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ipedia.com: Receptor (biochemistry) Article   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) In biochemistry, a receptor is a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm that binds to a specific factor (a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand. Often, it is hard to determine whether the receptor is nonfunctional or the hormone is produced at decreased level; this gives rise to the "pseudo-hypo-" group of endocrine disorders, where there appears to be a decreased hormonal level while in fact it is the receptor that is not responding sufficiently to the hormone. These receptors are either coupled to G proteins or possess enzyme or ion channel activity that allow the activation of signal transduction pathways in response to the activation by the ligand. www.ipedia.com /receptor__biochemistry_.html   (352 words)

E0110: Crystal Structure of the Ligand Binding Core of an Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) E0110: Crystal Structure of the Ligand Binding Core of an Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Crystal Structure of the Ligand Binding Core of an Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor. Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate most excitatory synaptic transmission in vertebrates and invertebrates via ligand-induced opening of transmembrane ion channels and are segregated into three subtypes according to agonist sensitivity: AMPA, kainate and NMDA receptors. www.hwi.buffalo.edu /ACA/ACA99/abstracts/text/E0110.html   (211 words)

NMDA receptor -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) Each NMDA receptor contains four or five (A monetary unit that is valued at a fraction (usually one hundredth) of the basic monetary unit) subunits, the exact number has not yet been established unambiguously. The receptor oligomers are formed from members of three ((genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity) gene families. Five NMDA receptor subunits have now been characterized in both (Any of various long-tailed rodents similar to but larger than a mouse) rat and (Any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails) mouse brains. www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/nm/nmda_receptor3.htm   (538 words)

Receptor Proteins --Biotechnology Encyclopedia   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) As all receptors are proteins, their structure is encoded into the endocrine disorders, where there appears to be a decreased hormonal level while in fact it is the receptor that is not responding sufficiently to the hormone. These receptors are also known as seven transmembrane receptors or 7TM receptors. www.biotech100.com /biotechnology_encyclopedia/receptor_protein.htm   (198 words)

Receptors   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) The ionotropic receptors themselves are ligand gated ion channels, ie on binding glutamate that has been released from a companion cell, charged ions such as Na and Ca pass through a channel in the centre of the receptor complex. Thus NMDA receptor activation leads to a calcium influx into the post-synaptic cells, a signal thought to be crucial for the induction of NMDA-receptor dependent LTP and LTD (animation). Together with the GABAB receptor, the mGlu receptors form a second family of receptors that are distinct from the adrenergic-type GPCRs. www.bris.ac.uk /synaptic/info/glutamate.html   (1916 words)

Articles - Receptor (biochemistry)   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) Many hormone receptors and neurotransmitter receptors are transmembrane proteins: transmembrane receptors are embedded in the lipid bilayer of cell membranes, that allow the activation of signal transduction pathways in response to the activation by the binding molecule, or ligand. Metabotropic receptors receptors are coupled to G proteins and affect the cell indirectly through enzymes which control ion channels. Ionotropic receptors contain a central pore which funtions as a ligand-gated ion channel. www.ccomplete.com /articles/Receptor_(biochemistry)   (313 words)

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism - Expression of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Subunits in Glial Cells ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) In the immature/juvenile hippocampus, the responses of glial cells to glutamate application are mediated by AMPA/kainate receptors (Jabs et al., 1994; Steinhäuser et al., 1994; Porter and McCarthy, 1995; Seifert and Steinhäuser, 1995) and also by NMDA and metabotropic receptors (Porter and McCarthy, 1995). AMPA/kainate receptors with some Ca permeability are present in a subpopulation of undifferentiated glial cells, presumably GFAP-negative immature astrocytes, of the mouse hippocampal slice (Jabs et al., 1994; Steinhäuser et al., 1994; Seifert and Steinhäuser, 1995) and in most astrocytes in the stratum radiatum of the rat hippocampal slice (Porter and McCarthy, 1995). Several receptor subunits are expressed in glial cells in the damaged area, and their expression peaks around or after the periods of maximal astrogliosis or microgliosis. www.nature.com /jcbfm/journal/v17/n3/full/9590204a.html   (4878 words)

Morphological and Electrophysiological Evidence for an Ionotropic GABA Receptor of Novel Pharmacology -- Shen et al. 87 ... GABA neurotransmission and the pathology of GABA receptor Feigenspan A, Wassle H, and Bormann J. Pharmacology of GABA receptor Cl channels in rat retinal bipolar cells. Qian H, and Ripps H. Response kinetics and pharmacological properties of heteromeric receptors formed by coassembly of GABA rho- and gamma 2-subunits. jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/87/1/250   (3156 words)

Bates College: Nancy Kleckner, Research Interests   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) The mammalian receptors are the best understood, and are classified into two general categories: metabotropic (receptor activation linked to activation of G proteins) and ionotropic (receptor activation directly coupled to ion channels). Of the three types, NMDA receptors are the most complex in terms of the normal functions they are involved in (development of the nervous system, learning and memory), the pathological conditions they affect (epilepsy, brain damage due to stroke, neurodegenerative disorders), and the number of binding sites they contain for modulators. Both metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors mediating inhibition have been observed in pulmonate molluscs, but none have been cloned, and those in Helisoma and its close relatives are as yet unidentified in terms of pharmacology or mechanism. abacus.bates.edu /~nkleckne/Research.htm   (735 words)

[No title] AbstractGlutamate's ionotropic receptors, particularly the NMDA receptor, are remarkably involved in a wide array of biological processes. The ionotropic glutamate receptors are ligand gated ion channels which are further subdivided into three classes based on their affinity for specific agonists. NMDA receptor conductances encourage plasticity in the synapse, the triggering of secondary branching, the fine tuning of synaptic connections and neuronal survival. sulcus.berkeley.edu /mcb/165_001/papers/manuscripts/_342.html   (3754 words)

Ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the aged memory-impaired and unimpaired Long-Evans rat. Ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the aged memory-impaired and unimpaired Long-Evans rat. The comparative quantitative autoradiographic distribution of ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes were investigated in young adults (six months) and aged (24-25 months) cognitively impaired and unimpaired male Long-Evans rats. It would thus appear that changes in N-methyl-D-aspartate and AMPA receptor subtypes may be more critical than alterations in kainate binding sites for the emergence of the functional deficits seen in the aged cognitively impaired rat. www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_8865188.html   (397 words)

Pharmacology - Robert Yasuda   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) The NMDA ionotropic receptor is a tetrameric or pentameric heteromeric complex that utilizes glutamate as a gatekeeper to control calcium influx. The metabotropic receptor is a single polypeptide that uses glutamate to stimulate signal transduction through G protein mediated pathways such as phospholipase C. The NMDA and metabotropic receptors are thought to be important in learning and memory. Since these glutamatergic receptors are important in learning and memory and are impacted by exposure to ethanol, an understanding of these receptors may be important in the pathology of alcoholism. www.georgetown.edu /departments/pharmacology/faculty/facryasu.html   (592 words)

Emerging structural explanations of ionotropic glutamate receptor function -- McFEETERS and OSWALD 18 (3): 428 -- The ... Armstrong, N., Gouaux, E. (2000) Mechanisms for activation and antagonism of an AMPA-sensitive glutamate receptor: crystal structures of the GluR2 ligand binding core. -aspartate-type receptor by human and rat osteoblasts and osteoclasts suggests a novel glutamate signaling pathway in bone. Nakanishi, N., Schneider, N. A., Axel, R. (1990) A family of glutamate receptor genes: evidence for the formation of heteromultimeric receptors with distinct channel properties. www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/18/3/428   (6463 words)

GeneCard for GRIN2B   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) Polymorphisms in the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1and 2B subunits are associatedwith alcoholism-related traits. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2A and NR2B messenger RNA levels arealtered in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in Alzheimer's disease. N-methyl D-aspartate receptor 2,epsilon 2 subunit glutamate receptor,expressed in hippocampal pyramidal cells,neocortex and basal ganglia,involved in excitatory neurotransmission,in neuronal cell death and in the epileptic hyperexcitability of dysplastic cortical regions,playing a central role in verbal memory and cognitive function www.genecards.org /cgi-bin/carddisp?GRIN2B   (794 words)

Properties of the Novel ATP-Gated Ionotropic Receptor Composed of the P2X1 and P2X5 Isoforms -- Haines et al. 56 (4): ... Properties of the Novel ATP-Gated Ionotropic Receptor Composed of the P2X1 and P2X5 Isoforms -- Haines et al. Khakh BS, Surprenant A and Humphrey PP (1995) A study on P2X purinoceptors mediating the electrophysiological and contractile effects of purine nucleotides in rat vas deferens. Virginio C, North RA and Surprenant A (1998a) Calcium permeability and block at homomeric and heteromeric P2X2 and P2X3 receptors, and P2X receptors in rat nodose neurones. molpharm.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/56/4/720   (4974 words)

Meador-Woodruff Lab: Main Body   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) Although alterations of expression of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits have been reported in limbic cortex and medial temporal lobe structures in schizophrenia, possible changes in the expression of these receptors in mood disorders have not been well investigated. In the present study, we have determined NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptor subunit expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC) cortex of brains from subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression and a comparison group, by using both in situ hybridization for subunit transcript expression and receptor autoradiography. In schizophrenia the most dramatic changes in glutamate receptor expression occur in the DLPFC, where all the NMDA subunits, except for NR2D, all AMPA subunits, except for GluR1, and GluR5,7 and KA2 among the kainate subunits, are decreased. www.umich.edu /~jmwlab/research/iono.html   (379 words)

Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Binding and Subunit mRNA Expression in Thalamic Nuclei in Schizophrenia -- Ibrahim et al. ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) is the predominant kainate receptor subunit in the thalamus NMDA receptors are the predominant transducer of glutamatergic Salt TE, Eaton SA: Functions of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors in sensory transmission in the mammalian thalamus. ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/157/11/1811   (5450 words)

Mechanisms of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor-Mediated Excitotoxicity in Isolated Spinal Cord White Matter -- Li and Stys ... Agrawal SK, Fehlings MG (1997) Role of NMDA and non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors in traumatic spinal cord axonal injury. Choi DW (1994) Glutamate receptors and the induction of excitotoxic neuronal death. Garcia-Barcina JM, Matute C (1996) Expression of kainate-selective glutamate receptor subunits in glial cells of the adult bovine white matter. www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/20/3/1190   (5643 words)

InterPro: IPR001320 Ionotropic glutamate receptor   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) The ability of synapses to modify their synaptic strength in response to activity is a fundamental property of the nervous system and may be an essential component of learning and memory. There are three classes of ionotropic glutamate receptor, namely NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-4-propionic acid) and kainate receptors. At many synapses in the brain, transient activation of NMDA receptors leads to a persistent modification in the strength of synaptic transmission mediated by AMPA receptors and kainate receptors can act as the induction trigger for long-term changes in synaptic transmission [ 1 ]. www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR001320   (2765 words)

Human T Cells Express a Functional Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor GluR3, and Glutamate by Itself Triggers ... Normal human T cells were pretreated with mAbs directed against different human integrin moieties or against the 67-kDa nonintegrin laminin receptor (Table I), exposed to glutamate (10 nM, 30 min, 37°C) and then tested for their ability to adhere to laminin-coated wells. Autoantibodies to glutamate receptor GluR3 in Rasmussen’s encephalitis. Granzyme B proteolysis of a neuronal glutamate receptor generates an autoantigen and is modulated by glycosylation. www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/170/8/4362   (7318 words)

Differential Expression of Glutamate Receptor Subunits in the Nervous System of Caenorhabditis elegans and Their ... Burnashev N, Monyer H, Seeburg PH, Sakmann B (1992) Divalent ion permeability of AMPA receptor channels is dominated by the edited form of a single subunit. Gomperts SN, Carroll R, Malenka RC, Nicoll RA (2000) Distinct roles for ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors in the maturation of excitatory synapses. Nakanishi N, Shneider N, Axel R (1990) A family of glutamate receptor genes: evidence for the formation of heteromultimeric receptors with distinct channel properties. www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/21/5/1510   (7404 words)

Human protein: Q12879 - Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon 1 precursor (N-methyl D- aspartate receptor subtype ... Q12879  Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon 1 precursor Upstream genomic sequence for Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 2A Human N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulatory subunit hNR2A: cloning and sequencing of the cDNA and primary structure of the protein. harvester.embl.de /harvester/Q128/Q12879.htm   (988 words)

[No title]   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 1.NR1; NMDA1; NMDAR1.NMDA receptor 1 isoform NR1-3 precursor. glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 1.EAA3; EEA3; GLR5; GLUR5.Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 1 isoform 2 precursor. glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 2.EAA4; GLR6; GLUR6.glutamate receptor 6 isoform 2 precursor. ai.stanford.edu /~erans/cancer/lists/module_316_genes.html   (806 words)

Peripheral Glutamate Receptors: Molecular Biology and Role in Taste Sensation -- Dingledine and Conn 130 (4): 1039 -- ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22) In contrast to the ionotropic glutamate receptors, the metabotropic glutamate Asztely F., Gustafsson B. Ionotropic glutamate receptors: their role in the expression of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Chenu C., Serre C. M., Raynal C., Burt-Pichat B., Delmas P. Glutamate receptors are expressed by bone cells and are involved in bone resorption. www.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/130/4/1039S   (2658 words)

Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Binding and Subunit mRNA Expression in Thalamic Nuclei in Schizophrenia -- Ibrahim et al. ... Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Binding and Subunit mRNA Expression in Thalamic Nuclei in Schizophrenia -- Ibrahim et al. Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Binding and Subunit mRNA Expression in Thalamic Nuclei in Schizophrenia receptor subtypes and to the glycine, polyamine, and ion channel ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/abstract/157/11/1811   (412 words)

FOCUS - December 15, 2000 Slow receptors are also called G protein–coupled receptors for the guanine-binding protein that switches on the intracellular signaling cascade. Members of the far larger family of metabotropic, or G protein–coupled, receptors lead to an intracellular signaling cascade that may affect the cell for hours. The fast receptors work more rapidly than these slow, metabotropic receptors, but their impact is fleeting. focus.hms.harvard.edu /2000/Dec15_2000/neurobiology2.html   (1057 words)

ionotropic Receptors The first receptor to be cloned was the nicotinic cholinergic receptor (nAChR) from the Torpedo electric organ. This receptor is the major receptor mediating cholinergic neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction. In NMDA receptors this residue is an asparagine (N) Non-NMDA receptors homepages.strath.ac.uk /~dfs99109/Brain/ionotropicR.html   (600 words)

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