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	Iran hostage crisis. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In the United States, failure to resolve the crisis contributed to Ronald Reagan’s defeat of Carter in the presidential election.
		On Jan. 20, 1981, the day of President Reagan’s inauguration, the United States released almost $8 billion in Iranian assets and the hostages were freed after 444 days in Iranian detention; the agreement gave Iran immunity from lawsuits arising from the incident.
		In 2000 former hostages and their survivors sued Iran under the 1996 Antiterrorism Act, which permits U.S. citizens to sue foreign governments in cases of state-sponsored terrorism.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ir/Iranhost.html (419 words)

	American Experience \| Jimmy Carter \| People & Events
		The hostage crisis was the most dramatic in a series of problems facing Americans at home and abroad in the last year of the Carter presidency.
		It's hard to say, since the hostage crisis was merely the latest event in the long and complex relationship between the United States and Iran.
		Carter's all-night effort to bring the 52 hostages home before the end of his term, documented by an ABC television crew in the Oval Office, fell short; the Iranians released them minutes after Reagan was inaugurated.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/carter/peopleevents/e_hostage.html (1219 words)

	The Iranian Hostage Crisis « The Scoop on History-APUSH and more (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Iranians, however, could not believe that the United States would abandon the shah, and as long as he was alive, they anticipated another CIA coup.
		Iranian students poured into the streets to protest, demanding that the United States return the shah, and his multimillion dollar fortune to Iran.
		Although he was vulnerable on his handling of the hostage issue, Carter’s challengers had to be careful in their criticisms or risk being perceived as undercutting the president during a national crisis.
	historyscoop.wordpress.com /2007/05/07/the-iranian-hostage-crisis (4779 words)

	ipedia.com: Iran hostage crisis Article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Thirteen of the hostages were released on November 19 and 20 (the women and African-Americans amongst the group) but the remaining 52 continued to be held (one further hostage was released because of illness on July 11, 1980).
		The students justified taking the hostages by claiming that it was a retaliation for the admission of Iran's deposed Shah, Pahlavi, into the United States for cancer treatments back in October.
		The hostages were flown to Wiesbaden Air Force Base in West Germany, where they were received by former President Jimmy Carter (as an emissary for the Reagan administration), and from there they took a second flight to Washington, D.C, where they received a hero's welcome.
	www.ipedia.com /iran_hostage_crisis.html (889 words)

	THE IRANIAN: Study, Iranians in. U.S., Mehdi Bozorgmehr
		Using Iranians as a case study, in this paper I argue that the main source of host hostility towards this population is the anti-American policies of the Iranian regime, not the actions of the Iranian exiles and immigrants themselves.
		Given the hostage crisis and its aftermath, the lower than expected experiences of discrimination of Iranians may be partially attributed to the high class resources of this immigrant group discussed above, thereby reducing their dependence on, and competition with, the host population.
		For instance, Armenian Iranians contributed financially to the rescue efforts for the Armenian victims of the devastating earthquake in Yerevan, Armenia and not to the victims of a similarly sizable earthquake in Iran.
	www.iranian.com /Opinion/2001/May/Iranians/index.html (7379 words)

	The Hostage Crisis in Iran
		On November 4, 1979, Iranian militants stormed the United States Embassy in Tehran and took approximately seventy Americans captive.
		This terrorist act triggered the most profound crisis of the Carter presidency and began a personal ordeal for Jimmy Carter and the American people that lasted 444 days.
		When the Shah came to America for cancer treatment in October, the Ayatollah incited Iranian militants to attack the U.S. On November 4, the American Embassy in Tehran was overrun and its employees taken captive.
	www.jimmycarterlibrary.org /documents/hostages.phtml (405 words)

	Welcome to the Bazaar - New York Times
		One of the most frustrating dead ends we encountered in the hostage negotiations was learning that despite prolonged efforts to forge a settlement with President Abolhassan Bani-Sadr, he did not even have the power to move the hostages from one location to another, much less cause their release.
		The subtext for everything the Iranians do and say will be their historic sense of grievance against the United States, stretching back at least to the C.I.A.-engineered overthrow of the government and restoration of the shah to his throne in 1953.
		The hostage crisis probably dragged on because the Iranians wanted to maximize their exposure on the world stage and to humiliate the Great Satan (and its president) for as long as possible.
	www.nytimes.com /2006/06/13/opinion/13Christopher.html?ex=1307851200&en=b84ed6dcc22b8dbb&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss (954 words)

	Reagan's Lucky Day, Iranian Hostage Crisis Helped The Great Communicator To Victory - CBS News
		After more than a year of captivity under the regime of the Ayatollah Khomeini, the 52 Americans taken hostage in the seizing of the U.S. embassy in Tehran were finally freed on January 20, 1981, the same day that Ronald Reagan was sworn in as the nation's 40th president.
		But neither the hostage crisis nor the economy were rebounding in his favor.
		The country's answer to the hostage crisis and all its other ills in 1980 was a turn to the right.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2001/01/19/iran/main265499.shtml (936 words)

	Iranian Hostage Crisis
		Iranians clam that the hostage taking was a quarter of a century’s build-up of America prying into Iran’s internal affairs.
		The hostages were kept in the American Embassy for all 444 days of the hostage taking.
		Barry Rosen, one of the hostages was quoted on saying, "I am not naïve about Iran, but I think it is important to understand one another’s feelings." Rosen was given the idea to confront Abdi in a United Nations building in France.
	www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us /History/MidEast/03/jenkins/jenkins.htm (930 words)

	Decades History Timelines - U.S. Hostages in Iran (Site not responding. Last check: )
		All remaining Iranian diplomats are expelled from the U.S and all exports to Iran are banned.
		His return to Iran was the primary demand of the militants that had taken the hostages from the United States Embassy.
		The 52 hostages arrive back in the United States and are reunited with their families.
	www.decades.com /Timeline/n/93.htm (884 words)

	Power Line: Contra Iran
		It is a potent reminder that those in Iran who yesterday tormented the hostages and humiliated the United States are the country's political leaders today.
		Before a startled crowd at the annual powwow of global movers and shakers, the senior Iranian official blasted the West for cultural decadence, proclaiming the values of the Islamic Republic of Iran to be superior -- and far more benevolent to women.
		Long after the Babel of the hostage crisis, many voices still speak in Tehran; the president says that Israel should be wiped off the map, and other political leaders scramble -- some belatedly endorsing his rant, some distancing themselves, all while the analysts scratch their heads, looking for explanations.
	www.powerlineblog.com /archives/014002.php (871 words)

	[No title]
		Iranians burn a U.S. flag Wednesday in Tehran (left) to mark the 25th anniversary of the storming of the former U.S. Embassy that led to a yearlong hostage crisis.
		Above, one of the hostages is displayed to the crowd on Nov. 9, 1979.
		Entebbe Hostage Crisis, June 27, 1976: Members of the Baader-Meinhof Group and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) seized an Air France airliner and its 258 passengers.
	www.lycos.com /info/iran-hostage-crisis--miscellaneous.html (404 words)

	HIR \| What is the point of the 2007 Iranian hostage crisis?
		For example, during the 1980s the US sent billions of dollars in armament to the Iranians every year, for the duration of the Iran-Iraq war (while claiming in public that the Iranians were their bitterest enemies).
		The Iranians are tough and the British are weak -- that seems to be the message.
		“Against this backdrop [Iran’s taking of hostages], and given the stakes involved, it could have been expected that the US and its allies would be concentrating their attention on how to weaken Iran and its terror proxies and curtail Iran's ability to acquire a nuclear arsenal.
	www.hirhome.com /iraniraq/hostage_crisis_2007.htm (1259 words)

	The Rise of Islamist Extremism, 1979-1986
		Angered by the Khalq regime’s policy of educating women and inspired by the Iranian revolution, conservative Afghan villagers and garrison troops seize the city of Herat, murdering teachers and hundreds of Soviet advisers.
		Iranian students seize the US embassy in Tehran and take about 90 hostages - the start of the Hostage Crisis, which drags on into 1981.
		For Iraq, the outbreak of war is the beginning of its long slide from the relative prosperity of the 1970s into the ruination that followed the 2003 war.
	cnparm.home.texas.net /911/Backg/Backg2.htm (3966 words)

	444 Days
		The Iran Hostage Crisis was precipitated by the seizure of the U.S. Embassy in Tehran by militant students on 4 November 1979.
		Of the 66 who were taken hostage, thirteen women and African-Americans were released on Nov. 19 and 20, 1979; one was released on July 11, 1980, because of an illness later diagnosed as multiple sclerosis and the remaining 52 were released on Jan. 20, 1981.
		Walker was one of 66 hostages held by Iranians in the U.S. Embassy in Tehran in 1979.
	www.pownetwork.org /444%20days.htm (1869 words)

	Iran Hostage Anniversary, Saturday Is 20 Years Since Americans Held In Iran Were Released - CBS News
		As diplomatic efforts to free the hostages began, President Carter halted oil imports from Iran and froze Iranian assets in the United States, prompting yet another Iranian outburst of protest against America.
		As negotiations continued into December, Penelope Laingen, wife of hostage Bruce Laingen, charge d'affaires of the embassy, tied a yellow ribbon around a tree at her home in Maryland, and a nationwide movement began.
		Iranians originally asked for $24 billion in return for the captives, but eventually lowered their demands.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2001/01/18/iran/main265244.shtml (894 words)

	The iranian hostage crisis
		The iranian hostage crisis, the gulf war, and the future of oil as a political weapon in middle eastern countries
		The Iranian hostage crisis and the failed rescue mission.
		The U.S. acceptance of Shah Pahlavi for medical treatment in the U.S. led to the Iranian hostage crisis, when American embassy staff in Teheran were held hostage in January 1979, who were not released until Reagan swore into office in 1980.
	www.iun.edu /~hisdcl/h232/oil&opec.htm (619 words)

	The History Guy: Iran-U.S. Hostage Crisis (1979-1981)
		President Carter now faced a crisis with oil-rich, but hostile Iran, a new Cold War crisis with the Soviets, and a growing sense in his own country that he was increasingly showing himself to be an ineffective leader.
		Several of the former hostages contend that Ahmadinejad was one of the leaders of the student groups that seized the embassy in 1979.
		The Iranian government denies he had anything to do with the seizure, but it is another sign that tensions remain over the entire episode.
	www.historyguy.com /iran-us_hostage_crisis.html (1315 words)

	The White House Historical Association > Classroom
		Carter approved a hostage rescue mission by an elite paramilitary unit, the American commandos led by Colonel Charles Beckwith.6 It was a dismal failure.
		The Iranian hostage crisis contributed greatly to Jimmy Carter’s loss of the presidency in the 1980 election.
		It was very likely that I had been defeated and would soon leave office as President because I had kept these hostages and their fate at the forefront of the world’s attention, and had clung to a cautious and prudent policy in order to protect their lives during the preceding fourteen months.
	www.whitehousehistory.org /04/subs/04_a03_a04.html (1835 words)

	DisarmamentActivist.org » (Speculative) Thoughts on the Iran “Hostage” Crisis
		Unlike the nuclear situation, where it’s been very obvious there are multiple factions vying to push their own agendas, here the regime has largely been able to speak with one voice, and that voice generally has not been coming from Ahmadinejad, though his often-incendiary comments tend to attract the lion’s share of the coverage.
		As this crisis has been unfolding, the AP has reported on a purportedly confidential letter from Iran to the IAEA, where Iran cites the threat of a U.S. attack as rationale for its curtailing of cooperation with the Agency.
		Anticipating the cautious and measured response of the British, perhaps the Iranians are also trying to signal that the present course of the U.S./Iranian conflict is leading to war.
	disarmamentactivist.org /2007/03/31/uk-iran-crisis (1415 words)

	Hostage crisis began 25 years ago (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It was 25 years ago this week when Iranian militants stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and took approximately seventy Americans captive.
		This act triggered an ordeal for President Jimmy Carter and the American people that lasted 444 days, known as the Iran Hostage Crisis.
		Iranian nationalists condemned his U.S.-supported regime and his "westernizing" of Iran.
	www.thedailystar.com /opinion/columns/simonson/2004/11/simonson1101.html (168 words)

	Digital History
		The Shah was indeed popular among wealthy Iranians, but in the slums of Teheran and in rural, poverty stricken villages, there was little respect, admiration, or love for his regime.
		The hostages were held until minutes after Ronald Reagan, Carter's successor, had taken the oath of office as president.
		The Iranian hostage crisis had become emblematic of the perception that America's role in the world had declined.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /database/article_display.cfm?HHID=403 (800 words)

	Stempel \| An Agency "Guest" of the Ayatollah
		In the Shadow of the Ayatollah: A CIA Hostage in Iran.
		There is ample material on how the hostages were handled and moved about, and he distinguishes well between his negative personal views about some Iranians and his understanding and respect for Iranian culture in general.
		Though one often wishes for more depth on certain points, the book is not a definitive history of the hostage crisis, but rather an excellent individual effort to put the crisis into the context of American life at the time.
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2003_07-09/book_stemple_agency/book_stemple_agency.html (626 words)

	Why was iranian hostage crisis wrong? - 4Forums.com
		Taking hostages is wrong but I would mainly blame the foreign government for trying to dominate people and causing them to fight back.
		However, few administrations would opt for the responsibility of having dead hostages on it's hands over speculation of what might be in the future.
		In fact that was the specious claim of the Iranian "government" at the time, and it only emphasizes the illegitimacy of a government when it is unwilling or unable to punish criminal behavior by its citizens.
	4forums.com /political/showthread.php?t=5847 (1018 words)

	iran hostage crisis - terrorism victims & terrorist groups
		Thirteen hostages were soon released, but the remaining 53 were held until their release on January 20, 1981.
		The iran hostage crisis refers to events following the seizure of the American embassy in Tehran by iranian students on Nov. 4, 1979.
		In 1980, the death of the Shah in Egypt and the invasion of Iran by Iraq made the Iranians more receptive to resolving the Hostage Crisis.
	www.terrorism-victims.org /terrorists/iran-hostage-crisis.html (554 words)

	Jimmy Carter and the Iranian Hostage Crisis
		Lesson focuses on the events that unfolded during the Iranian hostage crisis, and the effect the crisis had on the presidency of Jimmy Carter.
		Students are asked to evaluate options of response demanded of leaders during crisis, and the possible long term consequences of the decisions made by leaders in a collaborative group simulation.
		Explain that in the presidency of Jimmy Carter such an event took place in the Iranian Hostage Crisis, and that the decisions that were made by President Carter and his administration would determine how his presidency was viewed by the American people.
	www.glc.k12.ga.us /BuilderV03/lptools/lpshared/lpdisplay.asp?Session_Stamp=&LPID=53090 (1182 words)

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