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Topic: Iran student protests, July 1999

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	Iran student protests, July 1999 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Iranian (Persian) student protests of July, 1999 (known as "18th Tir" [Hejdah-e Tir] in Persia) were among the most violent protests in Iran after the early years of the Islamic Republic.
		The protests began on July 9, 1999 (18th Tir of year 1378 in Persian Calendar), after a demonstration against the closure of the Persian-language newspaper Salaam Protests moved further to the student dormitories of University of Tehran during the night which was suppressed badly by the plain cloth Basij and Ansar Al-Hezballah Militant groups.
		The protests counitnued at Tabriz University in july 11,1999 (20th Tir)and police and hardliners did the same to the students of Tabriz universities and schools.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iran_student_protests,_July_1999 (394 words)

	Online NewsHour: Protests in Iran -- July 13, 1999
		Student protesters clashed with government hardliners in Iran's most violent demonstrations in nearly two decades.
		Over the past week, thousands of students have protested the policies and doctrines of the hard-line clergymen who still control much of the government and much of the power in Iran.
		That was especially true for the generation born since the revolution, and the student protesters waved pictures of the president to show their support for his efforts at moderate reform.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/middle_east/july-dec99/iran_7-13.html (2095 words)

	CNN - Iran sacks police chiefs over student protest crackdown - July 11, 1999
		TEHRAN, Iran -- Thousands of Iranian students marched for a fourth day of protests on Sunday as the Iranian government fired two police chiefs it said were responsible for an unauthorized, violent police raid at a student dormitory last week.
		Student leaders, some of them wearing bandanas to conceal their faces, placed tires and barbed wire Sunday on the main road leading to their dormitory, closing off the street.
		Iran's biggest moderate student movement, which claims 50,000 members, said the attacks on students by police and vigilantes of the Ansar-e Hezbollah group could not have been made without high-level support.
	edition.cnn.com /WORLD/meast/9907/11/iran.unrest.03 (685 words)

	NOW with Bill Moyers. Politics & Economy. Student Protests in Iran \| PBS
		The children of the revolution are behind the push for change — nearly half of Iran's population was born after the Shah was overthrown in 1979.
		Nixon's arrival Iran was met by waves of protest from the student activists.
		She was expelled from the University of Tehran for refusing to wear the veil and left Iran for America in 1997.
	www.pbs.org /now/politics/iran.html (1101 words)

	USATODAY.com - Iran's leader warns against stifling student protest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		More than two dozen students have remained behind bars since July 1999, when they were arrested for peacefully protesting the closure of a leading reformist newspaper.
		The protest was crushed by police and hard-line vigilantes.
		But since late last year, there have been no large street protests by students, largely because of fears that participants will be arrested and because authorities have denied requests for permission to hold such rallies.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2001/12/10/iran-khatami.htm (467 words)

	Iran
		On July 8, 1999, the Government and individuals acting with the consent of the authorities, used excessive force in attacking a dormitory during student protests in Tehran, including reportedly throwing students from windows.
		In July 1999, the SCC banned the daily newspaper Salaam and indicted its publisher, Mohammad Mousavi Khoeniha, on charges of "violating Islamic principles," "endangering national security," and "disturbing public opinion." Khoeniha, a cleric, later was sentenced to a 5-year jail term.
		On July 8, 1999, students at Tehran University who were protesting proposed legislation by the Majles that would limit press freedoms and the Government's closure of a prominent reform-oriented newspaper, were attacked by elements of the security forces and Ansar-e Hezbollah thugs.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/nea/index.cfm?docid=786 (14872 words)

	THE IRANIAN: Opinion, Student protests of July 1999, Ali Akbar Mahdi
		The student protests of July 1999, which were caused by legitimate concerns and demands, had the potential to turn into a widespread general uprising at the national level.
		Given the fact that students were a major force in the revolution and later in the establishment of an Islamic government, the IR cannot deny students the right to be political.
		Unlike the Pahlavi state whose aim was de-politicization of students, the IR has always supported politicization of students as long as their political activities supported the state ideology and policies.
	www.iranian.com /Opinion/2000/July/Students (1529 words)

	RW ONLINE: Student Protests Spark Upheaval in Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Students are planning another major round of demonstrations on 8 July, the anniversary of a student uprising four years ago that marked the beginning of a changing mood in Iran.
		The Association of Islamic Students' slogans for the student movement are: 1) Be reformist and not revolutionary--i.e.
		Recently these Islamic Student Associations praised the removal of Saddam Hussein from Iraq by the U.S.-British forces and called for similar action from the U.S. to remove the "dominant faction of the Islamic Republic of Iran." The pro-Khatami forces were very cool towards this new round of protests, which is a good sign.
	rwor.org /a/1207/awtwnsiranprotests.htm (1159 words)

	Free Thoughts on Iran: Remembering July 9, 1999
		July 9, 1999 (18 Tir, 1378 in Persian calendar, this year on July 8) was a day of shock and disbelief in the student community of Iran and the society at large.
		The complaining students and their lawyers alike served jail time for their pursuit of the case, while the perpetuators of the event received light sentences and were freed shortly.
		Perhaps Ahmad Batebi best symbolises the treatment that the beaten students received: he was arrested due to a picture of his with a bloody shirt of his mates raised over his head that got published on the cover of The Economist magazine.
	freethoughts.org /archives/000405.php (1961 words)

	A review of the events of July 1999 in Iran
		The most important detail is that the students who started the protest managed to go beyond their own circles and involved other sections of society in particular other youth (the unemployed and high school pupils), creating a mass movement with broad popular support.
		There is widespread frustration and gloom amongst the masses, and in particular among the students and intellectuals, at achieving political reforms without attacking the structure of power and the main pillars of the religious dictatorship.
		These events, which were themselves an expression of the disillusionment with "legal reforms" especially among the students and youth, in turn lead to a considerable weakening in the position of the faction around president Khatami who based their strategy on such "gradualism".
	www.iran-bulletin.org /political_commentary/fallout.html (2416 words)

	The Militant - July 7, 2003 -- Support student protests in Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The subhead of the lead article in the last issue said, “Washington tries to use student protests in drive to oust regime.” It gave the wrong impression the Militant somehow backed the arguments of the regime in Tehran that the protests are “objectively” counterrevolutionary, largely instigated by the CIA.
		So any protests like those by the students that tend to further weaken the regime and its restrictions in a way that doesn’t weaken sovereignty but gives space to the toilers are positive, progressive, and should be backed—when they are inside Iran.
		For this reason also the Militant is clearly on the side of the students and explains the significance of their actions for Iran’s toilers and in the fight against imperialism.
	www.themilitant.com /2003/6723/672320.html (1451 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Middle East \| Iran student protests: Five years on (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Even some students who had been sleeping or doing their morning prayers were thrown out through the windows from the second and the third floors.
		The students were not organised and their movement had no leadership, they just acted in an atmosphere filled with emotion and sensitivity.
		All the students wanted was to bring those who attacked the dormitory to justice but, as the protest and unrest went on, more radical people joined the movement and slogans against the country's leaders were chanted.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/middle_east/3879535.stm (956 words)

	Student Protests in Iran -
		Iran rocks UNITED STATES--The demonstrations that have rocked Iran hit day six, only [July 14] it was the mullahs' turn to send their supporters into the streets.
		This most strategic of countries isn't likely to be the same; these protests, begun by students, are the first such street protests to occur in Iran's theocratic Islamic republic since the United States helped overthrow the shah in 1979.
		Too many young people in Iran today know how the rest of the world is living, and they want a slice of it.
	www.worldandi.com /specialreport/1999/october/Sa18877.htm (226 words)

	CNN - Pro-Islamic demonstration counters week of student protests in Iran - July 14, 1999
		TEHRAN, Iran (CNN) -- Islamic hard-liners answered six days of student unrest Wednesday with a demonstration of their own, drawing tens of thousands in support of the Islamic clerics who control the armed forces, police, judiciary, intelligence ministry and broadcast network.
		Protesters at Wednesday's rally chanted anti-American slogans and carried pictures of the Islamic Revolution founder, the late Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, and his successor, supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.
		Students mostly avoided the rally, although witnesses said plainclothes security forces took away about 50 youths in police vans.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/meast/9907/14/iran.01 (572 words)

	Middle East Online
		Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei appealed Friday for unity among the Islamic republic's rival political camps, but denounced a wave of university protests sparked by the sentencing to death of a pro-reform academic.
		Student supporters of the dissident have been staging almost daily protest rallies across the country since November 9.
		The student demonstrations, which have been marked by sporadic clashes between hardline vigilantes and pro-reform students, have raised fears of a repeat of events in July 1999, when similar rallies degenerated into several days of bloody street clashes.
	www.middle-east-online.com /english?id=3361 (556 words)

	Iran: Student protests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The action was sparked by a student gathering against privatisation of the universities.
		Around 3,000 students protested on 11 June and some fought back against police and vigilantes after they were attacked.
		In 1999 student opposition to media censorship by the ruling clerics led to a violent clampdown on protests by vigilantes and security forces.
	www.socialistworld.net /eng/2003/06/19iran.html (372 words)

	Iran: Five Years After Protests, Release Students (Human Rights Watch, 7-7-2004)
		The Iranian government’s closure of a reformist newspaper triggered student protests on the Tehran University campus on July 8, 1999 (18th of Tir in the Iranian calendar).
		Many of the imprisoned students have been brutally tortured in prison, barred from seeing their attorneys, and forced to provide recantations and confessions to the state-controlled media.
		In subsequent years, students across the country have commemorated the anniversary of the July 1999 protestors with peaceful demonstrations and public speeches.
	www.hrw.org /english/docs/2004/07/07/iran9017.htm (479 words)

	Iran
		The Islamic Republic of Iran,* with a population of approximately 68 million, is a constitutional, theocratic republic in which Shi'a Muslim clergy dominate the key power structures.
		When it reopened on July 25, the judge banned foreign observers, rejected the appeal, upheld the 2004 judgment that Kazemi's death had been accidental, and ruled that the court was not in a position to reopen the case.
		She represented the family of Darius and Parvaneh Forouhar, killed in 1998, and the family of a student killed during the 1999 student protests, and was arrested in 2000.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61688.htm (20200 words)

	Amnesty International Report 2002 - Middle East and North Africa - IRAN
		In July, student groups marked the anniversary of a raid by the security forces on student dormitories in Tehran in 1999, when at least one student was allegedly killed and others were ill-treated.
		Protests in July over social conditions and lack of employment resulted in attacks on Afghan refugees in Falavarjan, central Iran.
		In July she and Davoud Solemani were questioned in court about statements made in their capacity as deputies.
	web.amnesty.org /web/ar2002.nsf/mde/iran!Open (2120 words)

	THE IRANIAN: Opinion, student protests in Iran, Fereydoun Hoveyda
		The Tehran University students proclaimed their allegiance to President Khatami who was elected two years ago by more than 70% of the electorate.
		Yet, the unpopularity of the regime is well known, despite the size of the July 14th government-sponsored counter-demonstration.
		Fereydoun Hoveyda was Iran's ambassador to the United Nations from 1971 to 1978.
	www.iranian.com /Opinion/1999/July/Hoveyda (749 words)

	July 1999 Student-Led Uprising Shook Foundations Of Tyranny In Iran - Guest
		On July 9, 1999, six days of student-led uprising in Iran against the ruling fundamentalists shook the regime to its foundations, marking a new chapter in the history of Iranian people’s two decades of long struggle to overthrow tyranny and establish a democratic and secular government.
		The students, chanting "Death to despotism, Death to dictators," marched to various neighborhoods where they were joined by thousands of citizens from all walks of life, particularly the young generation.
		According to a recent Amnesty International press release, Akabr Mohammadi, a student activist who was arrested during the July uprising, “is in Evin prison serving a fifteen year prison sentence.” He is reported to be “suffering from serious health problems” and “without prompt and adequate access to medical treatment,” his life would be in jeopardy.
	www.americandaily.com /article/3972 (953 words)

	CNN - Iranians in U.S. turn out in support of protests back home - July 16, 1999
		The week of protests began after hard-line conservatives -- who control many branches of the Iranian government -- banned a moderate newspaper, sparking a small student-led protest in Tehran.
		After police responded with a raid on the student's dormitory, students and pro-reform civilians took to the streets in the thousands.
		Hard-liners in Iran have regrouped over the past few days, and have succeeded in banning all protests except one for their own supporters on Wednesday.
	cnnstudentnews.cnn.com /US/9907/16/us.iran.01 (424 words)

	Iranian Leader Blames US For Protests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As mass street protests continue for a second day in the Iranian capital, Tehran, the country's top leader has lashed out at the United States, saying it is behind the mayhem.
		Some young protesters shouted slogans against Ayatollah Khamenei, an act that in Iran is punishable by prison sentence.
		Student organizers say they want a repeat of turbulent demonstrations in July 1999 that paralyzed the capital, to press their demands for reform.
	www.voanews.com /article.cfm?objectID=01A46264-BC19-4AD5-BA934FD35AC40D99 (301 words)

	Publius Pundit - Blogging the democratic revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Students at Tehran University launched a protest against the regime to release all political prisoners.
		About 150 people, mostly students, had gathered in front of Tehran University chanting “political prisoners must be freed” when dozens of police moved in to break up the protest.
		(July 13, 2005) Israel is alarmed at Iranian nuclear program and the development of the ballistic missiles such as the Shehab 3 with a range of some 900 miles, and longer range Shehab 4 and Shehab 5 missiles.
	www.publiuspundit.com /?p=1339 (864 words)

	Workers' Liberty #58 - Iran: there will be more student protests. October 1999.
		Fatwa (death sentences) are issued by clerics against its authors, bazaars are closing down in major cities such as Tehran, Friday prayer leaders cry and encourage mass hysteria against the student writers of the play, in scenes Iran hasn't seen since the publication of Satanic Verses.
		Many have considered the attacks of the last few weeks against the liberals, the press and student leaders the worst of the last few years, yet it now looks as the danger from the right is over, for the time being.
		However, the student movement needs to find its allies amongst the working class, whose independent protest against sackings, low pay, lack of payment of salaries and so on has been widespread.
	archive.workersliberty.org /wlmags/wl58/iran.htm (455 words)

	Iran-Contra Affair - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Iran-Contra Affair (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Congressional hearings 1986–87 revealed that the US government had secretly sold weapons to Iran in 1985 and traded them for hostages held in Lebanon by pro-Iranian militias, and used the profits to supply right-wing Contra guerrillas in Nicaragua with arms.
		The attempt to get around the law (Boland amendment) specifically prohibiting military assistance to the Contras also broke other laws in the process.
		It asserted that Reagan and Bush were fully aware of attempts to free US hostages in Lebanon in 1985–86 by means of unsanctioned arms sales to Iran.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Iran-Contra+Affair (386 words)

	World and I: Student protests in Iran.@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The article discusses the political state in Iran in the aftermath of student demonstrations at Tehran University during July 1999.
		Reports about the events are listed from the US, Iran, Egypt, Lebanon, Algeria, Great Britain, France, Russia and Turkey, and comment on the tension between modern secular life and Islam, the wishes of young people to have more opportunity, and the Iranian economy, which is dependent on oil.
		UNITED STATES--The demonstrations that have rocked Iran hit day six, only [July 14] it was the mullahs' turn to send their supporters into the streets.
	highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?docid=1G1:55851416&refid=ink_tptd_mag (192 words)

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