Iran Contra Affair

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	AllRefer.com - Iran-contra affair (U.S. History) - Encyclopedia
		The Iran-contra affair was the product of two separate initiatives during the administration of President Ronald Reagan.
		The Iran-contra affair raised serious questions about the nature and scope of congressional oversight of foreign affairs and the limits of the executive branch.
		The first was a commitment to aid the contras who were conducting a guerrilla war against the Sandinista government of Nicaragua.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/I/Irancont.html (628 words)

	Iran-Contra Affair - MSN Encarta
		Iran-Contra Affair, American political scandal of 1985 and 1986, in which high-ranking members in the administration of President Ronald Reagan arranged for the secret sales of arms to Iran in direct violation of existing United States laws.
		The sale of arms to Iran was initiated at the suggestion of the Israeli government with the dual goal of bettering relations with Iran and of obtaining the release of American hostages held in Lebanon by pro-Iranian terrorists.
		Profits from the $30 million in arms sales were channeled to the Nicaraguan right-wing “contra” guerrillas to supply arms for use against the leftist Sandinista government.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761573296/Iran-Contra_Affair.html (524 words)

	Iran-Contra Affair - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Iran-Contra Affair was the biggest political scandal in the United States during the 1980's.
		It involved several members of the Reagan Administration who engaged in the sale of arms to Iran, an avowed enemy, and used proceeds from the sales to illegally fund the Contras, a right-wing guerrilla group in Nicaragua.
		US Attorney General Edwin Meese on November 25 admitted that profits from weapons sales to Iran were made available to assist the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iran-Contra_Affair (1377 words)

	Iran-Contra Affair - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Iran-Contra Affair
		Congressional hearings 1986–87 revealed that the US government had secretly sold weapons to Iran in 1985 and traded them for hostages held in Lebanon by pro-Iranian militias, and used the profits to supply right-wing Contra guerrillas in Nicaragua with arms.
		North and his associates were also channelling donations to the Contras from individuals and from other countries, including $2 million from Taiwan, $10 million from the sultan of Brunei, and $32 million from Saudi Arabia.
		The attempt to get around the law (Boland amendment) specifically prohibiting military assistance to the Contras also broke other laws in the process.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Iran-Contra+Affair (386 words)

	BBC NEWS World Americas Reagan and the 'Iran-Contra' affair
		Colonel Oliver North was implicated in the Iran-Contra affair
		In the early years, Reagan quite openly allocated funds to the contras and to the CIA for the purpose of destabilising the Sandinista regime.
		Both groups became known as the "contras", that is counter-revolutionary forces.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/americas/269619.stm (677 words)

	Iran Contra Scandal
		The real outcry of the Iran Contra affair came when it was discovered what was done with the profits from the sale of the guns.
		When most people think of US Arab relations, the Iran Contra affair comes to mind along with Saddam Hussane, the Gulf War and the price of oil.
		Although it was first stated that the goal of the sale was to improve relations with Iran, it was later disclosed in hearings by President Ronald Regan that the arrangement had turned into an arms-for-hostages swap.
	home.snu.edu /~dwilliam/s98/usarab/icscandal.htm (570 words)

	The Truth is Stranger than Fiction
		The disclosure of all of this became known as the 'Iran-Contra Affair', raising issues of Presidential knowledge, illegal sales, disregard and distain for Congress and Governmental procedures, illegal activities and then, destruction of evidence.
		It was precisely because of American involvement with the Contras that Iran became associated with an otherwise totally unrelated region of the world.
		American involvement in both Iran and with the Contras were actually very separate operations, thus linking them together implies that they were two parts of a whole.
	teaching.arts.usyd.edu.au /history/hsty3080/3rdYr3080/IranContra/Design/Index2.htm (1016 words)

	Welcome to The American Presidency
		The tangled U.S. foreign-policy scandal known as the Iran-contra affair came to light in November 1986 when President Ronald Reagan confirmed reports that the United States had secretly sold arms to Iran.
		They heard evidence that a few members of the NSC staff set Iran and Nicaragua policies and carried them out with secret private operatives, that the few officials who knew about these policies lied to Congress and others, and that the contras received only a small part of the diverted money.
		He stated that the goal was to improve relations with Iran, not to obtain release of U.S. hostages held in the Middle East by terrorists (although he later acknowledged that the arrangement had in fact turned into an arms-for-hostages swap).
	ap.grolier.com /article?assetid=0149792-0&templatename=/article/article.html (679 words)

	t r u t h o u t - How John Kerry Exposed the Contra-Cocaine Scandal
		Kerry's vindication in the Contra drug case did not come until 1998, when inspectors general at the CIA and Justice Department reviewed their files in connection with allegations published by the San Jose Mercury News that the Contra-cocaine pipeline had contributed to the crack epidemic that ravaged inner-city neighborhoods in the 1980s.
		Negative publicity about the Contras was particularly unwelcome to the Reagan-Bush administration throughout the spring and summer 1986 as the White House battled to restore U.S. government funding to the Contras.
		In private, Reagan referred to the Contras as "vandals," according to Duane Clarridge, the CIA officer in charge of the operation, in his memoir, "A Spy for All Seasons." But in public, the Reagan administration attacked anyone who pointed out the Contras' corruption and brutality.
	www.truthout.org /docs_04/102604B.shtml (5648 words)

	An Affair to Remember: The Extent of Reagan's Knowledge in the Iran-Contra Affair
		He was unaware at first of the military aid to Iran, he was unaware of the diversion of funds to aid the Nicaraguan Contras, and he was unaware of the fact that the NSC staff was deliberately leaving him uninformed of its workings.
		In diverting the funds to the Contras, North found his reasoning in his knowledge of Reagan& three goals: to gain the return of the hostages, to support the Contras, and to better relationships with Iranian moderates in anticipation of the post-Khomeini government in Iran.
		Also, Iran had a long frontier with the Soviet Union, was the second largest oil exporter, and had the second largest population in the Middle East.
	members.aol.com /megxyz/megan.html (2486 words)

	Boston Globe Online John Kerry: A Candidate in the Making
		Reagan had been re-elected in a thunderous landslide in November of 1984 and was using his administration to help the contra armies destabilize the Sandinista government of Nicaragua as part of a global strategy to give the tottering communist empire a final shove.
		Inspectors General at the CIA and the Justice Department found that these agencies had done little or nothing in response to hundreds of allegations that elements of the contras and their supply networks were involved with drugs.
		He had spent the spring conducting an unauthorized investigation into reports that the Reagan administration was illegally providing aid to the rebel Nicaraguan Contra armies, which were attempting to overthrow the left-wing government of that Central American nation.
	www.boston.com /globe/nation/packages/kerry/062003.shtml (4545 words)

	Walsh Iran / Contra Report - Part VI Investigations and Cases: Officers of the Central Intelligence Agency
		The Central Intelligence Agency's role in the Iran/contra affair was in large measure a manifestation of Director William J. Casey and President Reagan's shared goal of rolling back Soviet-supported communist regimes around the world.
		As for the Iran arms sales, Casey was largely responsible for forcing the CIA's Directorate of Operations, the U.S. Government's covert-action arm, to rely on operatives whom they distrusted, whom they could not monitor, and who ultimately laid the groundwork for the infamous diversion of Iran arms profits to the contras.
		Casey's support of the contras and his backing of the Iran arms sales had direct consequences for the officers under his direction.
	www.fas.org /irp/offdocs/walsh/part_vi.htm (1070 words)

	The Iran-Contra Affair - Xbox 360 & Xbox Forums
		These Contra's were crazy though, they would line up priests and nuns, and then machine gun them cause of their political beliefs.
		And the only reason we supported the Contra's was because they were trying to overthrow a Socialist government, which we saw as Communists.
		There was also a group of terrorist thugs called the Contra's, trying to take over the Socialist government in Nicaragua.
	forum.teamxbox.com /showthread.php?t=313153 (1620 words)

	National Security Archive/Publications/Documents Readers/The Iran-Contra Scandal
		The result is a unique guide to the inner workings of national security policymaking and the shadowy world of clandestine operations--a singular resource for understanding the Iran-Contra affair and the gravity of the government crisis it spawned.
		To enhance this documentat ion, the editors provide contextual overviews of the complex components of the Iran-Contra operations as well as glossaries of the key players, and a detailed chronology of events.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/DOC_readers/icread/icread.html (243 words)

	The American Experience Reagan People & Events The Iran-Contra Affair
		How "Iran" and "Contra" came to be said in the same breath was the result of complicated covert activities, all carried out, the players said, in the name of democracy.
		Battling the Cuban-backed Sandinistas, the Contras were, according to Reagan, "the moral equivalent of our Founding Fathers." Under the so-called Reagan Doctrine, the CIA trained and assisted this and other anti-Communist insurgencies worldwide.
		In 1985, while Iran and Iraq were at war, Iran made a secret request to buy weapons from the United States.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/reagan/peopleevents/pande08.html (745 words)

	Iran Contra Success Stories
		After his Iran-Contra convictions were overturned on a technicality, John Poindexter co-founded a software company and eventually went on to become Senior Vice President at Syntek Technologies, helping to develop the Genoa surveillance system that will be used by the Pentagon's Information Awareness Office, of which he is currently the director.
		These men were involved in a secret and illegal covert military operation, whereby weapons were being sold to an enemy state, Iran, and the profits from those sales were going to illegally fund an army of rebels the CIA was building in Central America.
		Documents were shredded, Congress was repeatedly lied to, and an untold number of human beings were killed with the weapons of destruction that were secretly being shipped by the US to different parts of the world.
	www.hereinreality.com /irancontra.html (685 words)

	On Iran-contra, what did Roberts know? csmonitor.com
		There is no indication that the office was consulted about the legality of trading arms for hostages in Lebanon, or using proceeds from the Iran arms sales to support the contras at a time when Congress had barred US government assistance to them.
		CONTRA DAYS: The biggest scandal of the Reagan years erupted over covert US efforts to supply arms to forces, such as these, fighting Nicaragua's government.
		The comments were toned down, but, apparently unknown to Roberts, the donations secretly continued to flow to the contras for weapons.
	www.csmonitor.com /2005/0913/p03s01-usfp.html (1374 words)

	American Experience The Presidents Ronald Reagan PBS
		I undertook the original Iran initiative in order to develop relations with those who might assume leadership in a post-Khomeini government.
		My heart and my best intentions still tell me that's true, but the facts and the evidence tell me it is not As the Tower board reported, what began as a strategic opening to Iran deteriorated, in its implementation, into trading arms for hostages.
		Former Senator Howard Baker, my new Chief of Staff, possesses a breadth of legislative and foreign affairs skills that's impossible to match.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/presidents/40_reagan/psources/ps_irancontra.html (1834 words)

	The Consortium
		Walsh had discovered, too, that Bush had withheld his own notes about the Iran-contra affair, a discovery that elevated the president to a possible criminal subject of the investigation.
		The notes made clear that there was widespread knowledge of the 1985 illegal shipments to Iran and that a major cover-up had been orchestrated by the Reagan and Bush administrations.
		The meeting's principal point of concern was how to handle the troublesome fact that Reagan had approved illegal arms sales to Iran in fall 1985, before any covert-action finding had been signed.
	www.consortiumnews.com /archive/story34.html (1809 words)

	COVER-UP: BEHIND THE IRAN-CONTRA AFFAIR
		Ambassador Robert White (El Salvador 1976 – 1980): “What we saw in the Iran-Contra Hearings, was the exposure of the beginnings of a National Security State which believes it has the right to override the Constitution of the United States in the name of security.”
		I mean there was the overthrow of Prime Minister Mosaddeq in Iran in 1953; there was the overthrow of Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954; there was the overthrow of the Brazilian government in 1964; there was the overthrow of the Ghana government in 1966.
		Edgar Chamorro: “Yeah, I became involved with the Contras because the CIA using people from the White House, they invited me to be one of the Contra leaders.
	www.addictedtowar.com /coverup.htm (2765 words)

	Sobaka :: Iran Contra: Nicaraguan Beginnings
		Support for the Contras would have to come from another source, and the stalwart, enterprising patriots in the Reagan administration found just such a thing: Iranian arms dealers.
		There was a way to do all those things, and it was obvious to anyone who studied the Iran-Contra scandal.
		The notion to supply the Contras with weapons illegally can be traced back to 1985, but that leaves out a lot of prior information.
	www.diacritica.com /sobaka/2003/icnicaragua.html (3206 words)

	Essays.cc - The Iran Contra Affair
		The Iran Contra Affair was a secret arrangement to provide funds to Nicaraguan contra rebels from profits accumulated by selling arms to Iran in the 1980&.
		He was personally active in national security affairs and attended almost all of the relevant meetings involving the Iran initiative.
		As the foreign funding for the contras ran out, North and his colleagues inflated the price of the weapons sold to Iran and secretly diverted the excess funds from the U.S. to private Swiss bank accounts.
	www.essays.cc /free_essays/d3/keb19.shtml (1596 words)

	AlterNet: Iran-Contra, Part Deux?
		The meetings were both a conduit for intelligence about Iran and Iraq and part of a bitter administration power-struggle pitting officials at DoD who have been pushing for a hard-line policy of "regime change" in Iran, against other officials at the State Department and the CIA who have been counseling a more cautious approach.
		The focus of the investigation, according to U.S. government officials, is Larry Franklin, a veteran Defense Intelligence Agency Iran analyst now working in the office of the Pentagon's number three civilian official, Undersecretary of Defense for Policy Douglas Feith.
		There was also a matter of personal chagrin for Sembler: At State Department direction, he had just been cautioning the Italians to restrain their contacts with bad-acting states like Iran (with which Italy has extensive trade ties).
	www.alternet.org /story/19724 (1736 words)

	IRAN-CONTRA AFFAIR
		Although North and Poindexter were convicted on offenses relating to the Iran-contra affair, their convictions were later overturned.
		A portion of the money paid by Iran for the arms was used to buy arms for the contras, Nicaraguans fighting the Marxist-oriented Sandinista regime of Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua.
		The most complex scandal to emerge from the administration of United States President Ronald Reagan was the trading of arms to Iran for the supposed release of American hostages being held in Lebanon.
	www.parida.com /contra.html (379 words)

	The Truth about the Iran Contra Affair
		Reagan sold Iran, with out the approval of United States Congress, military weapons to ensure he would be elected president of the United States, keep the campaign contarbutions from US oil companies flowing, and relieve his unfounded fear that the former Soviet Union was going to invade Iran and Iraq.
		The Contras were another political Military organization train by the School of Americas, to stamp out land reform in Central America, violently.
		The reason Iran needed the weapons was to defend themselves from Iraq.
	www127.pair.com /critical/myth-07.htm (750 words)

	Public Agenda: The Law and Politics of "Iran-Contra"
		In particular, the initiative's goals of establishing improved relations with Iran and securing the release of American hostages held by groups sympathetic to that country were jeopardized by the conspirators' private objective to overprice the weapons in order to secure additional proceeds for unauthorized purposes."
		Because they feared that Congress would stop them if it knew of their activities and because they feared, as well, the political consequences of that exposure, they deceived Congress about the fact that they were providing this support.
		We elect people to govern in accordance with the Constitution, and to make real the promises and protections contained therein; but not only are we unable to prevent them -- our duly appointed Constitutional guardians-- from themselves betraying the cause -- we are also, it seems, unwilling and unable to bring them to justice.
	www.afn.org /~dks/i-c (409 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Hall Testifies of Necessity 'To Go Above Written Law'
		The reference was to retired Air Force major general Richard V. Secord, North's principal private sector partner in the Iran and contra initiatives.
		Hall testified that the only Swiss bank account she was aware of was the one whose number she typed onto a card for Assistant Secretary of State Elliott Abrams, who was to provide the number to a Brunei official from whom a major contribution for the contras was being solicited.
		Hall repeatedly said that the shredding and other actions were not part of a cover-up, but were aimed at "protecting the initiative," which she said referred to both those operations.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/local/longterm/tours/scandal/fawnhall.htm (1282 words)

	Iran/contra affair
		In recent (September '96) days Oliver North has stated that claims of Nicaraguan contra drug running are 'absolute garbage'.
		In the trial of Oliver North, the U.S. government acknowledged that the attached 107 statements regarding Iran/
		One of the CIA's illegal training manuals for the contras.
	www.pinknoiz.com /covert/irancontra.html (126 words)

	The Iran-Contra Affair: The Making of a Scandal, 1983-1988
		The intention of the Iran-Contra project team was to include in the set any official U.S. government document that mentions Iran or Contra policy in a substantive way and that was created between the fall of 1983 and the end of 1986.
		The bulk of the documentation was produced between the fall of 1983, when Congress first put significant limits on official U.S. assistance to the Nicaraguan Contras, and the end of 1986, when the Iran initiative and the Contra resupply operations were publicly exposed, and official investigations began.
		Through research, donations, and the Freedom of Information Act, the Iran-Contra project team has compiled the largest collection of documents available on "public diplomacy" -- the official term for this little-examined aspect of the Reagan Administration's covert Contra operations.
	nsarchive.chadwyck.com /icintro.htm (3353 words)

	The Iran-Contra Affair, 1983-1988
		Many of these acquisitions are derived from the official bodiesinvestigating the Iran-Contra Affair, including the Senate Intelligence Committee, the Tower Commission, the joint select Congressional committees, and the Independent Counsel.
		This is a sampling of the more than 4000 documents included in The Iran-Contra Affair :The Making of a Scandal 1983-1988:
		The result is a uniquely integrated, thorough history of the policies, operations, and investigations that constituted the Affair, from the autumn of 1983 when Congress first put limits on official U.S. assistance to the Contras, to the criminal indictments of Oliver North, John Poindexter, Richard Secord, and Albert Hakim in spring, 1988.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/irancontra/irancon.html (1209 words)

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In the News (Fri 27 Nov 09)