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Topic: Ionise

	GCSE Nuclear Radiation: Types - alpha, beta, gamma
		Beta particles ionise atoms that they pass, but not as strongly as Alpha particles do.
		ionise other atoms, although they may cause atoms to emit other particles which will then cause ionisation.
		Particles that ionise other atoms strongly have a low penetrating power, because they lose energy each time they ionise an atom.
	www.darvill.clara.net /nucrad/types.htm (446 words)

	Salt Crystal Ionisation Steinkonzept.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		With a special ultrasound diffuser it is possible to ionise the salt crystal saline in small concentration.
		The salt-crystal ionisator diffuses a one to three percentage crystal salt into minuscule particles, which as fine fog can be absorbed by the room air.
		We need the chemical combination of "salt" to maintain our overall bodily functions, but is also "salt" from a biophysical point of view which always balances and neutralises us back to the energetic vibratory rhythm.
	www.steinkonzept.com /db/ionisation.shtml (269 words)

	The UCL Centre for Cosmic Chemistry and Physics - Laser systems
		Due to the uncertainty principle it is possible to excite a molecule for a short time to an energy level which is not usually available, i.e.
		The virtual levels are very short lived (~ 10 -15 s) and if the molecule is not to return to the ground state, the laser intensity must be high enough for two or more photons to be absorbed within the lifetime of the virtual level.
		In the case of molecular hydrogen, we will be using a REMPI process which involves the absorption of two photons (via a virtual level) into a bound rovibrational level of the E,F electronic states from the ground state.
	www.chem.ucl.ac.uk /cosmicdust/laser.htm (572 words)

	S-Cool! - GCSE Physics Revision - Quicklearn
		They can ionise fairly easily so can only travel through thin materials before they are absorbed.
		They can ionise atoms really easily so quickly lose their energy by ionising nearby atoms.
		Inside of the body beta particles do not ionise as much as alpha particles but it is much harder to prevent them entering the body.
	www.s-cool.co.uk /topic_quicklearn.asp?loc=ql&topic_id=7&quicklearn_id=4&subject_id=16&ebt=319&ebn=&ebs=&ebl=&elc=4 (567 words)

	Page Title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The capacity of monochromatic X rays to ionise is directly proportional to their energy.
		In addition, the path of X rays, by virtue of their capacity to ionise, can be made visible in a cloud chamber.
		X rays may be diffracted by passage through a crystal or by reflection (scattering) from a crystal, which consists of regular lattices of atoms that serve as fine diffraction gratings.
	www.geh.nhs.uk /departments/Depts/Xray/page48.html (674 words)

	Instant Notes in Mass Spectrometry
		The electric field F is used to ionise the sample, by way of quantum tunnelling.
		It is this distributed and transferred energy that ionises the sample, without inducing much fragmentation.
		Note that more ions are produced with bigger noble gases and that the kinetic energy or speed of the gases are critical for ion formation.
	www-users.york.ac.uk /~srms500/siti.org.uk/generated/notes_mass_spectrometry.doc.htm (1157 words)

	NSW HSC ONLINE - Chemistry
		When an acid molecule is in contact with water it can ionise, donating a proton to a water molecule.
		When an acid molecule is placed in water, it can ionise, releasing a proton and forming a negative ion.
		A strong acid is one in which the molecules present practically all ionise when placed in water, e.g.
	hsc.csu.edu.au /chemistry/core/acidic/chem933/933net.html (2054 words)

	Treating Damaged Skin
		When a low intensity galvanic current is applied to a molecule that can dissociate into a positive ion (cation) and a negative ion (anion), then it dissociates more readily in the presence of water and salts.
		When a molecule that can be ionised at an appropriate pH is subjected to a galvanic current, the molecule ionises into its anion and cation.
		For example even though a complex protein like collagen may be possible to ionise, the size of the important ion of collagen is so large that it cannot be transported through skin.
	www.environ.co.za /contents/articles/treating_damaged_skin.htm (1724 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		There must therefore, they reason, be many less luminous galaxies in the region of space that they studied, too faint to be detected in this study.
		It must be those still unidentified galaxies that emit the majority of energetic photons needed to ionise the hydrogen in the Universe at that particular epoch.
		This leads us to the conclusion that there must be many more smaller and less luminous galaxies in the region of space that we studied, too faint to be detected in this way.
	www.britischebotschaft.de /en/embassy/r&t/notes/rt-news031128_corrosion.htm (482 words)

	Missing galaxies puzzle scientists \| The Register
		The researchers explain that at this very early point in the universe's history, the space between galaxies was filled with neutral gas.
		Something caused this gas to ionise rather rapidly (in astronomical terms) so that space was filled with plasma instead.
		By working out how much UV would be needed to ionise all the insterstellar gases, astronomers could calculate how many stars needed to form, to produce the radiation.
	www.theregister.co.uk /2004/09/24/galactic_plasma_mystery (469 words)

	We Are Better Than You - Physics Question (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		I would have thought that being an energetic particle was sufficient to ionise a trail of bubbles.
		September 23rd, 2004 11:48 AM To ionise something, you must have a charge.
		I think you would need to knock an electron off to form a bubble, and to do that a charge is certainly needed.
	we-are-better-than-you.com /forums/printthread.php?t=775 (861 words)

	GCSE Nuclear Radiation: Dangers
		Thus alpha particles, whilst they have a low penetrating power, can be the most dangerous because they ionise so strongly.
		's, but ionise much less strongly, with the result that they do around 1/20th of the damage done by the same dose of alpha particles.
		Gamma rays hardly ionise atoms at all, so they do not cause damage directly in this way.
	www.darvill.clara.net /nucrad/danger.htm (361 words)

	SURE SHOTS RECORDS
		He rocked it and played for a while man, he was still there till about 12.30 and he must have came on around 10.45-11, he had a short break but he was on for long!
		Was classic, he was given it..."Niiiiiice, niiiice, this is Ioniiiise, 1 Louder, we will delete you, defeat you..." and we were in stitches, and he was sayin "hear I got anotha" and go right into another little toast.
		I felt sorry for the girl with the violin, Mikey was tryin like a bear for her to be heard but the sound wasnt quite pulling it off, she had this look like "can I pluck away in the background now thanks"
	www.sure-shots.com /forums/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=4468 (798 words)

	SURE SHOTS RECORDS
		I aint been on there in like about 2 years or summat, used to post up stupid stories to amuse myself and see if it riled any fucker on there.
		Was bored this mornin and popped into my head, cos an old mate of mine runs the club.
		And yeah that description of the Slam tent sounds spot on, I remember when I worked at the Arches doin the coat room and when Slam and Colours was on it was frightening how many gurning, jelly headed head the baws where in attendance!
	www.sure-shots.com /forums/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=4467 (612 words)

	Metskole: Meteorologi for grunnskolen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The alpha radiation has a great ability to ionise, but is easily stopped, for instance by a thin paper.
		It does not have the same ability to ionise substances as the alpha radiation has, but since the electron is much smaller than an alpha particle, it will penetrate deeper into a substance.
		It has less ability to ionise than alpha and beta radiation, but can penetrate several centimetres of lead and travel right through the human body.
	www.gfi.uib.no /metskole/site/en/8-10klasse/forurensning/forurensning10.html (254 words)

	Geiger-Müller Counter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Electrical pulses have the same size as the energy of the radiation.
		The continuous discharge region -- the electrical field strength is sufficient to ionise the gas atoms thus producing continuous gas multiplication.
		A Geiger-Müller tube consists of a glass envelope containing a low-pressure gas (usually a mixture of methane with argon and neon) and two electrodes, with a cylindrical mesh being the cathode and a fine-wire anode running through the centre of the tube.
	homepages.ihug.co.nz /~jrcpeng/counter.html (347 words)

	Solvent Dyes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Dyes are generally defined along the lines of being coloured, aromatic compounds that can ionise.
		One class of dyes is an exception to this.
		Many are azo dyes which have undergone some molecular rearrangement and lost the ability to ionise.
	www.chinapigment.org /dye/solvent_dyes.html (240 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		In the unsaturated extrinsic regime, there is insufficient thermal energy to ionise all impurities and the carrier concentration is temperature dependent because increasing the temperature ionises more impurities.
		Conduction is due substantially to one kind of carrier in one band, ie electrons in the conduction band or holes in the valence band but not both.
		The saturated extrinsic regime is similar, but occurs at higher temperatures at which virtually all impurities have become ionised but insufficient thermal energy is available to ionise significant numbers of valence band states to create electron-hole pairs: here the carrier concentration is largely independent of temperature.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=01/88561.011122&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (8197 words)

	GCSE Nuclear Radiation: Ionisation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		-particle ionises an atom, it slows the particle down.
		This is one reason that alpha particles have such a low penetrating power - they ionise other atoms strongly and thus get slowed down a great deal.
		This site is designed to be viewed at 800 x 600 resolution, with level 4 browsers or better.
	www.darvill.clara.net /nucrad/ionise.htm (99 words)

	Expanding Mass Spectrometer molecular detection capabilities by ESA Inc.
		To address these issues, ESA EC Systems utilise very simple oxidation reactions to ionise, or otherwise oxidise, compounds to make them amenable to MS analysis.
		The EC Systems are utilised in-line with the Mass Spectrometer to ionise or otherwise react poorly ionising compounds.
		These simple systems allow researchers to visualise even more types of compounds and components in their samples than they can today with their MS alone.
	uk.precisionnews.com /articles/page/878.html (295 words)

	ESO Press Release 24/03
		It must be those still unidentified galaxies that emit the majority of the energetic photons needed to ionise the hydrogen in the Universe at that particularly epoch.
		PR Photo 25a/03: Colour-composite of the sky field with the distant galaxies.
		On one side, the relic radiation from the primordial fireball had been stretched by the cosmic expansion towards longer wavelengths and was therefore no more able to ionise the hydrogen.
	www.eso.org /outreach/press-rel/pr-2003/pr-24-03.html (2116 words)

	MSc Physics of Advanced Semiconductor Materials - lecture 3
		A mass spectrometer consists of an ion source to ionise neutral species, an analyser which separates the ions according to their mass to charge (m/z) ratios, and a detector which, effectively, counts the number of mass filtered ions.
		The electrons are produced by thermionic emission from a hot filament (usually tungsten or thoriated iridium) and accelerated typically to 70 eV, an energy which corresponds to a maximum in the ionisation efficiency curve for most atoms and molecules.
		Cracking is just one of several factors which need to be considered if one wishes to use mass spectrometry to make quantitative estimates of the various gas phase species present in an etching chamber.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /~paulmay/misc/msc/msc3.htm (2021 words)

	Rednova NEWS \| New Insight into the Cosmic Renaissance Epoch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		There must therefore be many less luminous galaxies in the region of space that they studied, too faint to be detected in this study.
		However, their numbers and observed brightness suggest that luminous galaxies at these redshifts are fewer and less luminous than similarly selected galaxies nearer to us.
		It must be these still unseen galaxies that emit the majority of the energetic photons necessary to ionise the hydrogen in the Universe."
	www.rednova.com /modules/news/tools.php?tool=print&id=13586 (1535 words)

	BBC - 16+ SOS Teacher - Chemistry Laboratory Chemistry Titration
		One solution to this would be to dilute the red wine so that the effect of the colour would be minimised.
		Acids can be classified as weak or strong according to how much they ionise or dissociate.
		Hydrochloric acid, for example is a strong acid and as such will completely break up or ionise in solution,
	www.bbc.co.uk /schools/16/sosteacher/chemistry/50248.shtml (223 words)

	If You Can't Stop Polluting, Try Changing The Weather Instead
		An antenna system designed to alter local rainfall and wind patterns is being tested in the city, despite the scepticism of experts.
		Physicists Lev Pokhmelnykh of the Mexican company Electrificacian Artificial de la Atmosfera and Gianfranco Bisiacchi of the National Autonomous University of Mexico are testing an antenna that is designed to ionise the atmosphere, creating nuclei on which water vapour can condense.
		The researchers expect the air to be warmed by the heat released during condensation, causing the intensity and direction of air currents to change.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1999-01/NS-IYCS-270199.php (333 words)

	Nuffield Advanced Chemistry - What is the science behind methyl orange indicator? What colour changes occur during ...
		All acid-base indicators are weak acids, so just a small proportion of their molecules ionise in aqueous solution.
		+ In HIn represents the indicator which is a weak acid, and In the ion it forms when it ionises.
		HIn and In have different colours: to take the example of methyl orange, HIn is red and In is yellow.
	www.chemistry-react.org /go/Faq/Faq_8219.html (374 words)

	ionise - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "ionise" is defined.
		ionise : Encarta® World English Dictionary, North American Edition [home, info]
		ionise : Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary, 10th Edition [home, info]
	onelook.com /?w=ionise (97 words)

	Amino acids general structure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		At low pH values, molecules of amino acid bear a net charge of +1 due to ionisation of amino group.
		As pH increases the carboxyl group begins to ionise.
		For alanine with pK1 = 2.35, at pH 2.35 then 50% of molecules as CO and 50% as CO Further increase in pH up to pH 6.02 and all the CO H has been ionised, and net charge is zero.
	www-biol.paisley.ac.uk /courses/stfunmac/glossary/amino.html (758 words)

	Plasma Density Profile
		The different layers in the ionosphere are produced as a result of the differing ability of the solar radiation to ionise the various constituent gases and the ability of the ions and electrons produced to recombine.
		are mainly absorbed above 140 km and are ionise the F-region.
		Some of the longer wavelength radiation is able to ionise nitrous oxide in the D-region, and the short wavelength X rays will ionise all gases present.
	ion.le.ac.uk /ionosphere/profile.html (771 words)

	February Prototype (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Alkalis (from an Arab word al-qali meaning calcined ashes) are corrosive chemicals such as caustic (Sodium hydroxide NaOH) or slaked lime (Calcium hydroxide CaOH).
		These compounds will ionise in water to give the OH ions, which are equally reactive as the H+, but for opposite reasons.
		Put acids into alkalis and the reaction is explosive, mainly from the H+ reacting with the OH- to give water and heat.
	website.lineone.net /~ichthyologica/page14.html (481 words)

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