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Topic: Ion exchange chromatography

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	Ion Exchange Chromatography
		For example, in column chromatography the dissolved material (the solute) interacts with a solid material in a glass tube or column by intermolecular forces such as, dipole-dipole attraction, hydrogen bonding, and Van der Waal forces, as the mobile phase (the solution) flows down through the vertical column under the influence of gravity.
		In ion-exchange column chromatography the stationary phase is composed of beads of a high molecular weight organic polymer which are closely related to the polystyrene from which coffee cups are made.
		When the copper(II) ions bind to a cation exchange resin which has hydrogen ions bound to it, the copper ions displace the hydrogen ions which are eluted from the column and collected in the effluent.
	www.sonoma.edu /chemistry/chem115b/ion.html (1665 words)

	ion chromatography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In general ion chromatography is one of the more difficult types of liquid chromatography to exlpoit and is most often used for analysis of anions for which there are no other rapid analytical methods.
		The ion suppression column eventually saturates and require regeneration by desorbing the methane sulphonic acid with a strong dispersive solvent that is miscible with water such as acetonitrile.
		Ionic interactions are exploited in ion exchange chromatography where the counter ions to the ions being separated are situated in the stationary phase.
	www.chromatography-online.org /topics/ion/chromatography.html (1098 words)

	HPLC and LC-MS Resources: Articles, Procedures, Tutorials, Presentations & Educational material
		Exchange of eluent cations for hydronium ions, for which mobile phases containing sodium salts of weak acids are suitable (carbonic, boric) 2.
		Exchange of eluent anions for hydroxide ions, for which nitrate or chloride salts are suitable; 3.
		The coupling of ion chromatography (IC) with ICP MS made possible the elimination of gram amounts of matrix in cases where it could be converted into an anionic form, so that ultra-trace amounts of cationic impurities could be determined.
	www.forumsci.co.il /HPLC/ion_chrm.html (5503 words)

	Background on Ion Exchange Chromatography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Ion exchange chromatography depends on the ionic character of a protein/enzyme and since this property of an enzyme will change with the pH, it also depends on the pH of buffer used to dissolve the enzyme.
		There are two basic types of ion exchangers: those for binding positively charged ions or cations, which display on their surface negatively charged groups; and those for binding negatively charged ions or anions, which display on their surface positively charged groups.
		The ion exchanger is composed of the solid support material, which for enzymes and proteins must be a "hydrogel" or polymer composed for easily hydrated groups like cellulose consisting of polymers of sugar molecules.
	www.bio.mtu.edu /campbell/bl4820/lectures/lec6/482w61.htm (315 words)

	Ion Exchange Chromatography by Angela Crane
		Pharmacia Fine Chemical reports the way in which ion exchange works is by "separating molecules differing in charges carried by solute molecules (Pharmacia 3)." Since different substances have different affinities for the ion exchanger, separation occurs due to differences in the charge of these particular substances.
		The separation part of ion exchange chromatography is obtained by reversible adsorption usually in two main stages.
		Ion exchange chromatography requires a matrix that allows for the exchange of counter-ions for other ions without altering the matrix.
	www.samford.edu /~gekeller/crane.html (471 words)

	Ion exchange - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ion exchange is a process in which ions are exchanged between a solution and an ion exchanger, an insoluble solid or gel.
		Typical ion exchangers are ion exchange resins, zeolite, montmorillonite, clay, and humus.
		Ion exchange chromatography is a chromatographical method that is widely used in biochemistry to separate charged molecules such as proteins.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ion_exchange (193 words)

	Selecting Products for Ion Exchange Chromatography (Separation by Charge)
		In many areas, chromatography resins are the media of choice for chromatography applications, but in some instances where resin-based methods have limitations (e.g., purification of viruses or large molecules), membranes have proven to be a robust, scalable and economic alternative.
		The ion exchange matrix is washed with additional low ionic strength buffer to completely wash out any remaining unbound species, and the bound species are differentially eluted by buffers containing increasing amounts of salt.
		Ions of the eluting salt must displace other molecules from the charged groups on the stationary phase with either a gradient or step in the 0 to 1.0M range.
	www.pall.com /34696_38542.asp (804 words)

	ion-exchange chromatography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Retention is based on the affinity of different ions for the site and on a number of other solution parameters (pH, ionic strength, counterion type, etc.).
		Exchange capacity is expressed in mequiv/g; typical strong anion-exchange resin may have 3-5 mequiv/g capacity.
		Ion-pairing can also occur in normal-phase chromatography when one part of the pair is loaded onto a sorbent, but this technique is not as popular as the RPC technique.
	hplc.chem.shu.edu /NEW/HPLC_Book/glossary/df_ionex.html (184 words)

	Ion Exchange Resins
		Spectra/Gel Ion Exchange Resins are ideally suited to protein purification, antibody isolation, and peptide fractionation.
		Spectra/Gel anion exchange resins are strong (type 1) ion exchange resins.
		Spectra/Gel cation exchange resins are strong (type 50) ion exchange resins.
	www.lplc.com /others/ionexch.html (602 words)

	Using Ion Exchange Chromatography to Separate Proteins
		Chromatography is used to separate organic compounds on the basis of their charge, size, shape, and their solubilities.
		A chromatography consists of a mobile phase (solvent and the molecules to be separated) and a stationary phase either of paper (in paper chromatography) or glass beads, called resin, (in column chromatography) through which the mobile phase travels.
		In affinity chromatography, a molecule (usually an antibody) that will bind to the protein to be purified is attached to the glass beads.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AE/AEC/AEF/1994/daugherty_ion.html (914 words)

	Ion exchange chromatography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ion-exchange chromatography, or the more general ion chromatography, is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on the charge properties of the molecules.
		Ion exchange chromatography retains analyte molecules based on coulombic (ionic) interactions.
		Ion exchange chromatography separates proteins according to their net charge, which is dependent on the composition of the mobile phase.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ion_exchange_chromatography (471 words)

	V. Ion exchange chromatography
		Ion exchange procedures require intermediary agents, along with the ions to be exchanged, in a consistent aqueous buffer solution.
		Ion exchange chromatography is predominantly done as column chromatography, though everything can be separated using TLC as well - we would use TLC for metabolite analysis after introducing a specific substrate or assessing the purity of the substance.
		IEC is an LC technique that separates based on charged groups of a molecule - these interact with the opposite charges on molecules making up the stationary phase (ie, ionizable functional groups coupled to an inert matrix).
	www25.brinkster.com /icequeen11/chemistry/bmk5.html (1895 words)

	Ion Exchange Chromatography
		Ion Exchange Chromatography relies on charge-charge interactions between the proteins in your sample and the charges immobilized on the resin of your choice.
		Ion exchange chromatography can be subdivided into cation exchange chromatography, in which positively charged ions bind to a negatively charged resin; and anion exchange chromatography, in which the binding ions are negative, and the immobilized functional group is positive.
		Once the solutes are bound, the column is washed to equilibrate it in your starting buffer, which should be of low ionic strength, then the bound molecules are eluted off using a gradient of a second buffer which steadily increases the ionic strength of the eluent solution.
	www.proteinchemist.com /tutorial/iec.html (818 words)

	Chromatography, Ion Exchange
		CDT was estimated by anion-exchange chromatography on minicolumns followed by photometric detection of transferrin and was expressed as a percentage of total transferrin (%CDT).
		The chemistry of the gas phase was followed by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, while the aerosol chemistry was investigated with aerosol mass spectrometry, ion chromatography, laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, and infrared spectroscopy, along with volatility and hygroscopicity studies.
		Ions with a higher charge and smaller solvated ion radius, such as sulfate ions, have higher retention in an ion exchanger due to their greater degree of coulombic interactions.
	lib.bioinfo.pl /meid:363 (3916 words)

	BCH5425 Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In column chromatography we have a glass tube (column) which is filled with a material ("resin") which has certain physical/chemical characteristics.
		Note that after ion exchange chromatography the protein of interest will be in a buffer with a potentially high salt concentration.
		After an ammonium sulfate precipitation step, or an ion exchange chromatography step, the protein of interest may be in a high salt buffer.
	wine1.sb.fsu.edu /bch5425/lect30/lect30.htm (1327 words)

	Pharmaceutical Technology - SepTor Technologies - Simulated Moving Bed Systems for Counter-Current Ion Exchange and ...
		The heart of the SepTor ion exchange contactor comprises a unique liquid flow distribution concept (the multi-port distributor valve) which physically allows the use of truly counter-current ion exchange, chromatography or other adsorptions for the recovery / purification of pharma intermediates.
		Counter-current ion exchange or chromatography results in high yield, high purity and high product concentrations, at the lowest operational cost when compared to the more conventional stationary bed operations for ion exchange and chromatography.
		Each ion exchange or chromatographic process can be optimised by determining the actual number of columns in each zone of the SepTor unit.
	www.pharmaceutical-technology.com /contractors/process_automation/sep (557 words)

	Chemical Engineering 401 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The principles and physics of ion exchange chromatography is an example of adsorption phenomena.
		The batch adsorbers are stirred flasks with which one determines the sorption isotherms and diffusion in the ion exchange resin.
		The second apparatus is a a column packed with ion exchange resin through which flows the sorbate.
	www-unix.ecs.umass.edu /~vanegmon/che402/ionexchange.html (182 words)

	Ion Exchange Chromatography
		In a similar fashion, ion-exchange chromatography can be used to convert a known quantity of an unknown salt into an acid or a base.
		In cation-exchange chromatography, the stationary phase, which consists of a large quantity of acid groups attached to a polymeric resin, is slurried with water and applied to a column.
		As the mobile phase passes through the column, exchange between the H+ ions on the polymeric ion-exchange resin of the stationary phase and the cations of the salt in the mobile phase occur.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /AnS/Chemistry/courses/chem104/ionexchange.htm (1153 words)

	Ion-exchange chromatography
		Negatively charged exchangers bind positively charged ions (cations) They can bind one type of cation but, when presented with a second type of cation, this may displace, or exchange with, the first.
		The term 'weak' does not refer to the strength of binding of ions to the resin nor to the physical strength of the resin itself.
		At low ionic strength, competition between the buffer ions and proteins for charged groups on the ion exchanger is minimal and so the proteins bind strongly.
	instruct1.cit.cornell.edu /courses/biobm330/protlab/Ion_Exchange.html (1433 words)

	DEAE, CM and SP Trisacryl® M/LS Ion Exchange Chromatography Sorbents
		Trisacryl ion exchangers are spherical semi-rigid microbeads of acrylic copolymers.
		The strongly bound ion exchange groups which are an integral part of the polymer structure are found within its three dimensional structure (See Figure 1).
		The protein adsorption capacity of Trisacryl® sorbents is affected by general rules for the ion exchange mechanism.
	www.pall.com /datasheet_biopharm_35752.asp?sectionid=description (932 words)

	Ion Exchange
		Based on various principles of preparing cellulose particles for ion exchangers a technique of preparation of spheric cellulose particles having narrow pore size distribution is described.
		As shown by fast protein liquid chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, this LDH preparation was free from protein contaminants but contained CB-dextran.
		Chymotrypsin and trypsin were separated to two active components (chymotrypsin I and II and trypsin I and II) by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-bead cellulose (Iontosorb DEAE).
	www.iontosorb.cz /ion1.htm (498 words)

	Ion Exchange Chromatography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Ion exchange chromatography is a separation based on charge.
		This web site is designed to simulate the process of ion exchange chromatography and to help you learn to design an ion exchange separation.
		You will be able to practice selecting initial conditions for the mobile phase (buffer, pH and salt concentration) and the stationary phase (cation or anion exchanger).
	www.rit.edu /~pac8612/webionex/website/html/ione0ni1.html (110 words)

	4. Ion Exchange Chromatography
		IEC is used to separate molecules on the basis of differences in surface charge.
		IEC is a widely used method due to its relatively mold binding and elution conditions as well at its high yield of biologically active proteins (ie, native method!).
		Roles of the co- and counter-ions during the cationic exchange reaction.
	www25.brinkster.com /icequeen11/chemistry/bgp04.html (2234 words)

	Ion Exchange Chromatography Columns
		Ion exchange chromatography is suitable for the analysis of biological samples such as proteins, peptides, amino acids & nucleic acids and glycoproteins.
		These ion exchange columns are suitable for analysis of proteins, peptides, DNA, RNA, oligonucleotide, etc. We provide 4 types of ion exchange materials: strong anion exchange (QA), weak anion exchange (DEAE), strong cation exchange (SP) and weak cation exchange (CM).
		There is a slight difference in separation properties compared with those of the IEC series because of the difference in underlying resin.
	www.hplc.com /Shodex/english/da0301.htm (248 words)

	Ion Exchange
		In ion exchange chromatography, molecules are separated based on their charge.
		In ion exchange, the stationary phase is a bead or resin with a fixed charge.
		The second method is a step-wise elution, where the change in salt concentration is abrupt, for example, switching from the no-salt loading buffer to the 1 M elution buffer with no intermediate salt concentrations.
	academics.vmi.edu /chem_aa/CH402/experiments/ion_exchange.htm (1075 words)

	Outokumpu Technology - Ion exchange and chromatography
		Adsorption and ion exchange are well established techniques for the recovery of valuable products and removing impurities from aqueous streams.
		The most common system for adsorption and ion exchange is the fixed bed process in which the adsorbent is being held in a stationary column.
		The SepTor technology is, thanks to its flexibility, compatible for continuous counter current ion exchange, fractionation chromatography, elution chromatography and a combination of these.
	www.outokumputechnology.com /pages/Page____22702.aspx (202 words)

	Displacement Chromatography of Proteins in Ion Exchange Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		We have been actively involved in both theoretical and experimental studies on ion exchange protein displacement chromatography.
		In addition to representing a paradigm shift in the field of displacement chromatography, these low molecular weight displacers are very important industrially since they have significant operational advantages as compared to large polyelectrolyte displacers.
		We are currently carrying out a detailed investigation into the relationship between displacer chemistry and efficacy in various classes of ion exchange materials.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/chem-eng/WWW/faculty/cramer/dcpie.htm (321 words)

	ion exchange separation
		Separation of lipids by ion-exchange chromatography is based on the ionic groups present in the molecule but some other groups such as hydroxyl groups exert an influence.
		Non-ionic, acidic and zwitterionic lipids are separated on several ion-exchange materials: diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE), triethylaminoethyl cellulose (TEAE) or ion exchange resins.
		Wash in a Becher vessel the cellulose powder with 1 N HCl (3 volumes) during 5 min under slight agitation and wash with water until neutrality.
	www.cyberlipid.org /fraction/frac0007.htm (514 words)

	Ion-exchange chromatography
		Ion-exchange polystyrene resins are eminently suitable for large-scale chromatographic use but have low capacities for proteins due to their small pore size.
		This is usually done using stepwise increases in ionic strength and/or changes in pH but it is possible to place the exchangers, plus adsorbed material, in a column and elute using a suitable gradient.
		However, whilst ion-exchange cellulose are widely used for column chromatography on the laboratory scale, their compressibility causes difficulty when attempts are made to use large scale columns.
	www.lsbu.ac.uk /biology/enztech/exchange.html (616 words)

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