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Topic: Iraq coup (1941)

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	Iraq. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Iraq is bordered on the south by Kuwait, the Persian Gulf, and Saudi Arabia; on the west by Jordan and Syria; on the north by Turkey; and on the east by Iran.
		Iraq is a veritable treasure house of antiquities, and recent archaeological excavations have greatly expanded the knowledge of ancient history.
		Iraq continued to insist on an end to all sanctions, but in May, 2002, the UN Security Council agreed on revised sanctions that focused on military goods and goods with potential military applications, greatly expanding the range of consumer goods that could be readily imported into Iraq.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ir/Iraq.html (3874 words)

	Iraq - MSN Encarta
		Under the mandate system, a territory that had formerly been held by Germany or the Ottoman Empire was placed nominally under the supervision of the League of Nations, and the administration of the mandate was delegated to one of the victorious nations until the territory could govern itself.
		The British civil commissioner, their top administrator in Iraq, thereupon drew up a plan for a provisional government of the new state of Iraq: It was to be a kingdom, with a government directed by a council of Arab ministers under the supervision of a British high commissioner.
		In 1942 Iraq became an important supply center for British and United States forces operating in the Middle East and for the transshipment of arms to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567303_12/Iraq.html (1664 words)

	Iraq History \| iExplore.com
		Mesopotamia – the core of modern Iraq – was at the heart of the Sumerian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires between the seventh century BC and AD 100.
		Iraq declared war on Israel at the outbreak of the Six-Day War in June 1967, although Iraqi forces were not engaged.
		Iraq was also subject to a complete trade embargo excepting a strictly controlled regimen of oil sales, the proceeds of which the Iraqi Government could use to buy food and medicines.
	www.iexplore.com /dmap/Iraq/History (1603 words)

	Iraq - Country Profile
		Iraq soon became a key supply center for American and British forces in their growing conflict with the U.S.S.R. Iraq allied itself with Transjordan in the 1948 war with Israel.
		During that time, Iraq was often an enemy of American interests, developing a friendship with the U.S.S.R.; declaring war on Israel during the 1967 Arab-Israeli war; and supporting Syria in the 1973 hostilities.
		Iraq's alleged weapons of mass destruction, and its failure to comply with UN inspectors, was the main justification for the intervention.
	www.wvi.org /wvi/country_profile/profiles/iraq.htm (975 words)

	1941 Iraqi coup d'état - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Iraq coup of 1941, also known as the Rashid Ali Al-Gaylani coup.
		In May 1941, four Iraqi nationalist army generals ("the Golden Square") overthrew the regime of the Regent and installed Rashid Ali as Prime Minister.
		During the course of the Iraq war, minor reinforcements for the nationalists were received from both Germany and Italy, whose aircraft were crudely painted with Iraqi colours.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iraq_coup_(1941) (594 words)

	Iraq Timeline
		Iraq fights in the Arab-Israeli War (The Yom Kippur War) and participates in the oil boycott against Israel's supporters.
		Iraq drains water from southern marshlands inhabited Muslim Shiites, in retaliation for the Shiites' long-standing opposition to Saddam Hussein's government (April).
		Iraq suspends all cooperation with the UN inspectors (Jan. 13).
	www.infoplease.com /spot/iraqtimeline1.html (936 words)

	Iraq, 1941, Second World War
		By 1939 Iraq had been independent from Britain for seven years, and had built up a small army of five divisions (two of them based in Baghdad), a small river flotilla, and a small air force of 56 obsolete planes.
		An Indian division sailed for Basra, and the hybrid Habforce of a British brigade and the Arab Legion was assembled in Jordan.
		No sooner was the Iraq operation over, than the country became the staging area for invasions of Syria and Iran to secure the greater region and its petroleum resources for the Allied war effort.
	www.regiments.org /wars/20ww2/iraq.htm (1194 words)

	Iraq
		Iraq (Mesopotamia) is the land which lies between the rivers Euphrates and Tigres in the Middle East.
		Although Iraq was a close ally of Britain, King Faisal, under pressure from his own population, was forced to give his support to Egypt in the war.
		The south of Iraq is populated mainly by Shia Muslims and the centre, west and north of Iraq are mainly Sunni Muslims.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWiraq.htm (4421 words)

	AllRefer.com - Iraq - Iraq As An Independent Monarchy \| Iraqi Information Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Iraq still was beset by a complex web of social, economic, ethnic, religious, and ideological conflicts, all of which retarded the process of state formation.
		The most important aspect of the Rashid Ali coup of 1941 was Britain's use of Transjordan's Arab Legion against the Iraqis and their reimposition by force of arms of Abd al Ilah as regent.
		Iraq sent an additional 8,000 to 10,000 troops of the regular army during the course of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War; these troops were withdrawn in April 1949.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/iraq/iraq16.html (3921 words)

	Iraq
		Iraq (ee RAHK) is an Arab republic in southwestern Asia which is slightly larger than California.
		In 1958 King Faisal II of Iraq was executed in a coup by army officers.
		Iraq's foreign policy, however, moved from a pro-West stance to one of friendly relations with the communist powers.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/iraq/overview.htm (966 words)

	The Iraq coup of Raschid Ali in 1941, the Mufti Husseini and the Farhud (Farhoud)
		The Iraq Coup of 1941, The Mufti and the Farhud
		The Coup - On April 1, 1941, the "Golden Square" and the chief of staff of the Iraqi army staged the coup, and appointed Rashid 'Ali al-Keilani head of the government.
		In the context of Iraq in 1941 it was a comparatively modern aircraft comparable to with anything the RAF had at Habbahiya or Shaibah.
	www.mideastweb.org /iraqaxiscoup.htm (7330 words)

	The Jews of Iraq
		In June 1941, the Mufti-inspired, pro-Nazi coup of Rashid Ali sparked rioting and a pogrom in Baghdad.
		From 1949 to 1951, 104,000 Jews were evacuated from Iraq in Operations Ezra and Nechemia; another 20,000 were smuggled out through Iran.
		The youngest Jew living in Iraq is 41 years old, and acts as the volunteer lay rabbi and kosher slaughterer.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/anti-semitism/iraqijews.html (1170 words)

	The Seattle Times: Understanding the U.S.-Iraq Conflict
		Iraq is declared a republic with Qasim its prime minister.
		Iraq deports 200,000 Shiites, Turkmen and Kurds to Iran.
		Iraq Sanctions Challenge, a coalition of U.S. opposition groups, delivers first shipment of medical supplies to Iraq in violation of sanctions.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /news/nation-world/usiraq/timeline/03.html (619 words)

	Political Crossfire Forums :: View topic - Iraq War, 1941
		Iraq had been a British mandate from the end of WW1 until 1932 when Iraq was granted independence.
		By 1941, an anti-British coup was staged in Baghdad, deposing the pro-British monarchy.
		And with Iraq as an Axis ally, there might have been impetus for a wider intifada against the British throughout the Middle East, as was the dream of the Mufti of Jerusalem.
	www.politicalcrossfire.com /forum/viewtopic.php?t=58025 (1372 words)

	1941
		Both sides needed a break because of the horrible conditions in Libya: oven-like heat, sandstorms, plagues of insects, dysentery, unbearable thirst, and constantly being shot at took their tolls on the weary soldiers in the desert.
		On 24 May 1941, the Hood and her shipmates met up with the Bismarck, but after only a few volleys the Hood was literally blown out of the water.
		During the spring of 1941 Hitler told Finnish president Fisto Ryti that Germany and the Soviet Union would soon clash together, but insinuated that the Soviets would attack first.
	www.angelfire.com /ct/ww2europe/1941.html (3431 words)

	Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930
		The treaty assured independence in most areas, and Iraq's membership in the League of Nations was supported by Britain.
		The single time British troops had to defend Iraq was against the coup attempted by prime minister Rashid Ali Gailani in 1941.
		Even after the official mandate was ended in October 1932, and Iraq gained formal independence, the treaty continued to be effective.
	i-cias.com /e.o/angl_tr_iraq2.htm (151 words)

	War on Terrorism - Eye on Iraq - Iraqi Military Effectiveness: A CDI Primer
		In Iraq's case, military doctrine is often assumed to be adapted from that of the former Soviet Union, which emerged as the main military patron of the Iraqis during the Cold War.
		Rather, Iraq, while equipping its armed forces with Russian arms and equipment, adopted a doctrine that was a mix of Soviet, French, American and British precepts.
		The latter's influence was particularly pervasive due to Britain's former role as the colonial power in Iraq, with many of the manuals captured after the 1991 war actually Iraqi translations of World War II British military handbooks.
	www.cdi.org /terrorism/primer-iraq.cfm (1820 words)

	Equipo Nizkor - US asks Israel to explore the reopening of an oil pipeline from Iraq. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 1941, Britain sent forces to protect the oil pipeline and overthrow the pro-German Iraqi politician who had taken power in Baghdad in a coup.
		Iraq's acting oil minister, Thamir Ghadhban, in June denied plans to resurrect the old Mosul-Haifa pipeline.
		This document has been published on 21sep03 by the Equipo Nizkor and Derechos Human Rights, in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, this material is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes.
	www.derechos.org /nizkor/iraq/doc/isroil.html (640 words)

	Iraqi Coup: Introduction.
		Third, the timing of the coup took place within the context of world-wide conflict, and also at a time when the British Empire's prestige was at its nadir.
		The coup, in as far as German foreign policy in 1941 was concerned, should be viewed as significant.
		In attempting to understand Germany's conduct during the coup, it is vital to analyze the varied attitudes within the German government regarding their relation to the future of German foreign policy.
	www.csus.edu /indiv/s/scottjc/introduction.htm (1221 words)

	Iraq Travel Tips - Iraq History and Government
		History: Mesopotamia – the core of modern Iraq – was at the heart of the Sumerian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires between the seventh century BC and AD 100.
		At the end of the 14th century Iraq, Azerbaijan to the north, Persia and parts of Turkey, Syria and Transcaucasia were conquered and subsumed into the empire ruled by Timur (also known as Tamerlane).
		The Iraqi economy was crippled and had incurred an enormous foreign debt, much of which was owed to neighbouring Kuwait: this became a serious source of friction between the two governments over the next two years.
	www.southtravels.com /middleeast/iraq/history.html (1235 words)

	The growing state - Iraq History - تاريخ العراق
		The Sidqi coup (29th of October, 1936) marked a major turning point in Iraqi history; it made a crucial breach in the constitution, and it opened the door to further military involvement in politics.
		Ghazi sanctioned Sulayman's government (Hikmat Sulayman was one of the agents of the coup along with General Bakr Sidqi) even though it had achieved power unconstitutionally, overthrowing Yasin al-Hashimi's government, killing Ja'afar al-Askari its Minister of Defense.
		Rashid Ali and four generals dubbed the "Golden Square", led a military coup, on April 3, 1941, that ousted Nuri as-Said and the regent; and announced that the temporarily absent regent was deposed.
	arabic-media.com /growing_state.htm (1137 words)

	Osprey's Iraq 1941, reviewed by Scott Van Aken
		In 1941 the ruler of Iraq was still a child following the death of his father in a road accident.
		1941 was also the bleakest part of the war with the Axis moving forward on all fronts.
		Anyway, the leader of the coup called on Germany to provide assistance to keep the British at bay, but Hitler was planning on his Russian Invasion and didn't have the resources to spare.
	www.modelingmadness.com /scotts/books/osprey/iraq1941.htm (506 words)

	CCC - War Against Iraq: The British Invasion of 1941
		But the government of the 4-year old King of Iraq, directed by his uncle who served as Regent, proved too feeble to surmount the opposition of pro-Italian Prime Minister Rashid Ali el Gailani, a lawyer and co-founder of the Muslim Brotherhood whose cells were active throughout the Middle East.
		By the spring of 1941, the combination of Arab nationalism among Iraqi officers, the Grand Mufti's intrigues and propaganda, and tensions created by Rachid Ali anti-British posturing had brought Iraq to the brink of civil war.
		On the night of 31 March 1941, tipped off that army officers planned to move against him, the Regent escaped across the Tigris in a motor boat and made his way to the RAF base at Habbaniya, from which he was flown to Basra and the asylum of the H.M.S. Cockchafer.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /rsepResources/si/dec02/middleEast.asp (3508 words)

	Iraq Lies
		Prewar Views of Iraq Threat Are Under Review by C.I.A. Weapons failure - It now appears that the so-called "clear and present danger" of Iraqi weapons of mass destruction (WMD) did not exist and that French and German critics were correctly skeptical of the U.S. argument for the use of force.
		Thus, the terror of 9/11 and the boogeyman of Iraq's supposed WMD stash became the key to pushing an ambitious plan to redraw the map of the Middle East.
		The Bush administration distorted intelligence and presented conjecture as evidence to justify a U.S. invasion of Iraq, according to a retired intelligence official who served during the months before the war.
	www.tvnewslies.org /html/iraq_lies.html (6075 words)

	The Indepundit
		Iraq's Ministry of Education has identified 200 children's books as the foundation for the ideal children's library.
		Most books are in English as English is taught at a very young age in Iraq and must be taught in 5th grade and beyond.
		We are seeking donations to provide enough books for 10 childrenâs libraries in community centers, schools and hospitals.
	www.indepundit.com /archive2/2004/12/books_for_iraqi.html (150 words)

	Political Correctness Trumping History at the US Holocaust Museum? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As an example, the Museum fails to recognize or discuss the Holocaust-era pogrom known as the Farhud, perpetuated by a pro-Nazi coup in Iraq in June 1941.
		Such rebellion will extend across the Iraq frontiers to strengthen the forces which are hostile to England in the Middle East, interrupt the British lines of communication, and tie down both English troops and English shipping space at the expense of other theatres of war.
		It must be remembered that the revolt in Iraq was but one small sector of the immense emergency in the Middle East which lapped General Wavell on all sides simultaneously.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1557397/posts (13557 words)

	History Guy: Anglo-Iraqi Wars
		The word "Anglo" refers to England, once known as "Angle Land," which is part of the island of Great Britain, which is the primary part of the United Kingdom.
		In northern Iraq, the British allowed thousands of Christian refugees escaping persecution in Turkey, to settle in mostly Muslim Iraq.
		Believing promises of German support, Rashid Ali ordered his forces to attack British bases in western Iraq and to oppose the landing of British forces at the southern city of Basra.
	www.historyguy.com /anglo-iraq_wars.html (616 words)

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