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	Ion selective electrode - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ion-selective electrodes are used in biochemical and biophysical research, where measurements of ionic concentration in an aqueous solution are required, usually on a real time basis.
		In order to provide the ionic specificity, a specific ion channel or carrier is added to the solution; this allows the ion to pass through the vinyl, which prevents the passage of other ions and water.
		In use, the electrode wire is connected to one terminal of a galvanometer or pH meter, the other terminal of which is connected to a reference electrode, and both electrodes are immersed in the solution to be tested.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ion_selective_electrode (1044 words)

	Analysis by pH and Ion Selective Electrodes
		Ion selective electrodes are a technology that gives direct measurement of cations and anions such as sodium and fluoride, and can also measure dissolved gases such as ammonia and sulphur dioxide.
		Electrode methods save time, and since electrodes are portable, measurements can be made on a laboratory bench, the bank of a river or pond, the floor of a manufacturing plant, or the tray of a truck.
		For ion selective electrodes, calibration and measurement should be done at the same temperature, and ISA buffers added to both standards and samples.
	delloyd.50megs.com /moreinfo/ISE.html (2027 words)

	Ion selective electrode apparatus and method of producing ion selective electrode apparatus - US Patent 6110338 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		An ion selective electrode of flowthrough type is used for electrochemical measurement of ion species contained in a biological fluid by the electrode method.
		The electrode method is a method of electrochemically detecting the reaction of an ion and a sensing substance using an ion-sensing membrane which confine the sensing material sensitive to an ion to be detected.
		The method of producing the ion selective electrode used for the electrode method is that the ion-sensing membrane is beforehand made by methods such as casting and then a fragment of the membrane is stuck on an electrode main part.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6110338.html (2720 words)

	Phosphate ion selective electrode and manufacturing method thereof - US Patent 6540894 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This invention concerns a phosphate ion selective electrode, which enables selective measurement of phosphate ion concentration, which is regarded as an important indicator of eutrophication in lakes, marshes, etc., and a method of manufacturing this phosphate ion selective electrode.
		Another mode of this invention provides a phosphate ion selective electrode manufacturing method characterized in that the slightly soluble metal salt of aluminum phosphate is used as the main component, the powder of this aluminum phosphate is subject to hot press forming, and the solid membrane that is obtained is used as the sensing membrane.
		The phosphate ion selective electrode A of this invention is arranged as a so-called type 2 electrode and also enables detection of the aluminum ion concentration by use of the redox potential of aluminum metal.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6540894.html (1268 words)

	Ion selective electrode -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		They have good selectivity, because only ions which can introduce themselves into the (Click link for more info and facts about crystal structure) crystal structure can interfere with the (A conductor used to make electrical contact with some part of a circuit) electrode response.
		Selectivity of crystalline membranes can be for both (A positively charged ion) cation and (A negatively charged ion) anion of the membrane-forming substance.
		Using a (A medical instrument used to inject or withdraw fluids) syringe and (A sharp pointed implement (usually steel)) needle, the tube is filled with salt solution from the other end, and may be stored in a bath of the salt solution for an indeterminate period.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/io/ion_selective_electrode.htm (999 words)

	Experimental procedure for ISE
		Ion selective electrodes are usually classified by the type of ion-sensitive membrane used in their construction, and by the ion for which they are selective.
		The electrodes are used to detect the endpoint of the titration, which is indicated by a rapid change in the potential developed in the electrode system.
		Electrode titrations permit the analysis of samples that cannot be titrated by conventional colorimetric methods because of sample colour or turbidity.
	www.chemistry.adelaide.edu.au /external/soc-rel/content/expts/iseexpt.htm (1799 words)

	OMEGA ENGINEERING -Ion Selective Electrodes
		Typically, the ISE (Ion Selective Electrode) that is purchased will come with its own instruction manual that pertains to that particular type of electrode.
		(The pH electrode is an ISE for the Hydrogen ion.) This potential is measured against a stable reference electrode of constant potential.
		The activity coefficient is the ratio between the free ions and the total ionic concentration in the solution.
	www.omega.com /techref/ph-5.html (701 words)

	CHEMICAL SENSORS RESEARCH GROUP
		The construction of this electrode is essentially identical to that of pH electrode, with the exception of the glass used (silica with 10% Na O and Al) and the fact that the inner reference solution has a fixed sodium ion activity.
		In the case of CO electrode the mechanism can be described by series of equilibrium: the partitioning of the gas molecules between the sample and the electrode (solubility equilibrium) and their hydrolysis inside the internal solution (e.g.
		Improved selectivity is obtained by an appropriate choice of the internal electrode and by the differential gas permeability of the hydrophobic membrane.
	csrg.ch.pw.edu.pl /tutorials/ise (2247 words)

	[No title]
		The electrode still works in the presence of ligands that are capable of forming complexes with the Ln of the electrode crystal.
		An interesting feature of this electrode is that it can be used at temperatures between -5°C to100°C. However it should not be subjected to a sudden temperature change of more than 50°C as this may damage the seal between the crystal membrane and the plastic body.
		Inversion of the electrode makes it possible for the membrane to be used as a sample container itself and hence permitting measurements as small as one drop.
	www-users.york.ac.uk /~srms500/siti.org.uk/generated/fluoride_ion.doc.htm (1304 words)

	Electrochemistry C
		In case of an electrode reaction, the electrode itself is considered one of the "reactants." An electrode reaction is always a heterogeneous charge-transfer reaction.
		The overpotential of the two electrode reactions will be generally different, and their values will be dictated by the requirement that the electrode potentials be equal (at the "corrosion potential") at one, uniquely defined current (the corrosion current).
		Current that is bypassing bipolar electrodes in a series coupled cell assembly (due to insufficient sealing or improper piping around the bipolar electrode) and therefore is not producing the required chemical change (electrode reaction).
	www.corrosion-doctors.org /Dictionary/Dictionary-C.htm (3909 words)

	Ion-selective electrode - Patent 4312734
		The electrode comprises a metal conductor constituted of platinum, gold, or tantalum, a layer comprising an oxide of the metal having a thickness of between about 50 Angstrom units and about 2 microns on an outer surface of the metal conductor, and an ion-selective glass membrane over and in electrical contact with the oxide layer.
		The pH electrode is one whose potential varies as a function of the hydrogen ion concentration of the aqueous medium, generally in accordance with the classical Nernst equation.
		The standard glass electrode includes a hollow bulb constructed of special ion selective glass, which serves as a membrane for charge transfer in response to the concentration of hydrogen ions in the medium to be measured.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4312734.html (5274 words)

	Disposable cartridge for ion selective electrode sensors - Patent 5284568
		A readily disposable ion selective electrode assembly, free of onboard reagents, for use in analyzers has a reference element and plural sensor elements linearly positioned in parallel on a substrate.
		The disadvantages of the ion selective electrode containing devices described in the foregoing prior art are substantially overcome by the disposable cartridge of the present invention.
		The concentration of the ion in the sample is calculated from the measured potentials and the known slope of the sensor and ionic concentration of the reference fluid.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5284568.html (3900 words)

	CHLORIDE ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE
		The operation of the chloride ion selective electrode (ISE) to be used in this experiment is based on the response of a disc of sensing element, which is sealed into one end of an epoxy tube (Bailey 1980).
		When the electrode is placed in a solution containing chloride ions, an electrode potential develops across the sensing element, the magnitude of which depends on the chloride ion activity in the test solution.
		An external reference electrode is also connected in series with the chloride ISE, and may be incorporated into the ISE with a salt bridge connecting the ISE and reference electrodes.This arrangement, where the ISE and external reference electrodes are housed in a single electrode body is refered to as a combination electrode.
	delloyd.50megs.com /labscripts/chloride.html (2557 words)

	Ion-selective electrodes (from analysis) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The potential between the indicator electrode and the reference electrode varies as the concentration or activity of that particular species varies.
		The electrode from which electrons emerge is called the cathode and is designated as negative; the electrode that receives...
		Ions are formed by the addition of electrons to, or the removal of electrons from, neutral atoms or molecules or other ions; by combination of ions with other particles; or by rupture of a covalent bond...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-80819 (853 words)

	pH electrodes, Ion-selective electrodes (ISE), ORP electrodes, pH meters
		Weiss electrodes are designed for routine and research measurements with maximum reliability, accuracy and ease of use.
		These electrodes, both pH and ORP (redox), are always sealed with ElectroJelly (unless customers have special requirements) to extend the electrode life span and reduce the calibration frequency.
		The electrodes with a solution grounding are most suitable for the application which requires use a long cable and a possible ground loop interference.
	www.weissresearch.com (317 words)

	CH232 Lab Experiment #3 - Determination of Calcium Using an Ion Selective Electrode
		When the electrode is in a solution containing calcium ions an electrode potential develops across the membrane which is dependent on the activity of free calcium in solution.
		As with any ion selective electrode the manufacturers specification sheets should be consulted to ensure that the electrode is prepared and used in accordance with its design.
		After storage the electrode should be soaked in water 15 minutes and in calcium standard for at least one hour then the electrode operation checked to insure proper operation and response.
	chemistry.lssu.edu /CH332/lab3A.htm (899 words)

	Construction and Use of an Ion Selective Electrode
		Prepare the ion selective membrane by dissolving 0.07g PVC and 0.15g of the tetraalkylammonium salicylate salt in 2.0mL of THF.
		One of the major shortcomings of some ion selective electrodes is that they do not show enough selectivity to the ion of interest relative to other compounds of similar structure.
		Measure the selectivity of the ISE relative to 0.10M benzoate ion at a concentration of 10
	course1.winona.edu /jfranz/Lab/ise.htm (653 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The available chloride ion selective electrode is a combination electrode which incorporates the ISE and the reference in a single device.
		Should there be a shortage of reference electrodes, you will be asked to use the reference part of a combination pH electrode as your reference electrode.
		Electrode Activation: To activate the nitrate ion electrode sensing element, the electrode tip must be soaked in 10
	www.chem.arizona.edu /courseweb/981/CHEM104b1/ISE_Book_Corrections.htm (297 words)

	Coordination Chemistry and Fluoride a Analysis By Ion-Selective Electrode (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The fluoride ion-selective electrode is constructed very similarly to the pH glass electrode.
		Fluoride electrode can be used to measure Total Fluoride and its ionic forms in water samples.
		The Fluoride electrode cannot detect these species since it responds only to free fluoride ions.
	www.slcc.edu /schools/hum_sci/chemistry/faculty/iles/CHEM1220/unit8.htm (332 words)

	CHP - Ion-Selective Electrodes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		An Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) produces a potential that is related to the concentration of an analyte.
		ISEs for other ions must have an appropriate membrane that is sensitive to the ion of interest but not sensitive to interfering ions.
		A typical meter is shown in the document on the pH meter.
	www.chem.vt.edu /chem-ed/echem/ise.html (259 words)

	USGS Bulletin 1823 - Determination of Fluoride in Coal by Ion-Selective Electrode
		The method described herein for determining fluoride in coal (Ingram, 1970; Swanson and Huffman, 1976) requires that coal ash be fused with sodium hydroxide and that the resulting melt be leached with distilled water, filtered, and then diluted to a fixed volume with an ammonium citrate buffer.
		Place the electrodes in the sample solution, and after exactly 10 min of equilibration, measure the potential produced by the fluoride-ion electrode.
		Upon completion of all measurements of electrode potentials for samples and calibration standards, graphically establish the functional relation between fluoride concentration and electrode potential by plotting concentration (in micrograms per milliliter) versus measured potential (in millivolts).
	pubs.usgs.gov /bul/b1823/09.htm (1447 words)

	American Antiquity: Fluoride dating of faunal materials by ion-selective electrode: high resolution relative dating at ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Fluoride dating of faunal materials by ion-selective electrode: high resolution relative dating at an Early Agricultural period site in the Tucson Basin.
		American Antiquity; 4/1/2002; Gregory, David A. When the fluoride content of bone is measured with an ion-selective electrode, and when the technique is correctly applied, fluoride dating is a very economical method for developing fine-scale relative chronologies.
		It has been successfully used to develop relative chronologies for prehistoric human burials and fossilized bones throughout the world, but its much greater potential for the dating of unfossilized faunal materials has been neglected.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:86063243&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (216 words)

	Kwik-Tip (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Tips and holders are interchangeable, so one tip may be replaced with another sensitive to a different ion.
		Electrode tips normally last several months, when stored properly in saline solution.
		Kwik-Tip electrodes are available separately and as kits -- Each "KWIK" Electrode Holder kit includes a reusable holder and three removable tips.
	www.wpiinc.com /WPI_Web/Biosensing/Kwik-Tip.html (178 words)

	ELIT Iodide ISE - Iodide Ion Selective Electrode (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The electrode is designed for the detection of iodide ions (I- in aqueous solutions and is suitable for use in both field and laboratory applications.
		Cyanide ions have a selectivity coefficient of 1 (equally sensitive to CN and I) and hence will cause a significant positive error if they are present in concentrations greater than one tenth of the iodide.
		Briefly, it is important to note that, if measuring in beakers, the electrodes must be washed and dried between each sample, to avoid cross contamination, and sufficient time must be allowed (2 or 3 minutes), before taking a reading after immersion, to permit the electrode signal to reach a stable value.
	www.nico2000.net /analytical/Qiodide.htm (692 words)

	ELIT Barium ISE - Barium Ion Selective Electrode (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The electrode is designed for the detection of barium ions (Ba in aqueous solutions and is suitable for use in both field and laboratory applications.
		Because the barium electrode is interfered with by several ions which are constituents of the most commonly used ISABs, and in view of the occasional negative interference in some natural waters, barium is best analysed using the Standard Addition method rather than direct potentiometry.
		Before use, the electrodes must be calibrated to find an accurate value for the slope under the current operating conditions and in the range of the expected sample concentrations.
	www.nico2000.net /analytical/Qbarium.htm (637 words)

	Fluoride Electrode Measurements
		Assuming that a saturated calomel electrode is used as the external reference, the potentiometric cell may be represented as
		Sources of error include fluoride ion activity changes due to the ionic strength of solution, temperature, which can effect the measured potential through the Nernst equation which governs the electrode potential response and through the several equilibria that fluoride may have with species present in solution, and substances that complex fluoride in solution.
		The degree of interference depends on the concentration of the complexing ion and that of the fluoride.
	www.chem.usu.edu /~sbialkow/Classes/565/fluoride.html (1025 words)

	SIA2000 Selective Ion Analyser (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Because of the ease in which a change of method can be substituted and the simplicity of instrument operation, ion selective electrodes offer a flexible alternative to other continuous chemistry techniques both for laboratory use and monitoring stations.
		Standard equipment includes: Selective ion analyser, reference electrode, ion selective electrode or combination electrode (to be specified when ordering), mains and interface cables.
		Signals from any selected electrode in the range are amplified processed and output directly to the Microstream data processor.
	www.burkardscientific.co.uk /Analytical/Systems_Analysers_SIA2000S.htm (966 words)

	Calcium Ion Selective Electrode Simulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Type in values for the sample concentration Cx, sample volume Vx, standard concentration Cs, standard volume added Vs, concentration of ionic strength buffer Cse, ion charge n, Nernst factor (usually 0.0591) and potential of reference electrode Eo, into the table on the left.
		Note that adding standard solution to the sample causes a slight increase in its ionic strength and thus a slight difference in the activity coefficient of calcium.
		The change in activity coefficient gives rise to an error in the determination, because the electrode potential responds to activity, not concentration.
	www.inform.umd.edu /EdRes/Topic/Chemistry/ChemConference/Software/Spreadsheets/WWW/CaElectrode.html (1065 words)

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