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	Block cipher - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cryptography, a block cipher is a symmetric key cipher which operates on fixed-length groups of bits, termed blocks, with an unvarying transformation.
		Block ciphers can be contrasted with stream ciphers; a stream cipher operates on individual digits one at a time, and the transformation varies during the encryption.
		An early and highly influential block cipher design was the Data Encryption Standard (DES), developed at IBM and published as a standard in 1977.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Block_cipher (937 words)

	Iraqi block cipher - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cryptography, the Iraqi block cipher was a block cipher published in C source code form by anonymous FTP upload around July 1999, and widely distributed on Usenet.
		It is a five round unbalanced Feistel cipher operating on a 256 bit block with a 160 bit key.
		Although the comment suggests that it is Iraqi in origin, all comments, variable and function names and printed strings are in English rather than Arabic; the code is fairly inefficient (including some pointless operations), and the cipher's security is flawed.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iraqi_block_cipher (185 words)

	Block cipher modes of operation - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In cryptography, a block cipher operates on blocks of fixed length, often 64 or 128 bits.
		The cipher feedback (CFB) and output feedback (OFB) modes make the block cipher into a stream cipher: they generate keystream blocks, which are then XORed with the plaintext blocks to get the ciphertext.
		Because a block cipher works on units of a fixed size, but messages come in a variety of lengths, somemodes (mainly CBC) require that the final block be padded before encryption.
	www.world-knowledge-encyclopedia.com /?t=OFB (938 words)

	Iraqi block cipher -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It is a five round (Click link for more info and facts about unbalanced Feistel cipher) unbalanced Feistel cipher operating on a (Click link for more info and facts about 256 bit block) 256 bit block with a (Click link for more info and facts about 160 bit key) 160 bit key.
		However, like the (Click link for more info and facts about S-1 block cipher) S-1 block cipher, it is generally regarded as a (Something intended to deceive; deliberate trickery intended to gain an advantage) hoax, although of lesser quality than S-1.
		Although the comment suggests that it is Iraqi in origin, all comments, variable and function names and printed (A linear sequence of symbols (characters or words or phrases)) strings are in English rather than Arabic; the code is fairly inefficient (including some pointless operations), and the cipher's security is flawed.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/ir/iraqi_block_cipher.htm (283 words)

	Block cipher modes of operation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The disadvantage of this method is that identical plaintext blocks are encrypted to identical ciphertext blocks; it does not hide data patterns.
		Because a block cipher works on units of a fixed size, but messages come in a variety of lengths, some modes (mainly CBC) require that the final block be padded before encryption.
		Slightly more complex is the original DES method, which is to add a single one bit, followed by enough zero bits to fill out the block; if the message ends on a block boundary, a whole padding block will be added.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cipher_Block_Chaining (1174 words)

	Advanced Encryption Standard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In cryptography, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also known as Rijndael, is a block cipher adopted as an encryption standard by the US government, and is expected to be used worldwide and analysed extensively, as was the case with its predecessor, the Data Encryption Standard (DES).
		The cipher was developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, and submitted to the AES selection process under the name "Rijndael", a portmanteau comprised of the names of the inventors.
		Block sizes of 128, 160, 192, 224, and 256 bits are supported by The Rijndael algorithm, but only the 128-bit block size is specified in the AES standard.
	www.peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Advanced_Encryption_Standard (1735 words)

	Block cipher -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In (Act of writing in code or cipher) cryptography, a block cipher is a (Click link for more info and facts about symmetric key) symmetric key (A person of no influence) cipher which operates on fixed-length groups of bits, termed blocks, with an unvarying transformation.
		Block ciphers can be contrasted with (Click link for more info and facts about stream cipher) stream ciphers; a stream cipher operates on individual digits one at a time, and the transformation varies during the encryption.
		The distinction between the two types is not always clear-cut: a block cipher, when used in certain (Click link for more info and facts about modes of operation) modes of operation, acts effectively as a stream cipher.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bl/block_cipher.htm (1194 words)

	ipedia.com: Block cipher Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Block sizess are typically 64 or 128 bits, though some ciphers have a variable block size.
		Lucifer is considered by many to be the first civilian block cipher, developed at IBM in the 1970s based on work done by Horst Feistel.
		The technique is called differential cryptanalysis and remains one of the few general attacks against block ciphers; linear cryptanalysis is another, but was probably unknown, even to NSA, prior to its publication by Mitsuru Matsui.
	www.ipedia.com /block_cipher.html (627 words)

	Advanced Encryption Standard - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In cryptography, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES),also known as Rijndael, is a block cipher adopted as an encryption standard by the USgovernment, and is expected to be used worldwide and analysed extensively, as was the case with its predecessor, the Data Encryption Standard (DES).
		The cipher was developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Joan Daemen and VincentRijmen, and submitted to the AES selection process under the name "Rijndael", a portmanteau comprised of the names of the inventors.
		The most common way to attack block ciphers is to try various attacks on versions of the cipher with a reduced number ofrounds.
	www.free-web-encyclopedia.com /?t=AES (1297 words)

	Cipher Block Chaining
		Cipher block chaining (CBC) is a mode of operation for a block cipher (one in which a sequence of bits are encrypted as a single unit or block with a cipher key applied to the entire block).
		Cipher block chaining uses what is known as an initialization vector (IV) of a certain length.
		One of its key characteristics is that it uses a chaining mechanism that causes the decryption of a block of ciphertext to depend on all the preceding ciphertext blocks.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/cipher_block_chaining_1 (300 words)

	MMB - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In cryptography, MMB (Modular Multiplication-based Blockcipher) is a block cipher designed by Joan Daemen as an improved replacement for the IDEA cipher.
		Weaknesses in the key schedule were identified by EliBiham, and this, together with the fact that the cipher had not been designed to resist linear cryptanalysis, meant that other designs were pursued instead, such as 3-Way.
		Daemen, R. Govaerts, and J. Vandewalle, "Block Ciphers Based on Modular Arithmetic, " Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on:State and Progress of Research in Cryptography, Fondazione Ugo Bordoni, 1993, pp.
	www.world-knowledge-encyclopedia.com /?t=MMB (115 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A single sheave mounted in a block and fixed in place simply changes the direction of force exerted on the rope passing over it.
		The region was held by the Seljuk Turks in the 11th cent., by the Mongols from the 13th to 15th cent., and then by the Safavid and Ottoman Empires.
		Block Island Block Island, 7 mi (11.2 km) long and 3.5 mi (5.6 km) wide, off S R.I. at the eastern entrance to Long Island Sound.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Iraqi+block+cipher (554 words)

	RC5 - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		RC5 is a block cipher notable for its simplicity.
		The original suggested choice of parameters were a block size of 64 bits, a 128-bitkey and 12 rounds.
		A key feature of RC5 is the use of data-dependent rotations; one of the goals of RC5 was to prompt the study and evaluation ofsuch operations as a cryptographic primitive.
	www.encyclopedia-of-knowledge.com /?t=RC5 (328 words)

	Data Encryption Standard - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		DES is the archetypal block cipher — an algorithm that takes afixed-length string of plaintext bits and transforms it through a series ofcomplicated operations into another ciphertext bitstring of the same length.
		Like other block ciphers, DES must be used in a mode of operation if applied to a message longer than 64 bits.
		Before the main rounds, the block is divided into two 32-bit halves andprocessed alternately; this criss-crossing is known as the Feistelscheme.
	www.free-web-encyclopedia.com /?t=DES (3404 words)

	Talk: Cryptography - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		ciphers have the potential to be vastly different algorithmically; codes are always performed by table lookup.
		I think a code and a cipher refer to two different ways of implementing a mathematical transform; codes are lookups, ciphers are procedural.
		I'm concerned that the definition of "cipher" is obscured when both "code" and "cipher" are said to be algorithms.
	talk.open-encyclopedia.com /Cryptography (11340 words)

	RC2 - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The development of RC2 was sponsored by Lotus, who were seeking a custom cipher that, after evaluation by the NSA, could be exported as part of their Lotus Notes software.
		After further negotiations, the cipher was approved for export in 1989.
		RC2 is a 64-bit block cipher with a variable size key.
	open-encyclopedia.com /RC2 (325 words)

	RC5 -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		RC5 is a (Click link for more info and facts about block cipher) block cipher notable for its simplicity.
		The original suggested choice of parameters were a block size of 64 bits, a 128-bit key and 12 rounds.
		A key feature of RC5 is the use of data-dependent rotations; one of the goals of RC5 was to prompt the study and evaluation of such operations as a cryptographic primitive.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/R/RC/RC51.htm (413 words)

	xtea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The cipher's designers were David Wheeler and Roger Needham of the Cambridge Computer Laboratory, and the algorithm was presented in an unpublished technical report in 1997 (Needham and Wheeler, 1997).
		Like TEA, XTEA is a 64-bit block Feistel network with a 128-bit key and a suggested 64 rounds.
		Presented along with XTEA was a variable-width block cipher termed Block TEA, which uses the XTEA round function but applies it cyclically across an entire message for several iterations.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /xtea.html (341 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Attacks have been developed for block ciphers and stream ciphers.
		Linear cryptanalysis is one of two widely applicable attacks on block ciphers; the other being differential cryptanalysis.
		The discovery of linear cryptanalysis is attributed to Mitsuru Matsui, who first applied the technique to the FEAL cipher (Matsui and Yamagishi, 1992).
	www.alanaditescili.net /index.php?title=Linear_cryptanalysis (209 words)

	Learn more about Cryptography in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Later, Hebrew scholars made use of simple substitution ciphers (such as the Atbash cipher) beginning perhaps around 500 to 600 BCE.
		Herodutus tells us of secret messages physically concealed beneath wax on wooden tablets or as a tattoo on a slave's head concealed by regrown hair (see secret writing; these are not properly examples of cryptography).
		The Romans certainly did (eg, the Caesar cipher and its variations).
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /c/cr/cryptography_1.html (4042 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The ciphers were developed based on a body of work analysing DES, and are very similar to DES in structure.
		Like DES, it is a 16-round Feistel cipher and has a similar general structure, but differs in the choice of the particular S-boxes, the "P-permutation", and the "Expansion permutation".
		Consequently these ciphers should be viewed as academic efforts to advance the field of block cipher design, rather than algorithms.
	pardus.info /index.php?title=Loki (698 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Block cipher modes of operation
		Output feedback generates the next keystream block by encrypting the last one.
		However, when proper integrity protection is used such an error will result (with high probability) in the entire message being rejected - if resistance to random error is desirable, error-correcting codes should be applied after encryption.
		AEAD block cipher modes of operation such as IACBC, IAPM, OCB, EAX, and CWC mode directly provide both encryption and authentication.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Cipher_feedback (1156 words)

	3-Way -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The figure 96 arises from the use of three 32 bit (A unit of language that native speakers can identify) words in the algorithm, from which also is derived the (A person of no influence) cipher's name.
		When 3-Way was invented, 96-bit keys and blocks were quite strong, but more recent ciphers have a 128-bit block, and few now have keys shorter than 128 bits.
		Daemen, R. Govaerts, J. Vandewalle, "A New Approach to Block Cipher Design," Fast Software Encryption 1994, Volume 809 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/3/3/3-Way1.htm (171 words)

	MMB - Indopedia, the Indological knowledgebase
		In cryptography, MMB (Modular Multiplication-based Block cipher) is a block cipher designed by Joan Daemen as an improved replacement for the IDEA cipher.
		Weaknesses in the key schedule were identified by Eli Biham, and this, together with the fact that the cipher had not been designed to resist linear cryptanalysis, meant that other designs were pursued instead, such as 3-Way.
		J. Daemen, R. Govaerts, and J. Vandewalle, "Block Ciphers Based on Modular Arithmetic, " Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on: State and Progress of Research in Cryptography, Fondazione Ugo Bordoni, 1993, pp.
	www.indopedia.org /MMB.html (230 words)

	[cssn] Iraqi Thoughts on Anti-War Protests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		I have treated many Iraqi soldiers and brave anti-war activists suffering from severe ear infections with life-threatening consequences, after being subjected to this perverse form of mutilation at the Al-Amarah military hospital.
		I was a medical intern at the hospital, located in the southern part of Iraq from 1994 until 1996, and was a sad witness to this atrocity.
		During the widespread Iraqi uprising of March 1991, Iraqis welcomed the victorious allied forces and took up arms against the totalitarian regime of Hussein.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/cssn/cssn-list/2003/03/00046.html (741 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		) is a block cipher invented by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen.
		The design, published in 1997, is a forerunner to the Rijndael algorithm, which has been adopted as the Advanced Encryption Standard.
		The structure of Square is a Substitution-Permutation network with eight rounds, operating on 128-bit blocks and using a 128-bit key.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=Square_(cipher) (125 words)

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