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	Wind turbine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Wind turbines may also be used in conjunction with a solar collector to extract the energy due to air heated by the Sun and rising through a large vertical Solar updraft tower.
		For a given survivable wind speed, the mass of a turbine is approximately proportional to the cube of its blade-length.
		Wind machines were used for grinding grain in Persia as early as 200 B.C. This type of machine was introduced into the Roman Empire by 250 A.D. By the 14th century Dutch windmills were in use to drain areas of the Rhine River delta.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wind_turbine (6049 words)

	LA-UR-97-1320
		The correspondence between the solar wind flow state observed by Ulysses and the structure of the corona as observed in X rays by Yohkoh, is shown by comparing the panels in Figure 3.
		Ions entering the ESA at different polar angles with respect to the aperture normal end up being counted in different CEMs, thus identifying the incident polar angle of the ion in the plane of the acceptance fan of the instrument.
		Axford, W.I., The solar wind, Solar Phys., 100, 575-586, 1985.
	swepam.lanl.gov /paper.html (14331 words)

	Genesis Web Science Document L: Solar Wind Monitors
		These relationships are a function of the type of solar wind flow, with the FIP effect, for example, being least pronounced in the wind from coronal holes, and mass/charge effects being very important in CME plasma.
		Although we expect mass or isotope fractionation within the concentrator to be within acceptable levels, the angle-energy distributions of the solar wind measured by the ion monitor can be used with a numerical model of the concentrator to check this assumption or, in the worst case, to derive correction factors.
		The ion spectrometer is a spherical-section electrostatic analyzer which uses a Z-stack MCP, plus the spacecraft spin, to ensure capture of the solar wind beam over a wide range of solar wind conditions.
	www.gps.caltech.edu /genesis/DocumentL.html (1559 words)

	The SMS Contents
		The identification of solar wind ions is obtained by measuring the energy/charge, E/Q, the time-of-flight T, and the residual energy E_SSD deposited in the solid state detector.
		In passing through the foil the solar wind ions lose a fraction of their energy, are scattered, and emerge either as neutrals or singly ionized.
		The Supra-Thermal Ion Composition Spectrometer (STICS) sensor is an ion telescope with a large geometrical factor of 0.05 cm^2 sr for the measurement of the energy distribution of individual charge states of various elements of suprathermal ions.
	www.phim.unibe.ch /wind/windpage1.html (1812 words)

	Wind Quicklook
		Wind, and its sister spacecraft Polar, are NASA's contribution to the International Solar Terrestrial Program (ISTP), an international effort to quantify the effects of solar energy on the Earth's magnetic field.
		Wind will provide continuous measurement of the solar wind, particularly charged particles and magnetic field data.
		After 2 years, Wind is maneuvered into a halo orbit at L1 (~1 million miles from Earth).
	leonardo.jpl.nasa.gov /msl/QuickLooks/windQL.html (363 words)

	The Ion Wind tests on the Lifters by JL Naudin
		In the case of the ion wind generates all the thrust, when a cardboard shield is placed below one of the wires, the Lifter must tilt on one side due to the resulting asymmetrical flow.
		The purpose of this test is to measure the ion wind generated below the surface of Lifter.
		The ion wind contribution to the upward thrust is more than the 2% claimed by Transdimensional Technologies, but it is not sufficiency to lift the device.
	jnaudin.free.fr /html/lifteriw.htm (1190 words)

	No Title
		The observations indicate that the solar wind exhibits two distinct states, namely high speed streams characterized by remarkably smooth properties of the plasma and its composition on the one hand, and on the other, low speed streams whose properties are highly variable with considerable fluctuations in density and composition.
		We note that the profile of the ion flux corresponds to the changes of the plasma density because the bulk velocity is nearly constant during the entive interval.
		Since the solar wind velocity and density are well correlated in both points of the space, one would expect that the same correlation would be found in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) because the hypothesis of the IMF being frozen into the solar wind plasma is generally accepted.
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /IASTP/14 (4967 words)

	Solar Wind Electron Proton Alpha Moniter
		The correspondence between the solar wind flow state observed by Ulysses and the structure of the corona as observed in X rays by Yohkoh, is shown by comparing the panels in
		Ions in the main solar wind beam, which usually arrive from polar angles of <25°, are measured by CEMs on both sides of the fan.
		Levels of transmitted ions from an ion beam arriving at a fixed 20° polar angle are color-coded as a function of azimuthal angle and ESA voltage.
	swepam.lanl.gov /97-1320.html (13337 words)

	Major DeSeversky: Ionocraft (Popular Mechanics, August 1964) ~ Ion wind propelled aircraft
		In this form of improved Ionocraft, a basic structure sufficiently rigid to cope with the dynamic and static loads and to maintain a desired uniform distance between discharge emitting wires 12 and the collecting grid 14 is utilised comprising an outer square or rectangular frame composed of members 22, 24, 26, and 28.
		To the extent that the antenna elements may be galvanically connected together without interfering with the operation of the antenna in its conventional manner, the antenna elements are preferably connected to the same DC potential as collecting grid 14.
		The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
	www.rexresearch.com /desev/desev.htm (9792 words)

	Full Moon Ion Effect
		If you breathe large amounts of positive ions without an equal amount of negative ions, you will actually become lethargic and in some cases sick (high positive ion concentrations in the air are associated with the full moon).
		Side effects from positive ions winds (such as the Chinook wind in Calgary and the Santa Ana winds in southern California) compiled by a Swiss meteorological report in 1974 are as follows:
		Typically this wind is hot and dry, and brings with it, an invasion of positive ions.
	www.policeops.com /full-moon-ion-effect.htm (1123 words)

	MIT Space Plasma Group Publications
		Richardson, J.D. The solar wind in the outer heliosphere.
		Slowdown of the solar wind in the outer heliosphere and the interstellar neutral hydrogen density.
		Observations of the lunar plasma wake from the WIND spacecraft on December 27, 1994.
	web.mit.edu /space/www/voyager_pubs.html (3985 words)

	Halfbakery: Ionic Wind Power
		The wind carries the charged ions several miles away to the other mountain, where a big metal mesh is set up to collect the ions.
		As there are no moving parts, the wind itself doesn't contribute to the energy production, it simply moves the ions from the generator to the collector.
		Any ions which are blown past the coarse-woven first layer will think that the middle mesh is "ground" and will be strongly attracted.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Ionic_20Wind_20Power (1356 words)

	Halfbakery: Vane-less Ion Wind Turbine
		Starting with the slightest breeze, the upwind end releases pulses of negative ions from the forward lip and turns on coils the length of the walls.
		Ion generators don't take much power, so maybe the electricity produced by the wind moving the ion-ladened air would be more than a regular turbine with a spinning prop...or maybe not.
		There may be size-related issues: a regular wind turbine at the size individual homes need has a blade 10-15ft across, while commercial versions can be hundreds of feet across.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Vane-less_20Ion_20Wind_20Turbine (644 words)

	The WIND Papers & Presentations Page - MIT Space Plasma Group
		Physics-based tests to identify the accuracy of solar wind ion measurements: A case study with the Wind Faraday Cups.
		Wind observations of extreme ion temperature anisotropies in the lunar wake.
		Lazarus, A. and K. Paularena, A comparison of solar wind parameters from experiments on the IMP 8 and Wind spacecraft, in Measurement Techniques in Space Plasmas, Borovsky, Pfaff, and Young, eds., AGU Geophysical Monograph Series, Copyright 1997 by the American Geophysical Union.
	web.mit.edu /space/www/wind/wind_papers.html (1346 words)

	ACE News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer measures the energy-per-charge, time-of-flight and total energy of solar wind ions.
		Solar wind observations from the Proton Monitor on the SOHO spacecraft indicate that the solar wind at this time was likely a coronal hole-associated high speed stream.
		The dominant observed charge states for Fe are +9 and +10, in excellent agreement with the few previous measurements in coronal hole-associated solar wind flows in the ecliptic plane made by instruments on the ISEE and ULYSSES spacecraft.
	www.srl.caltech.edu /ACE/ACENews/ACENews7.html (359 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The positive ions move toward the negative electrode, and the negative ions toward the positive electrode.
		One might suppose the charge per ion to be one electronic unit, but this is not the case for dust particles, or other larger than molecular sizes.
		This value is similar to wind velocities of one foot per second, as found in the references (Ref. 15:72, and 11:chap 13, p 39).
	www.soteria.com /hydro/hydrosb.htm (1657 words)

	WIND/SMS at the University of Maryland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For the first two years of the mission WIND will be in a highly elliptical orbit on the sunward side of the Earth with an apogee of 250 Earth radii and a perigee of at least 5 Earth radii.
		As ion passes through a thin carbon foil to enter the time-of-flight system secondary electrons are scattered and collected by a microchannel plate (MCP) to generate a start signal.
		These scattered electrons are generated when the ion passes through a thin carbon foil at the entrance of the chamber and when it impinges on the solid state detector at the end.
	space.umd.edu /wind (956 words)

	Negative Ion Generator Kit
		High voltage negative ion generator generates “ion wind” without a fan or moving parts.
		Wind is generated by force of ion repulsion.
		Kit includes 7.5kV DC negative power supply at 400 uA, 7 ion wind tubes and mounting hardware for the ion wind generator.
	www.imagesco.com /catalog/gensci/iongen.html (90 words)

	WIND/SMS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		the SMS instrument is to study the composition of the solar wind and
		The WIND spacecraft was launched on November 1, 1994 from Cape
		In May 2004, WIND joined ACE and SOHO in a halo orbit around L1.
	solar-heliospheric.engin.umich.edu /wind (100 words)

	Yuri I.Yermolaev , Space Research Institute
		Dynamics of the solar wind plasma parameters and behaviour of magnetosphere boundaries during the arrival of interplanetary shock waves to the Earth in the events of April-May, 1981.-Preprint D-305, Space Research Institute, Academy of Sciences of USSR, 1982
		Yermolaev Yu.I. Ion composition of the solar corona and the interplanetary plasma.-Colloquium on Plasma Physics "Topics Common to the Laboratory and the Space Plasma Research", 10-14 September, 1984, Horska Kvilda, Publ.
		Experiment on solar wind ion abundance determination by means of mass-energy-analyzers of BIFRAM complex.-Kosmich.Issled., v.24, N 2, 192-199, 1986 (in Russian).
	www.iki.rssi.ru /people/yyermol_inf.html (3875 words)

	Full Moon Ion Effect
		The term Lunatic is derived from the word Lunar (Moon).
		are known to sting without provocation on higher positive ion ratios.
		That is why negative ion generators are sold around the world.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-chat/1035739/posts (1131 words)

	References
		Bochsler, P., ``Velocity and abundance of silicon ions in the solar wind,'' J. Geophys.
		Gloeckler, G. and J. Geiss, ``The abundances of elements and isotopes in the solar wind,'' AIP Conference Proceedings 183, Cosmic Abundance of Matter, C. Waddington, ed., AIP, New York, 1989, pp.
		Ogilvie, K. Coplan, J. Geiss, ``Solar wind composition from sector boundary crossings and coronal mass ejections,'' Solar Wind Seven, Proceedings of the 3rd COSPAR Colloqium held in Goslar, Germany, 16-20 September 1991, COSPAR Colloquia Series, Volume 3, E. Marsch and R. Schwenn, eds., Pergamon, 1992, pp.
	www.agu.org /revgeophys/ogilvi00/node6.html (1615 words)

	Ion Generator Kit
		This nifty kit includes a pre-made high voltage ion generotr potted for your protection, and probably the best one available for the price.
		It also includes a neat experiment called an "ion wind generator." This generator works great for pollution removal in small areas (Imagine after grandpa gets done in the bathroom!), and it moves air though the filter by the force of ion repulsion.
		Includes ion power supply, 7 "ion wind tubes", and mounting hardware for the ion wind generator.
	www.hobbytron.com /product1260.html (461 words)

	Wind
		New WIND orbit Nov 1998 - April 1999
		EPACT - Energetic Particle Acceleration, Composition and Transport
		SMS - Solar Wind Ion Composition Study, the Mass Sensor, and Suprathermal Ion Composition Study
	www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov /istp/wind (39 words)

	Ulysses - Spacecraft - Instruments
		The Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) on Ulysses is designed to determine uniquely the elemental and ionic-charge composition, and the temperatures and mean speeds of all major solar-wind ions, from H through Fe, at solar wind speeds ranging from 175 km/s (protons) to 1280 km/s (Fe8+).
		The instrument, which covers an energy per charge range from 0.16 to 59.6 keV/e in ~13 min, combines an electrostatic analyzer with post-acceleration, followed by a time-of-flight and energy measurement.
		SWICS (Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer) Home Page
	ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov /spacecraft/inst_swics.html (93 words)

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