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	Irene Pepperberg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Irene Pepperberg (born April 1, 1949, Brooklyn, New York) is a scientist noted for her studies in animal cognition, particularly in relation to parrots.
		Irene Pepperberg is a professor of psychology at Brandeis University and a visiting fellow at the MIT media lab.
		Pepperberg and her colleagues have sought to show that Alex can differentiate meaning and syntax, so that his use of vocal communication is unlike the relatively inflexible forms of "instinctive" communication that are widespread in the animal kingdom.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Irene_Pepperberg (381 words)

	wiki/Irene Pepperberg Definition / wiki/Irene Pepperberg Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Irene Pepperberg is a scientist, noted for her studies in animal cognition particularly in relation to parrotsA parrot is any of the many birds belonging to the family Psittacidae.
		Irene Pepperberg is a professor at the University of Arizona The University of Arizona is an institution of higher learning located in Tucson, Arizona.
		Pepperberg and her colleagues have sought to show that Alex can differentiate meaning and syntax In linguistics, syntax is the study of the rules, or "patterned relations", that govern the way the words in a sentence come together.
	www.elresearch.com /wiki/Irene_Pepperberg (749 words)

	Irene Pepperberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Irene Pepperberg is noted for her studies in animal cognition particularly in relation to parrots.
		Irene Pepperberg is a professor at the University of Arizona, currently (2003) a visiting fellow at the MIT media lab in Boston, MA.
		Although parrots have long been known for their capacities in vocal mimicry, Pepperberg set out to show that their vocal behaviour could have the characteristics of human language.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/i/ir/irene_pepperberg.html (319 words)

	Irene Pepperberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Irene Pepperberg is a professor at the University ofArizona, currently (as of 2003) a visiting fellow at the MIT media lab in Boston, MA.
		Pepperberg and her colleagues have sought to showthat Alex can differentiate meaning and syntax, so that his use of vocal communicationis unlike the relatively inflexible forms of " instinctive " communication that are widespread in the animal kingdom.
		Irene Pepperberg is also active in wildlife conservation, especially inrelation to parrots.
	www.therfcc.org /irene-pepperberg-88510.html (316 words)

	Harvard University Press/The Alex Studies/Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Irene Maxine Pepperberg is Associate Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Associate Professor of Psychology, and Affiliate in the Program in Neuroscience at the University of Arizona.
		What distinguishes the work of Pepperberg from that of the majority of researchers working with language- trained apes is that she is truly interested in the underlying cognitive processes involved in her subject's behaviour.
		Irene Pepperberg's studies of Alex are some of the most remarkable and significant in the whole field of animal cognition.
	www.hup.harvard.edu /reviews/PEPALE_R.html (561 words)

	CSBi :: Irene Pepperberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Teaching: Pepperberg has previously taught courses in cognitive ethology, animal-human communication, and animal behavior; the goal has been to provide information for students who are unaware of the complexity of animal intelligence and the use of animals as cognitive model
		Pepperberg, I.M., and Lynn, S.K. Perceptual consciousness in Grey parrots.
		Pepperberg, I.M., and Sherman, D. Proposed use of two-part interactive modeling as a means to increase functional skills in children with a variety of disabilities.
	csbi.mit.edu /faculty/Members/IrenePepperberg (435 words)

	APS Observer
		Irene Pepperberg, of the University of Arizona, has been studying the complex cognitive abilities and sophisticated communication capacity of a nonhuman animal for several decades.
		Pepperberg reasoned that these birds might learn more effectively in a social situation, because they regularly engage in spontaneous vocalization, and tend to "duet" in a call-and-response manner in the wild.
		Pepperberg controlled for the degree of reward associated with each of the training tasks, so it would seem that operant conditioning alone cannot account for the success of the model-rival technique.
	www.psychologicalscience.org /observer/0701/parrots.html (902 words)

	Science Show - 23/02/2002: Bird Brain can be a Compliment
		Irene Pepperberg: Yeah, well one of the things we do is, for example, we will have a tray filled with red and blue balls and blocks and we’ll ask him how many red blocks.
		Irene Pepperberg: Because of the work that was done earlier in Germany in the 40’s and 50’s so I didn’t have to replicate a lot of the basic work.
		Irene Pepperberg: Well, theory of mind in itself is extremely complicated and all of the experiments that are done for theory of mind had bedevilled us and we can always come up with alternative explanations.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/science/ss/stories/s487635.htm (1612 words)

	Spectrum Winter 2001 - In This Issue
		Irene Pepperberg says that Arthur, an African Gray parrot, is so smart that she and a group of students at the Media Lab are teaching him to go online.
		Irene Pepperberg, a noted expert on parrot communication, is shown here with her African Gray parrots Alex, age 24; Griffin, age 5 1/2; and Arthur, age 2.
		Pepperberg, a visiting associate professor who graduated from MIT with a degree in chemistry in 1969, says that on many tasks African Gray parrots are as intelligent as chimpanzees and dolphins and some have the cognitive skills of a five-year-old child — not in terms of language, but in terms of problem solving.
	web.mit.edu /giving/spectrum/winter01/smart-talk.html (884 words)

	[No title]
		Pepperberg bought Alex at a garden-variety pet store in Chicago when he was about a year old with the idea of studying him.
		Pepperberg had been away for three weeks at M.I.T., where she is a visiting professor this year.
		Pepperberg said, is that Alex "is a nonmammal, nonprimate, with a brain the size of a walnut." And Alex's accomplishments, she added, show that "animal intelligence is more widespread than we thought." Dr.
	www.cs.wisc.edu /~dbs/ifmud/alex-nyt.txt (1820 words)

	The Alex Foundation
		Pepperberg's interest in studying parrot intelligence formally began in 1973, when, while working on her doctorate in chemistry, she would relax in the evenings by watching the television science series, Nova.
		Pepperberg wanted to be able to show that intelligence is not limited to chimpanzees and dolphins, but can be demonstrated in birds as well.
		Pepperberg is currently working with Alex on his abilities to distinguish "middleness", which is the ability to pick out an object which is not bigger or smaller but middle-sized.
	www.theaviary.com /s1295-03.shtml (816 words)

	ACP - Birds > Alex Speaks
		Irene Pepperberg, of the University of Arizona, set out in the spring of 1977 to use the ability of parrots to speak as a tool in understanding what they have to say.
		Pepperberg attempted to prevent Alex from relying on this kind of all-at-once perception of number with a strategy similar to one used with humans.
		Pepperberg and her students then began to ask Alex “How many blue cups?” or “How many orange keys?” For each test, the experimenters had arranged the objects so they could test Alex on a particular number, starting from one object that met the criteria and advancing to six.
	acp.eugraph.com /birds/alex.html (630 words)

	Catalyst: Bird Brain - ABC TV Science
		But when Dr Irene Pepperberg began her language studies, her colleagues thought that was impossible for a parrot.
		Irene Pepperberg: The idea was that people would either use animals like chimpanzes that are genetically related to humans, or they would use animals like dolphins that were large brained.
		Irene Pepperberg: We really need to appreciate what they can do and continue the work, because until we push them as far as we can, we won’t know the full extent of what they are able to accomplish.
	www.abc.net.au /catalyst/stories/s569163.htm (1124 words)

	Wired News: Parrot Proves It's No Birdbrain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pepperberg said she decided to work with gray parrots partly because they're known for clear vocalizations that make them great talkers.
		Pepperberg and her students have taught Alex things using a technique called model/rival, which was originally developed by Dietmar Todt, a German expert in ethology, the study of animal behavior.
		Pepperberg said he knew it in the sense of absence from a study he'd been involved in on determining differences and similarities between objects -- but this use was unique.
	www.wired.com /news/print/0,1294,68226,00.html (1071 words)

	Irene Pepperberg - Wikipedia
		Irene M. Pepperberg ist eine Wissenschaftlerin an der University of Arizona.
		Irene Pepperbergs Studien mit dem Graupapagei Alex gelten als ein Meilenstein der Sprachforschung.
		Irene Pepperberg ist gleichermaßen im Schutz wildlebender Papageien engagiert.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Irene_Pepperberg (121 words)

	Encyclopedia: Irene Pepperberg
		A mimic is any species that has evolved to appear similar to another successful species in order to dupe predators into avoiding the mimic, or dupe prey into approaching the mimic.
		Alex is an African grey parrot whose use of language has been studied intensively for over 20 years by animal psychologist Irene Pepperberg, initially at the University of Arizona and currently at Brandeis University.
		Animal communication is any behaviour on the part of one animal that has an effect on the current or future behaviour of another animal.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Irene-Pepperberg (931 words)

	ParrotChronicles.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pepperberg speaks widely on her research at animal behavior conferences and other forums.
		Pepperberg attributes her current financial difficulties to the scientific community’s continued resistance to the idea of a bird that can think.
		Pepperberg gives partial credit to her parents, a homemaker and an elementary school teacher, for bringing home a parakeet when she was 4 ½.
	www.parrotchronicles.com /fall2001/parrotpeople.htm (1554 words)

	CPS 1994- Studies to Determine the Intelligence of African Grey Parrots by Irene M. Pepperberg, Ph.D.
		Pepperberg, I.M.: A communicative approach to animal cognition: A study of conceptual abilities of an African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus).
		Pepperberg, I.M.: Cognition in the African Grey parrot: Preliminary evi dence for auditory/vocal comprehension of the class concept.
		Pepperberg is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Arizona, Tucson.
	www.silvio-co.com /cps/articles/1994/1994pepperberg1.htm (5427 words)

	The Alex Foundation Home Page
		Pepperberg, I.M. Social influences on the acquisition of human-based codes in parrots and nonhuman primates.
		Pepperberg, I.M. (1992) Proficient performance of a conjunctive, recursive task by an African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus).
		Pepperberg, I.M. and Schinke-Llano, L. Language acquisition and use in a bilingual environment: A framework for studying birdsong in zones of sympatry.
	www.alexfoundation.org /irene.htm (803 words)

	UA professor honored for research on Grey Parrots - April 19, 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Irene Pepperberg, an associate professor in ecology and evolutionary biology with a joint appointment in psychology, was recently awarded the 2000 Selby Fellowship from the Australian Academy of Sciences and was named a Fellow of the American Psychological Association.
		Pepperberg, who has been researching for almost 23 years, is funded by the National Science and Alex Foundations.
		Pepperberg is currently a visiting professor at the Massachusetts Institutes of Technology until August 2000.
	wildcat.arizona.edu /papers/93/139/01_5_m.html (479 words)

	Irene Pepperberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Irene Pepperberg es científico, conocido para sus estudios en la cognición animal particularmente en relación a loros.
		Irene Pepperberg es profesor en la universidad del Arizona, actualmente (en fecha 2003) un compañero que visita en el laboratorio de los medios del MIT en Boston, mA.
		Pepperberg y sus colegas han intentado mostrar que Alex puede distinguir el significado y sintaxis, de modo que su uso de la comunicación vocal esté desemejante de los formularios relativamente inflexibles de la comunicación "instintiva" que son extensos en el reino animal.
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/ir/Irene%20Pepperberg.htm (324 words)

	SAF's Ask the Scientists: Irene Pepperberg
		Irene Pepperberg is Associate Professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Arizona, with joint appointment in the Department of Psychology and as an Affiliate in the Program in Neuroscience.
		Her focus is on exceptional learning: how birds acquire a code unlikely to be learned in the normal course of development; interspecies communication based on English or another avian system and the extent to which a subject acquires functional competence in this code; effect of social interaction on the development of animal-human communication in parrots.
		Although Irene's long-standing interest is interspecies communication and comparative behavior, she chose at first to train for a career in chemistry and chemical physics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she received an S.B. in chemistry, and at Harvard University, where she earned an MA in chemistry and Ph.D. in chemical physics.
	www.pbs.org /safarchive/3_ask/archive/bio/93_pepperberg_bio.html (346 words)

	Irene Pepperberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pepperberg is a Visiting Professor at the MIT Media Lab.
		Pepperberg is also affiliated with the U of A Psychology Department and that department's Ethology and Evolutionary Psychology program.
		She is also an affiliate in the U of A Program in Neuroscience.
	web.media.mit.edu /~impepper (73 words)

	Discover: polly wanna PhD?
		Until Pepperberg began this research in the 1970s, few scientists had studied intelligence in parrots, and few do today Most inquiries have instead focused on monkeys, chimpanzees, gorillas, and dolphins, all of which are much more difficult to raise, feed, and handle.
		Pepperberg especially likes parrots because, like humans, they're smart, long-lived (often up to 50 years), social animals that depend on communication for survival.
		Pepperberg is careful to point out that such experiments have stimulated Alex and Griffin to master intellectual tasks both far different from--and possibly harder than--those they might achieve in the wild.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1511/is_1_21/ai_58398804 (1474 words)

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