equivalent of 5.0 mortalities per 1000 live births.
		The ninth, specificity of association, is impossible to fulfill since both iodine and selenium imbalances are known to result in a diversity of human disorders, both together and in isolation.30 Rather than repeat the evidence of a SIDS/iodine-selenium association in detail here, emphasis is placed on corollaries that must follow if the hypothesis is correct.
		First, since iodine deficiency is the major cause of maternal and fetal T4 inadequacy30,31 and selenium lack depresses T3 levels,30 if the preceding hypothesis is correct, SIDS ought to be commonest in environments where both these elements are scarce.
	arxc.com /townsend/sids.htm (4537 words)

	Status of health and nutrition[2] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		As a source of iodine, salt is an important daily consumable item, while seafood is rare.
		When newly opened salt packages were tested, their iodine content was adequate, ranging from 50-100 ppm.
		Respiratory tract infections are widespread and coughs, colds and fever are common among children.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/004/AD454E/ad454e07.htm (4726 words)

	Prevention of HPV - Report to Congress Page 5
		Prevalence of and risks for cervical human papillomavirus infection and squamous intraepithelial lesions in adolescent girls: impact of infection with human immunodeficiency virus.
		Characterization of genital human papillomavirus infection in women who have or who are at risk of having HIV infection.
		Human papillomavirus infection of morphologically normal cervical epithelium adjacent to squamous dysplasia and invasive carcinoma.
	www.onlinedatingmagazine.com /STDs/research/hpvinfectionprevention5.html (4724 words)

	Maximizing Access and Quality (MAQ) - Focused Antenatal Care: A Better, Cheaper, Faster, Evidence-based Approach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Until recently, many of the components of antenatal care had not been rigorously evaluated.
		Pre-existing health conditions such as HIV, malaria, syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases, anemia, heart disease, diabetes, malnutrition, and tuberculosis may affect the outcome of pregnancy, require immediate treatment, and usually require a more intensive level of monitoring and follow-up care over the course of pregnancy.
		Conditions such as anemia, infection, vaginal bleeding, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and abnormal fetal growth or abnormal fetal position after 36 weeks may be or become life-threatening if left untreated.
	www.maqweb.org /techbriefs/tb12antenatal.shtml (661 words)

	NGC - New This Week
		Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in pediatric HIV infection.
		Policy statement: recommendations for the prevention of pneumococcal infections, including the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar), pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, and antibiotic prophylaxis.
		Adolescents and human immunodeficiency virus infection: the role of the pediatrician in prevention and intervention.
	www.guideline.gov /whatsnew/whatsnew_archive.aspx?yr=2002 (3581 words)

	[No title]
		Maternal infection or colonization with various genital pathogens increases the risk of maternal, fetal, and neonatal disease and mortality.¡* ª ó1¨Review of the ORACLES studies¡ ª ¨?Two randomized, controlled studies evaluating the risk/benefits of broad spectrum antibiotics for pre-term, pre-labor rupture of membranes.
		Outcome measurements: Maternal infection, duration of pregnancy, fetal or neonatal death, chronic lung disease, major cerebral abnormality on ultra-sound.
		Infants born to GBS carrier mothers have a 30-fold increase of infection.
	www.projectvietnam.net /Perinatal_infections_March02.ppt (839 words)

	eMedicine - Conjunctivitis, Neonatal : Article by Kalpana K Jatla, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Bacterial, chlamydial, and viral infections are major causes of septic neonatal conjunctivitis, chlamydia being the most common infectious agent.
		Neonates born to mothers with active gonococcal infection should receive a single IM injection of aqueous penicillin G. A study showed that topical tetracycline and silver nitrate reduced the incidence of chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum but did not eradicate the nasopharyngeal colonization or pneumonia.
		This infection is treated with oral erythromycin (50 mg/kg/d divided qid).
	www.emedicine.com /oph/topic325.htm (4023 words)

	Global Health Activities Report
		The first surveys took place in mid-2003 and assessed coverage of a broad array of child survival interventions related to antenatal care, immunization, and control of childhood diseases in selected districts of the four countries.
		It is thought that the virus was then transmitted from one of more of these animals to a cluster of co-housed prairie dogs and subsequently to humans, resulting in the first outbreak of the virus among humans in North America.
		Ensuring the Quality of Iodine Procedures (EQUIP) is a CDC standardization program designed to provide urinary iodine laboratories with an independent assessment of their analytical performance.
	www2.cdc.gov /od/gharview/GHARthememain.asp?offset=100 (2574 words)

	NHS - Wirral Health Service
		It resolves spontaneously but can be curetted and, to avoid secondary infection, iodine or other antiseptic is applied.
		It is an important congenital infection but there are no satisfactory preventative measures or treatment at present.
		The target set for December 2002 was to increase uptake in antenatal HIV testing so that 90% of women are tested.
	www.wirralhealth.org.uk /wirral_health/info_about/sexual_health/bk08c.asp (413 words)

	ReliefWeb » Document Preview » East Timor Health Sector Situation Report Jan-Jun 2000
		Cross sectional nutritional surveys have been conducted in selected districts, and suggest that 3-4% of children aged 6 months to five years are acutely malnourished, while one in five are chronically malnourished.
		It is possible that patients having past experience of Yaws infection may be found positive for VDRL test.
		No progress has been achieved in development of control programmes against intestinal parasitic infection, lymphatic filariasis, and iodine deficiency anemia in children and women, which also are common public health problems.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/25b6d37edb33c3c1c12569420032c408 (8390 words)

	American International Health Alliance Portal - AIHA
		According to UNICEF, iodine is vital for the healthy development of children and even a small amount of this compound can help prevent both physical and mental development problems.
		The organization is spearheading this new campaign to raise awareness about the health hazards of iodine deficiency and is encouraging children to check their household salt for iodine content.
		Because iodized salt is the most effective and easily attainable source of this important chemical element, the goal of engaging children in such a way is to help promote its use by their contemporaries and families, as well as to enhance knowledge among the general public about the importance of iodized salt consumption.
	www.aiha.com /index.jsp?sid=1&id=8774&pid=4177 (5856 words)

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