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	ESA Portal - Ion propulsion system to the rescue
		These new modes are required because the ion propulsion systems will be used differently to their original purpose, which is to maximise the lifetime of Artemis.
		Ion propulsion is a new technology and uses electrical power and xenon - a gas that occurs naturally.
		Despite the fact that the components currently developed for ion propulsion systems are much heavier than conventional systems, there is still an overall gain in efficiency since the actual power produced per kilogramme of propellant is much greater.
	www.esa.int /esaCP/ESANO40VMOC_index_2.html (0 words)

	GPN-2000-000482 - Ion Engine Test Firing
		The ion propulsion engine is the first non-chemical propulsion to be used as the primary means of propelling a spacecraft.
		Ion propulsion was first proposed in the 1950s and NASA performed experiments on this highly efficient propulsion system in the 1960s, but it was not used aboard an American spacecraft until the 1990s.
		The almost imperceptible thrust from the ion propulsion system is equivalent to the pressure exerted by a sheet of paper held in the palm of your hand.
	grin.hq.nasa.gov /ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-000482.html (0 words)

	The Past and Future of Rocket Engine Propulsion
		An ion thruster such as the NSTAR engine is composed of several subsystems including (figure ES3): the discharge chamber, the discharge cathode assembly (DCA), the grids (also called the ion optics), and the neutralizer.
		Ions created in the discharge chamber enter the holes in the screen grid and are accelerated by the roughly 1,300 V drop in potential established by the two grids.
		Moreover, ion propulsion systems are 10 times more "fuel efficient" than chemical propulsion systems and thus use a fraction of the propellant, which in turn results in smaller and lighter spacecraft and lower launch costs.
	www.fathom.com /course/21701743/session6.html (0 words)

	Ion Propulsion: From Deep Space 9 To Deep Space 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ion propulsion is a method that had been demonstrated for decades before its initial use in NASA's Deep Space 1 mission to collect data and images from the Borrelly comet.
		Ion engines work in a similar way, but instead of having ions that are simply attracted to each other, ion engines pull ions past plates with opposite charges and out the back of the engine.
		Ion propulsion is now an extremely viable option for future missions, and what is in the science fiction books of today may be what brings us first up-close pictures of extrasolar planets.
	www.jracademy.com /~harrisa/ion.html (0 words)

	Deep Space 1: Advanced Technologies: Solar Electric Propulsion FAQ
		Ion propulsion is a technology that involves ionizing a gas to propel a craft.
		Ion propulsion is not of value for missions that require high acceleration, and it often will not be worthwhile for missions that can be done quickly using conventional propulsion systems (such as missions to the moon).
		Because the ion propulsion system, although highly efficient, is very gentle in its thrust, it cannot be used for any application in which a rapid acceleration is required.
	nmp.jpl.nasa.gov /ds1/tech/ionpropfaq.html (0 words)

	Ion Propulsion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The xenon ion propulsion system, or XIPS (pronounced "zips"), is the culmination of nearly four decades of research into the use of electric propulsion as an alternative to conventional chemical propulsion.
		Ions ejected by the Hughes-designed XIPS travel in an invisible stream at a speed of 30 kilometers per second (62,900 miles per hour), nearly 10 times that of its chemical counterpart.
		And, because ion thrusters operate at lower force levels, attitude disturbances during thruster operation are reduced, further simplifying the stationkeeping task.
	www.newagespacers.org /ion_propulsion.htm (0 words)

	PERMANENT - Transportation - Electric Propulsion
		Ion drive can just as easily be used as the primary means of interorbital propulsion for delivering cargoes, and has been projected in future scenarios for space industrialization as a competitive kind of reusable interorbital vehicle.
		Ion drive thrusters use an electric field to accelerate charged atoms or molecules (e.g., oxygen) to a high velocity as they are expelled out the thrust chamber, thus accelerating the spacecraft.
		Ion drive was developed in laboratories in the 1960s, and there were the SERT1 and SERT2 experiments in space which proved that the drive would work in space for long periods of time and deliver significant propulsion to a spacecraft.
	www.permanent.com /t-el-iov.htm (0 words)

	Ion Propulsion
		Ions are particles carrying negative or positive electrical charges that are attracted to each other.
		It is this characteristic of ions that is used to propel a rocket.
		Ion drive ships are still used by some deep space travelling daughter clades of the original Space Adapted Human, especially the Imirodi Clade in the vicinity of Groombridge 34Aa, Ross 248, and Kruger 60 A, and also the Zain Beta Clade of the 36 Ophiuchi4 / C - CD-32 13297 - CD-34 11626 region.
	www.orionsarm.com /ships/ion.html (0 words)

	Propulsion Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Various types of electrical propulsion have been developed, but the one that currently satisfies the requirements of a propulsion system for interplanetary travel is the ion propulsion system.
		The main difference between an ion thruster and other electrical, nuclear, or chemical systems is that the exhaust particles of the rocket are not accelerated by heat energy but by electrical energy.
		The gas is bombarded with positive ions from the power source; and, before the gas reaches the nozzle, the accelerated mass of ionized gas is injected with electrons and thrust is obtained.
	aerospacescholars.jsc.nasa.gov /HAS/cirr/em/11/30.cfm (0 words)

	Ion engine passes 8,000-hour endurance test
		Ion engine propulsion, a futuristic form of spacecraft propulsion referred to in science fiction novels and films for decades, is one step closer to becoming a reality.
		Ion propulsion, also known as solar electric propulsion, is set to be used on Deep Space 1 (DS1), the first launch of the New Millennium program, a series of missions designed to test new technologies so that they can be confidently used on science missions of the 21st century.
		Ion propulsion provides only the tiniest amount of thrust, roughly equivalent to the pressure of a single sheet of paper held in the palm of the hand - approximately 10,000 times smaller than the thrust of the main engines on typical planetary spacecraft.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /releases/97/ioneng2.html (0 words)

	George Powers
		The ion propulsion thruster pushes its exhaust about 10 times faster than a chemical rocket and when the large solar ray is taken into account, you can fly a spaceship on an interplanetary cruise with much less fuel then the conventional chemical rocket.
		The ion engine, which is sometimes called the electrostatic engine, is the electric system that obtains the highest degree of conversion of electric power into thrust, high exhaust velocity, and the longest operational lifetime.
		The ion propulsion engine itself was one of the technologies that were being researched on this mission.
	www.oswego.edu /nova/facts/ion/ion.html (0 words)

	Ion Propulsion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ion propulsion almost seems as though it comes from a science fiction story: instead of the noise and flames one associates with a classical chemical engine, there is only a strange bluish glow.
		The method of ion propulsion starts when solar cells collect electricity from the sun, and this electricity is used to create a large voltage across a metal grid.
		While ion propulsion looks promising for long missions that require slow but steady use of propellant and that don't require high accelerations, it will never be practical for launching a ship into orbit.
	www.engin.swarthmore.edu /~tcronin1/Ion.htm (0 words)

	NASA Ion Engine Ready To Make Sci-Fi Reality
		This will mark the first time in the history of space exploration that ion propulsion, rather than chemical propulsion, is being used as the primary means of propelling a spacecraft.
		Perhaps the strangest thing about ion propulsion is that it provides about the same amount of thrust as the pressure of a single sheet of paper held in the palm of the hand.
		In addition, the ion propulsion engine is so efficient that it can operate on a small amount of propellant for months - considerably smaller, and thus lighter, than the amount of propellant on board a chemically propelled spacecraft.
	www.geocities.com /area51/Shadowlands/6583/project070.html (0 words)

	GRC - Ion Propulsion Overview
		Ion thrusters are currently used for stationkeeping on communication satellites and for main propulsion on deep space probes.
		In a conventional ion thruster, electrons are generated by a hollow cathode, called the discharge cathode, located at the center of the engine on the upstream end.
		Since the ions are generated in a region of high positive and the accelerator gridâs potential is negative, the ions are attracted toward the accelerator grid and are focused out of the discharge chamber through the apertures, creating thousands of ion jets.
	www.lerc.nasa.gov /WWW/ion/overview/overview.htm (0 words)

	Ion Propulsion Could Fuel Deep Space Boom
		While these positively charged atoms, called ions, are emitted at speeds topping 68,000 miles per hour, the thrust produced is equivalent only to the pressure of a single sheet of paper held in the palm of the hand.
		In addition to reduced travel time, ion propulsion, also known as solar electric propulsion, promises a propellant efficiency 10 times that of current chemical systems typically used for on-board propulsion.
		In addition to ion propulsion, the mission will validate an autonomous optical navigation system, a solar power concentrator array, and an integrated camera and imaging spectrometer.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/ion-98b.html (0 words)

	PEPL Electric Propulsion Thrusters
		Ions (typically Xenon or Krypton) are efficiently produced in a discharge chamber via collisions between neutral atom and energetic electrons generated by a hollow cathode in the discharge chamber.
		The ion beam is "neutralized" by electrons emitted from a second hollow cathode external to the discharge assembly.
		The Linear Gridless Ion Thruster (LGIT) is a two-stage device that is designed to incorporate the efficient ionization process found in gridded ion thrusters with the high thrust density and crossed-field acceleration mechanism of Hall thrusters.
	www.engin.umich.edu /dept/aero/spacelab/thrusters/thrusters.html (0 words)

	Ion Propulsion Systems from EADS Lampoldshausen Centre.
		European research into radio-frequency Ion propulsion was initially conducted in the 1960's by the University of Giessen, Germany.
		After over 25 years of extensive research and development, the first Radio-frequency Ion Thruster Assembly (RITA) was successfully demonstrated in space aboard ESA's European Retrievable Carrier EURECA, launched by the Space Shuttle Atlantis in 1992.
		Propulsion of the future has now become a reality, with RITA providing a specific impulse ten to twenty times better than today's best performing liquid propellant engines and 30% to 50% better than alternative ion propulsion systems.
	cs.space.eads.net /sp/SpacecraftPropulsion/IonPropulsion.html (0 words)

	NASA's Ion Engine Runs for Nearly 5 Years: No Problems \| SpaceRef - Your Space Reference
		While the engine had not yet reached the end of its life, the decision was made to terminate the test because near-term NASA missions using ion propulsion needed analysis data that required inspection of the different engine components.
		Ion propulsion systems can be very lightweight, because they can run on just a few grams of xenon gas a day.
		NASA's next-generation ion propulsion efforts are led by the In-Space Propulsion Program, managed by the Office of Space Science at NASA Headquarters and implemented by the Marshall Center.
	www.spaceref.com /news/viewpr.html?pid=12209 (0 words)

	Ion Engine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Although small, low power ion engines have been used by geosynchronous satellites for station keeping for some time, it was the advent of NASA's "Deep Space 1" probe which proved the engines' worth.
		However, manned spacecraft won't be seen with ion engines any time soon, the thrust is far too low, and it would take far too long to reach even the moon.
		Ion propulsion is often called "Solar Electric Propulsion".
	sfwrg.org /i002.html (0 words)

	XIPS (xenon-ion propulsion system)
		A type of electron bombardment thruster in which xenon, a heavy inert gas, serves as the propellant.
		XIPS ("zips") is regarded as one of the most effective forms of ion propulsion available.
		The highly efficient ion system enables a reduction in propellant mass of up to 90% for a satellite designed for 12-15 years operation.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/X/XIPS.html (0 words)

	New engine powers a new spaceship
		This ion thruster is not for the impatient since it will take one whole day to accelerate the craft by an additional 30 feet per second -- about as fast as it would accelerate after dropping in Earth's gravity for one second.
		chemical propulsion to be used as the primary means of propelling a spacecraft.
		Ions respond to magnetic and electric fields, and these ions are attracted to a positive grid at the back of the firing chamber.
	whyfiles.org /shorties/ion_thruster.html (0 words)

	Ion Engine Records No Tuneups, No Problems
		Ion propulsion = systems can be very lightweight, since they can run on just a few = grams of xenon gas a day.
		This information is vital to future missions that will use ion propulsion, as well as to current research efforts to develop improved ion thrusters.
		Ion propulsion systems can be very lightweight, since they can run on just a few grams of xenon gas a day.
	www.science-one.com /new-3495468-4253.html (0 words)

	ioncraft
		Such negatively charged air particles are called ions, and these are attracted downward by t he positively charged grid.
		In their mad rush from the ion emitter to the main grid, the ions bump into neutral air molecules-air particles without electric charge.
		When they reach the main grid, the ions, being negative, are trapped by the positive charge on the grid.
	www.markwilson.com /ioncraft (0 words)

	Ion propulsion system wins award (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The futuristic ion propulsion system on NASA's Deep Space 1 spacecraft is the winner of Discover Magazine's Award for Technological Innovation in the exploration category.
		The ion drive combines a gas found in photo flash units with some of the technologies that make television picture tubes work to deliver a thrust only as powerful as the pressure of a sheet of paper resting on the palm of a hand.
		Development of the ion propulsion system was supported by NASA's Office of Space Science and the Office of Aeronautics and Space Transportation Technology, Washington, DC.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /releases/99/discoverawards.html (426 words)

	Deep Space 1 sets record with ion propulsion system
		Rocket designers have been studying ion propulsion since the 1950s, and mention of the technology often turns up in works of science fiction.
		Those ions are then jolted by electricity that is produced by the probe's solar panels and accelerated at high speeds as they shoot out from the engine.
		The previous record for ion propulsion was 161 days on NASA's Space Electric Rocket Test 2, which was launched into Earth orbit in 1970.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/solarsystem/deepspace_propulsion_000816.html (0 words)

	NASA - NASA Glenn Deep Space-1: NASA Glenn Provided Critical Technologies for Deep Space 1 Mission
		The NASA Glenn Research Center, which pioneered solar electric propulsion, played a key role in the development of DS1's Ion Propulsion System (IPS) and Solar Concentrator Arrays (SCA) that were demonstrated on this trailblazing mission.
		Ion propulsion, once only a futuristic technology that for decades catapulted spacecraft through the pages of science fiction novels and movies, uses electrically charged gas as the propellant instead of chemicals like liquid hydrogen and oxygen.
		Ion propulsion - also known as solar-electric propulsion because of its dependence on electricity from solar panels - has been under development since the 1950s.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/glenn/about/history/ds1.html (0 words)

	Ion propulsion - over 50 years in the making
		April 6, 1999: The ion propulsion system on Deep Space 1 is the culmination of over 50 years of development on electric engine systems in space.
		According to Dr. David Young of SwRI, the principal investigator for the data analysis phase of the DS1 mission and spokesman for the PEPE team, the new instrument observed charged xenon particles returning to the spacecraft from the 1 ampere exhaust plume of the ion propulsion jet.
		For ions, the lowest detectable density is about 1 ion per 100 cubic centimeters, and for electrons it is ten times less.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/prop06apr99_2.htm (0 words)

	magnetic ion propulsion (magneic ion propulsion) information.
		Ions respond to magnetic and electric fields, and these ions are attracted..
		Ion Propulsion Motor Step by step plans show you how to build.
		The motors will spin by ion propulsion alone and have served as a test bed for much of our research into ion propulsion antigravity systems.
	www.tssgh.com /m/magnetic_ion_propulsion.html (0 words)

	Electric Propulsion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Unlike chemical propulsion, which relies on the stored internal energy in the molecular bonds of its propellant, in electric propulsion the energy is obtained from an external power source.
		In chemical propulsion, the dependence on internal energy limits the maximum specific impulse to about 450 s, whereas in electric propulsion specific impulses of over 17,000 s have been obtained in the laboratory [2, 3].
		This limited the application of electric propulsion on-board spacecraft until the 1980's as spacecraft power finally began to increase to meet the growing needs of communication satellites [5].
	richard.hofer.com /electric_propulsion.html (0 words)

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