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Topic: Iraqi opposition

	CFR
		Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP): One of two main Kurd opposition parties, the KDP is led by Massoud Barzani and is based in the northwestern part of Iraq’s Kurdish autonomous region bordering Turkey.
		Iraqi National Accord (INA): The INA is made up primarily of former military and security officials drawn from Saddam Hussein’s Baath Party.
		A similar meeting was convened in the Kurdish-controlled northern Iraqi town of Salahuddin in 1992, when some 200 delegates from about 30 parties pledged to oust Saddam and establish a democratic, unified state based on a federal structure.
	www.cfr.org /background/background_iraq_opposition.php (754 words)

	U.S. Support for the Iraqi Opposition
		On December 17, 2002, a long-delayed conference of the Iraqi opposition in exile concluded in London.
		U.S. support for Iraqi opposition groups has become primarily an exercise in "public diplomacy" aimed at showing American and international critics of the administration's push for "regime change" that Iraqis want to be liberated from the grip of Saddam Hussein and the ruling Baath Party.
		Defectors from the Iraqi Army, touting their contacts who still command strategic posts, argue that the best way to forestall postwar revenge attacks is to encourage a coup--in which case numerous officers stained by the current regime's depredations may never be investigated.
	www.ccmep.org /2003_articles/Iraq/010803_us_support.htm (3913 words)

	USATODAY.com - Iraqi opposition groups fight each other (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		While the Iraqi groups — split along ethnic, tribal, religious and political lines — are close to agreeing to democratic principles, infighting over who would be in charge in the face of regime change is threatening the plan, to be presented at a conference meant to highlight unity among Saddam's foes.
		The 100-page paper is the product of months of negotiations among the Iraqi opposition parties, which operate mostly in exile and are united only by their desire to topple Saddam.
		Another area of friction is that all six Iraqi opposition groups are trying to stack conference seats reserved for "independents" with their own supporters.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2002-11-26-iraqi-opposition_x.htm (1383 words)

	James S. Robbins on Iraq on National Review Online
		The ethnic opposition groups may be interested in fighting a separatist war, but they must be disabused of this notion from the beginning.
		The third major group, the nascent internal opponents, are those Iraqi citizens who are not organized enemies of the regime but members of that large group of people who can be counted on to take action — or at least be neutral — should the opportunity arise to do so in relative safety.
		The largest are the masses of poor Iraqis who blame Saddam for two decades of suffering, either directly as a consequence of the brutality of his regime, or indirectly, based on international responses to his behavior, especially the economic sanctions which have fallen hardest on them.
	www.nationalreview.com /contributors/robbins021902.shtml (1605 words)

	Middle East Report Online: Assessing the Iraqi Opposition, by Faleh A. Jabar
		Almost all the major Iraqi opposition parties -- old and new -- were represented on the INC's executive committee at the beginning, giving it an air of legitimacy it has never recovered.
		But the greatest obstacle these historical opposition forces encountered was the Iraq-Iran war, which provided the regime with its most powerful instrument of mass control: Iraqi nationalism.
		Iraqi travellers to Jordan, and defectors to the Kurdish regions, also tell tales of violent behavior on the rampage.
	www.merip.org /mero/mero032301.html (1863 words)

	The Iraqi Opposition's Evolution: From Conflict to Unity?
		Yet while opposition to Ba'th rule gathered momentum, opposition forces were plagued by fragmentation and disarray, partly due to the regime's ruthless suppression and its ability to exploit internal dissent and rivalry.
		During this period, the opposition consisted mainly of the Kurdish movement led by the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), the Iraqi Communist Party, the Arab nationalists and the Islamic movement, led by the Da'wa party.
		It is noteworthy that the distribution of the opposition conformed to a great extent with the ethnic and sectarian division of the country, with the Sunni Kurds in the north, the mainly Sunni nationalists in the center, and the Shi'a Islamists in the south.
	www.iraqfoundation.org /studies/2002/dec/10_oppositions.html (7690 words)

	"The United States and the Iraqi National Congress" (April 2001)
		In 1990 and 1991 their focus was on changing the Iraqi regime through a coup and they maintained that US dealings with Iraq's Shi'ite and Kurdish opposition leaders were incompatible with that outcome.
		When the ban on official US contacts with the Iraqi opposition became publicly known in late March 1991 - after three weeks of widespread popular revolts - it was reversed the next day.
		He and other Iraqi officers would have been able to assume control of their areas and they were extremely disappointed when the INC operations stooped.
	www.meib.org /articles/0104_ir1.htm (4491 words)

	Arab Gateway: the Iraqi opposition
		An offshoot of the Iraqi National Accord which claims to have been involved in several failed coup attempts (including one which was allegedly sabotaged by the CIA).
		An umbrella organisation, nominally embracing all major opposition groups - though it is plagued by internal divisions and many view it as a vehicle for the ambitions of its leader, Dr Ahmad Chalabi.
		In 1996 it collaborated with the Iraqi army in an attempt to destroy its Kurdish rival, the PUK, but the two groups are at present cohabiting.
	www.al-bab.com /arab/countries/iraq/opposition.htm (1428 words)

	Iraqi opposition groups and individuals
		Iraqi Communist Party (ICP, al-Hizb al-Shuyu'i al-Iraqi): Established in 1934, and came to significance in the early 1940s when it was tolerated to a greater extent due to the Soviet Union's joining with the Allies in WWII.
		Participates in "Group of 4" meetings (with INA, PUK and KDP) to coordinate opposition outside the framework of the INC; and established its dominance at the London conference of December 2002, reflected in the scale of its representation on the follow-up committee.
		Bara'a al-Rubay'i (former vice-director of the Iraqi infantry), Brig-Gen Ahmad al-Samarra'i, Col Adl al-Juburi, Maj-Gen Khalid al-Ubaydi, and Brig-Gen Imad al-Ansari.
	www.mafhoum.com /press4/135S27.htm (10934 words)

	The Iraqi Opposition
		Former crown prince of Jordan Prince Al-Hassan's attendance at an opposition conference in London in December 2002, in the company of Chalabi, was considered a clear signal that the return of the monarchy may be an option in the new Iraq.
		The no-fly zones established in 1991 to protect the Kurds in the north and the Shia in the south have deepened the sense of sectarian division among the Iraqi opposition.
		The US has come to realise that this opposition, which has been mainly based outside Iraq, has not been quickly able to establish a strong presence on the domestic scene, lacks leadership figures of national renown and is weakened by internal divisions.
	www.siyassa.org.eg /esiyassa/ahram/2003/7/1/FILE3.HTM (1052 words)

	Iraqi opposition group recruits exiled officers
		The Iraqi National Congress is trying to bring the exiled dissident soldiers together this month to discuss a future command structure for the army.
		The opposition group is only looking for a military leader, but it’s natural to think one of the generals might be destined for a bigger role given that Iraq’s security forces traditionally have played a major role in politics and that the civilian opposition is weakened by infighting.
		One potential military leader being touted in Iraqi opposition circles is Gen. Nizar al-Khazraji, a former chief of staff and a hero of the 1980-1988 Iraq-Iran war, who is now seeking asylum in Denmark.
	www.showmenews.com /2002/Mar/20020313News015.asp (854 words)

	Asia Times
		On Sunday, six exiled Iraqi opposition groups settled a feud that had delayed a meeting to discuss their possible role in toppling Saddam Hussein, according to an Iraqi dissident.
		While such measures are broadly supported by the main groups of Iraqi dissidents and by officials in Washington, the report's recommendations for a transitional government have become the focus of bitter controversy.
		However, the smaller opposition groups, including two Kurdish parties, fear that their role would become marginal if the proposals were enacted, and are vigorously opposing them.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Middle_East/DK19Ak02.html (940 words)

	Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Opposition sources say Najaf is controlled by the people after five days of fighting, but besieged by Republican Guard.
		Opposition sources said they had reliable reports that President Saddam had not yet deployed chemical weapons against the rebels, but were convinced he would do so unless the allied powers deterred him.
		Opposition spokesmen said his statement came after they had repeatedly put to the State Department and Senate committees the question: "How would the United States react were Saddam to use chemical weapons against his own people?" They said they were still waiting for a reply.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~irdp/ref/ref04.html (2792 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Middle East \| Who's who in Iraqi opposition
		They include semi-autonomous Iraqi Kurdish groups in the north, Shia Muslim groups in the south, senior army officers who have defected, and the Iraqi National Congress (INC) which says it acts as an umbrella for numerous other exiled opposition groups.
		The Iraqi National Accord consists mainly of military and security defectors and supports the idea that the US should try to foster a coup from within the Iraqi army.
		The Iraqi president deployed troops in the north in response.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/middle_east/1881381.stm (1180 words)

	Meeting of Iraqi Opposition Leaders
		Iraqi opposition leaders met today at the State Department with Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Marc Grossman and Under Secretary of Defense (Policy) Douglas J. Feith.
		The United States and the Iraqi opposition share a vision of a better future for the Iraqi people after the departure of Saddam Hussein and his regime.
		Our vision is for a democratic Iraq with a government that respects the rights of its citizens and the rule of law, no longer threatens its neighbors, renounces the development and possession of weapons of mass destruction, and maintains the territorial integrity of the country.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/prs/ps/2002/12548.htm (238 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Washington upbeat about Iraqi opposition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		He said the groups had agreed to a meeting of the Iraqi National Assembly, the opposition parliament in exile, in the next two months to forge the opposition's overall strategy and prepare for the post-Hussein era.
		However, two of the main opposition groups, the Iranian-backed Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq and the Iraqi Communist Party did not take part in the recent discussions, arguing that a US-led rebellion would not be the best way to bring about the overthrow of Hussein.
		Even more worrying to the other opposition groups is the fact that the KDP maintains ties with Baghdad, which raises doubts as to whether it would participate in efforts to oust the regime.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /1999/425/re4.htm (876 words)

	Online NewsHour: Iraqi Opposition -- February 27, 2003
		A report on attempts by Iraqi opposition groups to form a body that could act as a transitional government.
		Today the Iraqi opposition issued a statement saying that they would all send a delegation to Ankara to talk to the Turks about respecting the sovereignty of this country and its territorial integrity.
		Now the Iraqi opposition as a whole has embraced this Kurdish cause and says the sanctity, the territory of Iraq cannot be breached; we must all pull together as Iraqis to make sure that the American liberation does not result in the domination of northern Iraq by Turkey.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/middle_east/jan-june03/opposition_2-27.html (655 words)

	Asia Times
		Yet while opposition to Ba'ath rule gathered momentum, opposition forces were plagued by fragmentation and disarray, partly due to the regime’s ruthless suppression and its ability to exploit internal dissent and rivalry.
		It is noteworthy that the distribution of the opposition conformed to a great extent with the ethnic and sectarian division of the country, with the Sunni Kurds in the north, the mainly Sunni nationalists in the center, and the Shi'ite Islamists in the south.
		In addition, he called on Iraqis to confront the foreign aggression and to seek to establish Islamic rule in Iraq.(37) This statement underscored SCIRI's intimate relationship with Iran, which considered the United States to be the "Great Satan" to be confronted first.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Middle_East/EA18Ak04.html (7713 words)

	NOW with Bill Moyers. Politics & Economy. Who's Who in the Iraqi Opposition \| PBS
		In December of 2002, a number of Iraqi opposition groups met to discuss post-Hussein Iraq — included were Shia Muslims, Kurds, monarchists, Turcomans, Assyrians and others.
		The Iraqi National Accord's membership is primarily made up of defectors from the Iraqi military and security services.
		Although both groups were members of the Iraqi National Congress, they fought bitterly in 1996 over control of Kurdish Iraq, the KDP even solicited assistance from the Iraqi army.
	www.pbs.org /now/politics/iraqiopposition.html (765 words)

	Pravda.RU The Americans are fed up with the Iraqi opposition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The opposition has surely spent the money, but there was a problem with the report about how they spent it.
		That decision was really made, in spite of the fact that the Iraqi opposition had a considerable support in the US Congress.
		The Iraqi opposition plays a key role there, since it is the opposition that is supposed to overthrow Hussein.
	english.pravda.ru /main/2002/01/08/25037.html (1939 words)

	IRAQI OPPOSITION
		But the overarching objective of the meeting was to unite a broad range of separate and often fractious opposition groups into a strong, streamlined force.
		I think we have put the lie to the supposition that the Iraqi opposition cannot be united.
		We are here today to show you that the Iraqi opposition, the Iraqi people, are united and that they are working together and will continue to work together to fight the regime.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/news/iraq/1999/991101-iraq1.htm (549 words)

	Iraqi News - Special reports: videos, biographies, opposition groups, political parties, organizations, places and more
		Zoom in on the Iraqi cities and territories at the crux of the dispute between domestic factions, the Baath Party government and the United Nations.
		Taken from the Iraqi television, this movie shows military activity and parades.
		This movie shows a Hamas gathering in which Iraqi funds were distributed to families of terrorists.
	www.iraqinews.com /specials.shtml (189 words)

	On the London's Iraqi opposition conference
		The Iraqi opposition conference which was held in London on December 15- 16 seemed to have failed to maintain an agreement on details concerning the coming phase.
		These figures were assigned to perform tasks relating to the provisional period after the collapse of the Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and before founding the new regime which is agreed to be federal democratic.
		The participants in the conference adopted the same former representation agreed in the Iraqi opposition conference which was held in 1992 in Salah Eddine, Kurdistan, which is 66% for the Arabs (Sunni and Shiite), 25 % for the Kurds; 6% for the Turkmans and 3% for the Assurs, according to sources at the conference.
	www.arabicnews.com /ansub/Daily/Day/021218/2002121818.html (468 words)

	U.S. Needs to Screen Iraqi Opposition Allies (Human Rights Watch Press release, New York, November 21, 2002)
		Al-Khazraji appeared in court in the town of Soroe on November 19, and was charged with violating articles 146 and 147 of the Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilians in Time of War.
		During the court hearing Tuesday, he was accused of responsibility for crimes perpetrated against the Kurdish population through measures not justifiable by military necessity in the context of the Iran-Iraq war.
		The assault on the Kurds was also marked by the use of chemical weapons, which reached its peak in March 1988, where in the town of Halabja alone, some 5,000 persons died from chemical gas attacks.
	www.hrw.org /press/2002/11/iraq-denmark.htm (595 words)

	U.S. Will Aid Iraqi Opposition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The opposition leaders, newly united under the Iraqi National Congress, had said they planned to seek U.S. military protection for their efforts to overthrow Saddam.
		Six representatives of the INC, which had disintegrated in squabbling among opposition groups until it agreed to reunify in April, were joined at the meeting by members of Iraq's Kurdish minority and other Arabs.
		The largest Shiite opposition group, it apparently did not want to be seen as cooperating with the United States.
	www.iraqcmm.org /cmm/clari-990525.html (343 words)

	The Iraqi Communist Party...English pagge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Iraqi Communist Party: No to War Option and Dictatorship Solidarity with Iraqi People for Freedom and Democracy
		This letter has been sent by the Coordination Committee of Iraqi Opposition in Austria to the Swiss Authorities, urging them to expel Berzan Al Tikrit from Switzerland, or to bring him to justice on account of crimes against humanity and in accordance with the Resolution passed by the European Parliament this year.
		This letter has been sent now by the Coordination Committee of the Iraqi Opposition in Austria to the French Ambassador.
	www.iraqcp.org /framse1 (1895 words)

	IRAQI WAR DEBATE - 2002/2004
		Outlines reasons by the International Atomic Energy Agency determined the Iraqi documents showing a purchase agreement of uranium from Niger were forged
		Includes admissions of Iraqi cooperation and Iraqi promises of further cooperation, including national legislation and encouraging scientists to meet with inspectors
		The Iraqi Mission to the United Nations is also unavailable as of March 26, 2003
	www.lib.umich.edu /govdocs/iraqwar.html (7325 words)

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