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Topic: Ipswichian interglacial

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	Eemian interglacial - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Eemian interglacial era (known as the Sangamon interglacial in North America, the Ipswichian interglacial in the UK, and the Riss-Würm interglacial in the Alps) is the second-to-latest interglacial era of the Ice Age.
		Changes in orbital parameters from today (greater obliquity and eccentricity, and perihelion), known as the Milankovitch cycle, probably led to greater seasonal temperature variations in the Northern Hemisphere, although global annual means temperatures were probably similar to those of the Holocene.
		Eemian interglacial, Sea level, Ipswichian interglacial, See also, References, Glaciology, History of climate and Periods and stages in archaeology.
	arikah.com /encyclopedia/Sangamon_Interglacial_Stage (581 words)

	Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group (QPG) » Controls on interglacial sedimentation
		Interglacial fluvial sediment sequences are common in lowland Britain where their palaeontology has been considerably studied but their sedimentology is poorly known.
		The utility of using Holocene sequences as analogues for previous interglacial sedimentation is discussed and an attempt is made to explain the proposed four-phase pattern in terms of predictable fluvial responses to an interglacial climate cycle.
		Although interglacial fluvial sediments have been studied in detail, in particular to understand their stratigraphical significance for subdivision of fluvial and related sequences in general, most of the research has been undertaken by palaeontologists.
	www-qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk /research/projects/interglacialrivers (2435 words)

	The Wash - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This was broadly the pattern during the two preceding interglacials, the Hoxnian and the Ipswichian.
		The deep valley off the Wash was formed, not by the interglacial river but by ice of the Wolstonian and Devensian glacials flowing southwards up the slope represented by the modern coast and forming tunnel valleys of which the Silver Pit is one of many.
		During the Ipswichian interglacial, though the Wash river probably flowed by way of the site of the Silver Pit, the tunnel valley will not have been formed at this stage as its alignment seems inconsistent with the direction of the ice flow of the Anglian glaciation.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/The_Wash (1128 words)

	A review of the occurrence of Corbicula in the Pleistocene of North-west Europe
		In a review of molluscs from the 'Last interglacial', in SE England, Sparks (1964) pointed out the contrast between the delayed arrival of thermophilous species, such as Corbicula, at the beginning of the interglacial and their persistence towards its end, when climatic conditions show clear signs of deterioration.
		In the Netherlands, it is known from a number of localities ranging in age from the Tiglian to the Leerdam Interglacial (Meijer, 1987, 1988a and 1990; Spaink, 1968; Tesch, 1929a, 1929b and 1944).
		In the Belvédère pit, near Maastricht, interglacial deposits yielding a Middle Palaeolithic industry are present on top of the Caberg-3 terrace of the River Maas (Van Kolfschoten and Roebroeks, 1985; Vandenberghe et al., 1993; Van den Berg, 1996).
	web.inter.nl.net /users/Meijer.T/tm/paginas/ae-pub-corb01.htm (9380 words)

	Ipswichian Interglacial
		The presence of Water Chestnut (Trapa natans) also suggests that the climatic optimum of the Interglacial was perhaps 2 to 3° C warmer than the Flandrian or current postglacial periods, and probably more continental.
		The later part of the Ipswichian is characterised by a rise to what appears to be dominance in the forest of another warmth loving species, the Hornbeam.
		A large part of the later Middle Palaeolithic period coincides with the Ipswichian Interglacial.
	www.phancocks.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /naturalhistory/ipswichian.htm (416 words)

	Untitled Document
		Although there were long intervals of temperate climate, similar to or even warmer than that of today, first during the later Pliocene and then during the Pleistocene interglacials, these alternated with a series of increasingly cold and then glacial periods.
		Traditionally each of the glacial phases and interspersed interglacial periods was given a name, based on a ‘type’ site, where features typical of the period in question were first described.
		If time, and/or the degree of amelioration only allowed the development of a community that has its modern counterpart in the boreal deciduous (birch), or boreal coniferous (pine/spruce) forest before deterioration sets in then the interval is referred to as an interstadial.
	www.phancocks.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /naturalhistory/overview.htm (541 words)

	Hereford.uk.com - Herefordshire History
		Much, much more recently, the latest events which have shaped the landscape of the Hereford area are associated with the eight more recent of the periods of glaciation which have been taking place for the last 2½ million years.
		This was the Ipswichian interglacial and was characterised by extreme variations in temperature, which may have altered by an average of 10º C within twenty, or perhaps even ten, years.
		The latest retreat of the ice at the beginning of the present interglacial was quite rapid.
	www.hereford.uk.com /history/pre-history.asp (1700 words)

	Popweb: Acer campestre - Palaeoecology
		The distinctive pollen of the genus Acer has been recorded from all the sub-stages of the Hoxnian interglacial (Oxygen isotope stage 7 or 9) and from the first three stages of the Ipswichian interglacial (oxygen isotope stage 5), although in all cases identification to species level is not attempted (Godwin 1975).
		Most of these interglacial records are low percentages of only 1 to 2% of tree pollen, although as Acer is a low pollen producer it may be that these records represent substantial Acer populations.
		Some Ipswichian records are of higher percentages, however, up to 10% of tree pollen and in one case over 20%, and Acer must have been a major component of the woodland at these sites.
	www.geog.qmw.ac.uk /popweb/acer/palaeo.htm (363 words)

	SC379 Part 2
		Ipswichian sites seem to fall into one of two categories: either organic sequences contain profiles for the early phases of the interglacial, or later phases.
		Interglacial sediments could be dated (relatively) according to their stratigraphical location within the sequence of glacial and cold climate deposits.
		The classical interglacial floristic sequences could clearly be diachronous: in a climatically variable region such as the UK, it is not reasonable to expect that a uniform development of tree colonisation occurs during warm periods.
	www.staffs.ac.uk /schools/sciences/geography/staff/harrist/quatuk/quateastanglia.htm (6161 words)

	Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group (QPG) » Controls on interglacial sedimentation
		To some extent the late interglacial climatic deterioration would have had a comparable effect, if it were accompanied by more seasonally-variable discharge, as with an early spring snowmelt peak.
		For example, at the last interglacial (Ipswichian = Eemian) at Histon Road, Cambridge, fine, inorganic sedimentation begun in the second half of the interglacial (Ip III) and continued into the beginning of the Devensian (=Weichselian), ultimately filling the valley to a depth of over 9 m.
		These ‘late interglacial’ sediments are relatively less fossiliferous by comparison to the highly organic floodplain deposits of phases Fph ii or early iii because of the increased inorganic component; reflecting environments which are less favourable to fossil preservation.
	www-qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk /research/projects/interglacialrivers/fphiv.html (1018 words)

	Geology Of Essex
		The greatest and the warmest interglacial stage during the whole of the Ice Age was the Ipswichian, about 120,000 years ago.
		Each interglacial stage has a distinctive fauna, presumably because, in each case, some animals were not quick enough to migrate north as the climate improved and were halted by the reappearance of the English Channel as sea level rose.
		Following the warmth of the Ipswichian came the intense cold of the Devensian stage when an ice sheet again spread south but this time reaching no further than north Norfolk.
	www.essexwt.org.uk /Geology/geology4.htm (976 words)

	Raised beach, Gower :: Gathering the Jewels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		During the Interglacial periods, as the ice sheets melted, sea level rose.
		One such period of higher sea level occurred during the last, Ipswichian Interglacial, when sea level was about 7m (25 feet) higher than it is today.
		Pieces of Ipswichian Raised beach are a common occurrence on the cliffs along the south Gower coast.
	www.gtj.org.uk /en/item1/26406 (195 words)

	Lepe Beach, Hampshire - Geology of the Wessex Coast
		Ipswichian Interglacial muds with bison bones occur at Newtown Estuary on the Isle of Wight, not far to the southwest.
		The interglacial deposits are now generally considered to be mainly estuarine sediments of the Ipswichian (last) Interglacial, although the matter is not simple and recent papers on the subject, such as that of Brown et al.
		A study of the Ipswichian interglacial deposit at Stone Point near Lepe Beach was made by West and Sparks (1960).
	www.soton.ac.uk /~imw/Lepe-Beach.htm (17474 words)

	Geology of the Solent Estuaries - Bibliography - Topics, alphabetically
		Analysis of the macroscopic plant remains and of the molluscs suggests a rapid climatic amelioration at the beginning of the interglacial, so that by the beginning of zone f there are indications of summer warmth exceeding that of the present day in the area.
		As at Selsey, the raised beach gravel found overlying the interglacial deposit is related to the same marine transgression that produced the brackish water conditions...
		This aggradation predates the rise of sea-level in the Ipswichian interglacial.
	www.soton.ac.uk /~imw/Solent-Bibliography-Topics.htm (15465 words)

	Popweb: Alnus Glutinosa - Palaeoecology
		Macroscopic and pollen records occur in almost all of the previous interglacial periods of the Pleistocene (West 1980).
		In the earlier Pleistocene temperate stages Alnus pollen frequencies are steady throughout the interglacial, but in the later interglacials Alnus is most frequent in their middle sub-stages, as in the Holocene.
		Although recorded in every phase of the Ipswichian Interglacial (Oxygen Isotope Stage 5) Alnus pollen frequencies are much lower except where associated with alder macrofossils and Alnus may not have been generally abundant (Godwin 1975, West 1980).
	www.geog.qmw.ac.uk /popweb/alnus/palaeo.htm (850 words)

	Kents Cavern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Britain is being subjected to successive ice ages and warmer interglacial periods.
		As the planet's temperature rose during the interglacial period, the sea level would rise again as the ice fields melted, closing off the links to the continent.
		Plant life was plentiful on the surface generating the necessary levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to give the carbonic acid the right strength to dissolve limestone rock and deposit calcite formations in the caves.
	www.kents-cavern.co.uk /geology.html (2101 words)

	[ content-available.be \| Pinedale Glaciation Resources ] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In the following the limitation interglacial before the societal (Eemian interglacial era) the bank of Norway was forward-looking with ice-free.
		It was the closing glacial condition of the Pleistocene 'n its deposits have ancient obtain going overlying unusual from the preceding Ipswichian interglacial 'n lying those from the following Flandrian footing of the Holocene.
		This glaciation is made of glacial maximums (commonly cryed ice ages) separated by interglacial periods (such as the we're strong in).
	www.content-available.be /Pinedale_Glaciation (1398 words)

	Geology of Britain Wikipedia, Flickr, Delicious Bash at Bashr.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The most severe was the Anglian glaciation, with ice up to 1,000 m (3300 ft) thick that reached as far south as London and Bristol, took place between about 500,000 to 400,000 years ago, and was responsible for the diversion of the River Thames onto its present course.
		The Wolstonian glaciation, between about 200,000 to 130,000 years ago, and thought to have peaked around 150,000 years ago, was named after the town of Wolston south of Birmingham which is thought to mark the southern limit of the ice.
		The Wolstonian was followed by the Ipswichian interglacial, during which hippopotamus are known to have lived as far north as Leeds.
	www.bashr.com /en_bio_pics/Geology_of_Britain (2780 words)

	Paleo-Cliffs on the Yorshire coast
		After the cutting of the cliff and the formatin of the beach deposits during the Ipswichian interglacial the colder glacial stage caused a lowering of the sea level.
		Banked against the cliff is rainwash and over this is blown sand representing deposits of the encroaching Devensian (last) cold period accumulating as falling temperatures and increased glaciation caused a drop in sea level permitting deposits to accumulate at the now stranded cliffline.
		The cliff is important in that it demonstrates that the Skipsea till, which in Holderness rests directly on the Basement till represents deposition in two seperate glacial episodes with an interglacial period inbetween.
	www.fortunecity.com /greenfield/ecolodge/25/sewerby.htm (1225 words)

	The Prehistoric Society - Book Review
		The contributions to the volume are wide ranging in both time (from the Ipswichian (last) interglacial to the Medieval periods) and space (from the Severn Estuary eastwards to central Europe).
		Perhaps one of the most surprising points he makes is how different was the geological history of the last interglacial to that of the present interglacial.
		It is interesting to consider that the preservation of the archaeological record in the area is a result of the very different Holocene sequence development and had the conditions of the Ipswichian prevailed in the present interglacial we might have found little preserved in the area now occupied by these important records.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /prehistoric/reviews/04_05_rippon.htm (1136 words)

	Leeds Geological Association: the Leeds Hippo
		An age of greater than 40,000 BP (radiocarbon years before present) was determined.
		The Hippo was thus shown to belong to the last (Ipswichian) interglacial (130,000 - 117,000 BP).
		The Association thought it fitting to record this early mammalian inhabitant of Leeds in its logo.
	www.leedsgeolassoc.freeserve.co.uk /hippo.html (426 words)

	Wisconsin glaciation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planet2.scs.cs.nyu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In the period following the last interglacial period before the current one (Eemian interglacial era) the coast of Norway was also ice-free.
		It was the final glacial phase of the Pleistocene and its deposits have been found overlying material from the preceding Ipswichian interglacial and lying beneath those from the following Flandrian stage of the Holocene.
		This glaciation is made of three glacial maximums (commonly called ice ages) separated by interglacial periods (such as the one we are living in).
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation (1300 words)

	HKHPE 23 02
		During interglacials, the Bering land bridge was submerged under the rising sea.
		It is generally accepted, that mammoths, and earlier the mastodons, traveled to North America from Asia across this bridge of land.
		Five species of mammals are shown, all abundant in southern Britain during the Ipswichian, and a sixth is represented by a skull.
	hanskrause.de /HKHPE/hkhpe_23_02.htm (2765 words)

	LATER QUATERNARY HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH CHANNEL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Evidence for the oldest Pleistocene marine incursion into the Sussex coastal plain area is currently thought to date to 450-500 ka B.P. while the youngest incursion occurred during the last interglacial (Ipswichian, Eemian).
		While many of the sequences indicate deposition under conditions as warm as the present-day, sediments thought to date to the penultimate interglacial appear to have accumulated during cooler water conditions.
		Elsewhere important sequences of fluvial sands and gravels are associated with many of the river valley, particularly including the Seine, Somme and former Solent River.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/inqu/finalprogram/abstract_54628.htm (395 words)

	Fossil: Hyaena teeth from the Gower - Evidence of warm interglacials :: Gathering the Jewels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		During the Ice Age the climate was not always cold.
		On a number of occasions, known as Interglacials, the climate warmed up; the ice sheets melted and new, warm-loving animals and plants migrated into the region.
		Teeth and bones of Hyaenas have been found in 125,000 year old deposits from the last Interglacial (the Ipswichian Interglacial) that were preserved within limestone caves on the Gower peninsula, showing that these animals must have been living in the Bristol Channel area at this time.
	www.gtj.org.uk /en/item1/26430 (205 words)

	Geology and Landforms Factsheet
		Interglacials - mixed conifers (juniper, pine) and deciduous woodland (dwarf birch, dwarf willow, then hazel, oak, elm).
		This system is important not only for the study of cave formation, but also for mammal fossils that accumulated there when debris was washed into the caves.
		Indeed, Joint Mitnor Cave has yielded the richest fossils of the Ipswichian interglacial age in Britain.
	www.dartmoor-npa.gov.uk /lab-geologylandforms (2908 words)

	How Good are those Young-Earth Arguments: Hovind's 'Proofs' (continued)
		Technically, we are living in an interglaciation period of the present Ice Age.
		The warm period of 80,000-120,000 years is centered on the Last Interglacial (Ipswichian) interlude; the warm period of 170,000-200,000 years ago takes in the Penultimate Interglaciation (Hoxnian) interlude.
		Thus it came to be realized, about 1870, that a continental ice sheet had developed more than once, and that warm interglacial ages had intervened.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/hovind/howgood-yea2.html (11119 words)

	[No title]
		During the Pleistocene age, which lasted from 1ú64 million years ago to 10,000 years BP (Before Present), it is likely that ice sheets covered the area on several occasions.
		Long interglacial periods when the climate was warmer than it is today also occurred.
		There is evidence in the clay deposits of Victoria cave of a whole range of animals that must have roamed the area between 135,000 and 114,000 BP, during the Ipswichian interglacial period.
	www.langcliffe.net /Geol.htm (2019 words)

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