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Topic: Iran Contra scandal

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Reagan administration

Contras

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History of Nicaragua

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	Iran-Contra Affair - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At the time, Americans were being held hostage by Islamic terrorists in Lebanon, and it was hoped that Iran would influence the terrorists to release the hostages; at the same time, Iran, which was in the midst of the Iran-Iraq War, could find few nations willing to supply it with weapons.
		The Reagan administration had been providing covert assistance to the Contras since November 1981, but the 1982 Boland Amendment blocked further military aid when it was discovered that the CIA had supervised acts of sabotage in Nicaragua without notifying Congress.
		In addition, proceeds from the arms sales to Iran were used to purchase arms for the Contras in an arrangement instituted by Colonel Oliver North, aide to National Security Advisor John Poindexter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iran-Contra_scandal (1268 words)

	Encyclopedia: Iran-Contra scandal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the Iran-Contra Affair, United States President Ronald Reagan's administration secretly sold arms to Iran, which was engaged in a bloody war with its neighbor Iraq from 1980 to 1988 (see Iran-Iraq War), and diverted the proceeds to the Contra rebels fighting to overthrow the leftist and allegedly democratically-elected Sandinista government of Nicaragua.
		In November, there was another round of negotiations, where the Israelis proposed to ship Iran 500 HAWK anti-aircraft missiles in exchange for the release of all remaining American hostages being held in Lebanon.
		The Contras received weapons and training from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, especially in guerrilla tactics such as destroying infrastructural elements and assassination.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Iran_Contra-scandal (1478 words)

	The Iran Contra Scandal
		Although the CIA was originally authorized to oversee the Contras’ efforts in 1981, and CIA director William Casey embraced the mission wholeheartedly, Congress passed legislation two years later ordering the CIA to pull out.
		The so-called Boland Amendment made it illegal for the CIA either to aid the Contras or to provoke a war between Nicaragua and Honduras, and was toughened to include ALL sectors of the US government with the passage of the Boland Amendment II in 1984.
		In the end, all anybody knew was that a lot of politicians were breaking laws and lying to the country again, and this manifested itself in the deep cynicism many Americans began to harbor toward the political process.
	www.angelfire.com /empire/hamsamolly/contra.html (2144 words)

	Boston Globe Online \| John Kerry: A Candidate in the Making
		As the Iran-contra scandal unfolded, John Kerry would find an outlet for his prosecutorial skills, his thirst for media attention, and his still-simmering outrage over "seeing the government lie, and realizing the consequences" in Vietnam, as he recently put it.
		Reagan had been re-elected in a thunderous landslide in November of 1984 and was using his administration to help the contra armies destabilize the Sandinista government of Nicaragua as part of a global strategy to give the tottering communist empire a final shove.
		The Iran-contra scandal was the top story in town, and there was worried talk in the halls of Congress that the United States might suffer another failed presidency.
	www.boston.com /globe/nation/packages/kerry/062003.shtml (4545 words)

	Iran-contra affair. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The first was a commitment to aid the contras who were conducting a guerrilla war against the Sandinista government of Nicaragua.
		In early Nov., 1986, the scandal broke when reports in Lebanese newspapers forced the Reagan administration to disclose the arms deals.
		Former State Dept. and CIA officials pleaded guilty in 1991 to withholding information about the contra aid from Congress, and Caspar Weinberger, defense secretary under Reagan, was charged (1992) with the same offense.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ir/Irancont.html (570 words)

	In The 80s - The Iran Contra Scandal
		This is a timeline of various events in the scandal history I found on the Internet.
		Jan 20 -- Hostages held in the American Embassy in Iran released.
		On the videotape he says he never had "any inkling" that his aides were arming the Contras.
	www.inthe80s.com /scandal.shtml (737 words)

	Pentagon met with discredited figure from Iran-Contra scandal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Known to the CIA even before the Iran-Contra scandal as someone to avoid, Ghorbanifar in the 1980s failed two lie detector tests for the spy agency, which issued a "burn notice" to other agencies advising that the U.S. government should have nothing to do with him.
		After Iran's pro-reform president was re-elected in the summer of 2001, some Iranians had predicted Tehran would push for improved relations with the United States, but Iran's supreme leader ruled out any Iranian help for a U.S.-led attack on Afghanistan.
		Iran, however, condemned the Sept. 11 attacks and assured U.S. officials through Swiss intermediaries it would try to rescue any American military personnel it found in distress on its territory.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/news/archive/2003/08/08/national1855EDT0704.DTL (794 words)

	Walsh Iran / Contra Report - Executive Summary
		These operations were the provision of assistance to the military activities of the Nicaraguan contra rebels during an October 1984 to October 1986 prohibition on such aid, and the sale of U.S. arms to Iran in contravention of stated U.S. policy and in possible violation of arms-export controls.
		The Iran and contra operations were merged when funds generated from the sale of weapons to Iran were diverted to support the contra effort in Nicaragua.
		The secrecy concerning the Iran and contra activities was finally pierced by events that took place thousands of miles apart in the fall of 1986.
	fas.org /irp/offdocs/walsh/execsum.htm (4475 words)

	WashingtonPost.com: Hostile Witnesses
		The Iran-contra scandal burst upon the scene in November 1986 when it was first reported in a Lebanese newspaper that President Ronald Reagan had approved the sale of missiles to Iran in exchange for American hostages in Lebanon.
		Later, Justice Department lawyers found evidence that proceeds from the arms sales had been diverted to illegally fund the contra anticommunist guerrillas in Nicaragua in circumvention of the Boland Amendment banning U.S. aid to the rebels.
		Among the topics were the missile sales to Iran and the secret support of the contras.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/national/longterm/irancontra/contra1.htm (1220 words)

	More Details of the Iran Contra Scandal
		These operations were the prevision of assistance to the military activities of the Nicaraguan contra rebels during an October 1984 to October 1986 prohibition on such aid, and the sale of U.S. arms to Iran in contravention of stated U.S. policy and in possible violation of arms-export controls.
		The secrecy concerning the Iran and contra activities was finally pierced by events that place thousands of miles apart in the fall of 1986.
		President Bush was unaware of the contra diversion until the news of the diversion broke publicly in November 1986.
	social.chass.ncsu.edu /slatta/hi216/documents/contrasmore.htm (13364 words)

	[No title]
		On June 7, 1985, the NSC was given permission to deal with Iran which could exert pressure on the Hezbollah to release the American and British hostages.
		Hakim was quoted after President Carter's aborted hostage rescue in Iran in 1979: "He couldn't have been happier when the Carter administration needed." Air Force General John Singlaub, who was president of the World Anti-communist League, became involved in raising funds overseas for the Contras in 1981.
		At his deposition during the Iran-Contra hearings, Contra leader Pastora testified that Bush was in the Contra resupply chain of command.
	www.angelfire.com /ca3/jphuck/BOOK3Ch7.html (6565 words)

	Real History Archives Iran-Contra Collection - Speech By Robert Parry
		Enders had this timetable, and it talked about how the Contras were going to grow at a certain rate and where they'd be at a certain date and they had them marching into Managua by the end of 1983 - and so this was the plan.
		And so by early '83, it became clear even to people at CIA that the Contras weren't what they hoped they'd be cracked up to be, and they ended up looking at this and saying we're going to have to do some different things.
		We were trying to get the contras to be selective in their violence against civilians, not indiscriminate." And that became actually the defense that was used by the CIA to explain why they were running this booklet.
	www.webcom.com /~lpease/collections/conspiracies/parryspeech.htm (7994 words)

	iran contra scandal summary: schoolofessays.com- the school for essays, term papers, research papers writing
		The contras were a group of rebels who were fighting a guerilla war against Nicaragua's Sandinista government.
		A scandal arose because Congress had enacted legislation, the Boland Amendments, which prohibited the United States' government agency from providing military aid to the contras.
		schoolofessays.com is a website that has a wealth of free essay abstracts on iran contra scandal summary.
	www.schoolofessays.com /term-papers/407494/iran-contra-scandal-summary.html (242 words)

	The Consortium
		WASHINGTON -- In crucial ways, Watergate, the signature scandal of the 1970s, and Iran-contra, the signature scandal of the 1980s, were opposites.
		A short dozen years later, the Iran-contra scandal demonstrated how those same institutions had ceased to protect the nation from serious White House wrongdoing.
		The notes made clear that there was widespread knowledge of the 1985 illegal shipments to Iran and that a major cover-up had been orchestrated by the Reagan and Bush administrations.
	www.consortiumnews.com /archive/story34.html (1809 words)

	Bush book: Chapter -18-
		When the scandal broke, in late 1986 and early 1987, George Bush maintained that he knew nothing about these illegal activities; that other government officials involved in them had kept him in the dark; that he had attended no important meetings where these subjects were under discussion.
		According to the Contra official, who requested anonymity but has direct knowledge of the events, a Contra spokesman, Bosco Matamoros [official FDN representative in Washington, D.C.], was ordered by [FDN Political Director] Adolfo Calero to claim ownership of the downed aircraft, even though the plane belonged to Oliver North's secret Contra supply network....
		You told the Iran-Contra committee that you and Bush never discussed the Contras, had no expertise on the issue, no responsibility for it, and the details of Watergate-sized scandal involving NSC staff and the [Edwin] Wilson gang was not Vice Presidential.
	www.kmf.org /williams/bushbook/bush18.html (17174 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Guardian daily comment \| Kerry's war didn't end in the Mekong
		In his first month as a senator, in January 1985, he discovered the thread that would unravel the Iran-contra scandal - the creation of an illegal foreign policy apparatus run out of the national security council by Reagan's military aide, Oliver North, and the CIA director, William Casey.
		They tracked down a contra adviser in Costa Rica known as "Colonel Flaco", who had evidence that North was involved in financing the contras with Colombian drug money.
		After three years, he reported that "individuals who provided support for the contras were involved in drug trafficking; the supply network of the contras was used by drug trafficking organisations; and elements of the contras received financial and material assistance from drug traffickers.
	www.guardian.co.uk /comment/story/0,3604,1266305,00.html (788 words)

	Iran Contra Success Stories
		These men were involved in a secret and illegal covert military operation, whereby weapons were being sold to an enemy state, Iran, and the profits from those sales were going to illegally fund an army of rebels the CIA was building in Central America.
		Documents were shredded, Congress was repeatedly lied to, and an untold number of human beings were killed with the weapons of destruction that were secretly being shipped by the US to different parts of the world.
		Each of these men played a role in the scandal and the subsequent cover-up, but instead facing ruin and disgrace, their careers actually prospered.
	www.hereinreality.com /irancontra.html (685 words)

	Iran/Contra Rehab
		After the scandal broke, Bush claimed he had not been "in the loop." But according to documents later released, he had attended high-level meetings on the Iran initiative and had participated in the Administration's quid pro quo with Honduras.
		In October, Duane Clarridge, a CIA official involved in the scandal who was indicted for lying to Congress, was set to become an assistant in the NSC's counterterrorism office.
		By the way, Robert McFarlane, Poindexter's predecessor as National Security Adviser and a co-author of the Iran deal and the contra policy, re-emerged in October as an adviser to an anti-Taliban Afghan fighter who was ambushed and killed during a botched operation.
	www.thenation.com /doc/20020311/corn (1217 words)

	Digital National Security Archive, Introductions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		They also were aware that in 1983 the secretary of state had declared Iran a sponsor of international terrorism, which had led the United States in 1984 to impose further restrictions on exports to Iran.
		Large-scale U.S. military maneuvers and base-construction in Honduras provided a cover for Pentagon support for the Contra operations, yet Congress was told that these military maneuvers were "routine." CIA agents mined the ports of Nicaragua and the Contras were told to take responsibility; Congress was not informed of the actual U.S. role.
		In May 1984, CIA officials brought North to Honduras to introduce him formally to Contra leaders and convey the message that despite the pending termination of official assistance, the White House remained committed to continuing the Contra war.
	nsarchive.chadwyck.com /icessayx.htm (3292 words)

	Reagan's Failure - Newsweek National News - MSNBC.com
		His Iran policy was found to be foolish and counterproductive, and it was carried out unprofessionally and perhaps illegally.
		The talks with Iran may or may not have begun as a diplomatic initiative, as the White House has argued.
		And if anything was lacking in the soap-opera flavor of the scandal, it was supplied when North's glamorous secretary, Fawn Hall, was granted immunity to testify that she had shredded documents and altered memos when the scandal broke.
	msnbc.msn.com /id/5165237/site/newsweek (2424 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| The Guardian \| Iran-contra men return to power
		He had illegally withheld information from the investigation into the Iran-contra affair, in which arms were sold to Iran and the proceeds illegally funnelled to contra forces waging war against the leftwing Sandinista government in Nicaragua.
		On one occasion during the affair, Mr Abrams flew to London under a false name to seek a $10m (£7m) contribution to the contras from the Sultan of Brunei.
		It will distort US policy in a number of ways, from debt relief to giving access to rightwing causes for US funding." He described as "jocose" the appointment of Mr Abrams, "a man who is the apotheosis of democracy", to a post in an office for democracy and human rights.
	www.guardian.co.uk /international/story/0,3604,539429,00.html (837 words)

	Meet Big Brother - John Poindexter and the Iran Contra Reunion Tour
		A retired Navy Admiral, John Poindexter lost his job as National Security Adviser under Ronald Reagan, and was convicted of conspiracy, lying to Congress, defrauding the government, and destroying evidence in the Iran Contra scandal.
		Scandals and convictions couldn't hold these men back from high-paying, influential positions in government and the media
		Iran Payment Is Found Diverted to the Contras; Two Reagan Men Are Out
	www.hereinreality.com /bigbrother.html (418 words)

	Scandal? What Scandal?
		And their guilt is based not on speculation or gossip, but on hard evidence that they aided torturers and death squads,circumvented Congress and the Constitution, and deceived the American people.
		In a campaign to tarnish the Sandinistas and gild the Contras, Otto Reich's Office of Public Diplomacy pressured U.S. media and planted ghostwritten articles and editorials.
		One of the "neat ideas" Oliver North and his cronies concocted was to funnel profits to the Contras from the secret sale of U.S. arms to Iran--which was under embargo after seizing Americans as hostages.
	www.fair.org /index.php?page=1076 (2466 words)

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