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Topic: Iris dilator muscle

	spur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		epithelial outgrowth of the dilator muscle of the pupil about midway in the breadth of the sphincter; part of the insertion of the dilator muscle onto the iris sphincter.
		epithelial outgrowth of the dilator muscle of the pupil at the junction of the iris and the ciliary body; part of the origin of the iris dilator muscle.
		epithelial outgrowth of the dilator muscle of the pupil at the peripheral border of the sphincter; part of the insertion of the dilator muscle onto the iris sphincter.
	www.painhealth.com /word.asp?q=39851 (119 words)

	Ocular Pathology Study Guide: IRIS
		The iris contains pigmented cells and muscle and is composed of four layers: the anterior border layer, the stroma, the dilator muscle layer and the posterior epithelium.
		The nerves of the choroid and iris are the long and short ciliary; the former being branches of the nasociliary nerve, the latter of the ciliary ganglion.
		The dilator muscle layer is composed of the contractile processes of the myoepithelial cells of the inner layer of the posterior epithelium; it extends from the base of the iris to the sphincter muscle.
	www.medrounds.org /ocular-pathology-study-guide/2005/10/iris.html (728 words)

	The Iris
		The iris, visible through the clear cornea as the colored disc inside the eye, is a thin diaphragm composed mostly of connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers.
		The iris divides the anterior compartment, the space separating the cornea and the lens, into the anterior chamber (between the cornea and the iris) and the posterior chamber (between the iris and the lens).
		Anatomical structures posterior to the iris, which also are part of the uvea, are the ciliary body (within which is the ciliary muscle which controls the shape of the crystalline lens) and the choroid (located underneath the retina and which contains the retina’s blood supply).
	www.tedmontgomery.com /the_eye/iris.html (1053 words)

	Comparative Ophthalmology Notes: Chapter 11 - Uvea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This is a region formed by the junction of the iris and cornea and is composed of pectinate ligament, trabecular meshwork and aqueous humor outflow paths.
		The pupillary membrane arises from the iris collarette; this is important in differentiating persistent pupillary membrane from iridal synechiae which usually arise from the pupillary border of the iris.
		Medulloepithelioma: This is embryonic or neonatal in onset and is derived from the primitive ciliary epithelium.
	www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu /courses/vet_eyes/conotes/con_chapter_11.html (5656 words)

	Ophthalmic Hyperguide. Neuro-ophthalmology: The Pupil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The dilator muscle originates at the iris root and lies within the cytoplasm of the anterior portion of the anterior layer of the iris pigment epithelium.
		The tonus of the dilator muscle is, for all practical purposes, independent of the light and near stimuli.
		Hydroxyamphetamine dilates the pupil by releasing norepinephrine from intact postganglionic neurons.
	www.ophthalmic.hyperguides.com /tutorials/neuro/pupil/tutorial.asp (7045 words)

	Review of Ophthalmology
		Unfortunately, because the iris dilator muscle has the same alpha-1 receptor subtype as in the prostate, it is also affected by these medications.
		The dilator muscle is weakened by the alpha-1 blocker, so it doesn’t have as much counter-traction against the pupil’s tendency to become miotic.“ Dr. Masket realized that the pupil coming down was the biggest part of the problem.
		Iris hooks are fine, but they take a fair amount of time to insert and position, and in 25 cases I’ve never had to resort to them.
	www.revophth.com /index.asp?page=1_903.htm (3534 words)

	Iris dilator muscle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The iris dilator muscle (pupil dilator muscle, pupillary dilator, radial muscle of iris, radiating fibers), is a muscle of the eye.
		Muscles of the Head — Neck — Trunk — Upper limb — Lower limb— LIST OF ALL MUSCLES
		nose: procerus - nasalis - depressor septi nasi - dilatator naris posterior - dilatator naris anterior - levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iris_dilator_muscle (255 words)

	Cholinergic inhibitory response in the bovine iris dilator muscle -- Suzuki et al. 24 (6): 760 -- Investigative ...
		Cholinergic inhibitory response in the bovine iris dilator muscle -- Suzuki et al.
		Cholinergic inhibitory response in the bovine iris dilator muscle
		be accompanied by hyperpolarization of the muscle membrane or be due to a
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/abstract/24/6/760 (292 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Evaluation of (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		-adrenoceptors in the rabbit iris: pharmacological characterization and expression of mRNA
		Concentration-response curves of isolated rabbit iris dilator muscle for noradrenaline and effects of prazosin (a) and KMD-3213 (b).
		The iris consists of four layers; anterior border layer, stroma and sphincter muscle layer, anterior epithelium and dilator muscle layer, posterior pigmented epithelium layer.
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v127/n6/full/0702675a.html (4869 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The iris serves as the aperture stop for the eye, closing to about 2mm in diameter in bright light and opening to a maximum of about 8mm in dim light.
		Unlike what is commonly believed, the iris does not change colors in an adult (except in the case of certain pathologies, such as pigment dispersion syndrome), although it may appear to do so depending upon the color of clothing a person is wearing.
		The iris is the most anterior portion of the uvea or uveal tract (also known as the tunica vasculosa or vascular tunic).
	usd316.k12.ks.us /projectfolder/nikicurr/iris.htm (657 words)

	Glaucoma Today (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A floppy iris was noted in the operative report in approximately 2% of the total eyes (16/706) and patients (10/511).
		Although the dilator muscle accounts for only a small fraction of the iris’ overall stromal thickness, the usual intraoperative rigidity of this tissue must be the result of normal muscle tone.
		Iris stretching is not effective and may exacerbate a floppy iris.
	www.glaucomatoday.com /pages/0505/05.html (2302 words)

	Medical Societies Issue Advisory to Cataract Patients Taking Prostate Medications
		Because the iris is located in front of the cataract, the pupil (opening in the iris) must be widely dilated in order to perform the surgery.
		A large pupil is obtained by using dilating drops that stimulate the iris dilator muscle.
		The iris tends to be floppy and the pupil may suddenly constrict during the middle of surgery.
	www.usaeyes.org /lasik/library/aao-prostate-flomax.htm (886 words)

	Iris - eye anatomy
		The round opening in the center of the iris is called the pupil.
		The iris is embedded with tiny muscles that dilate (widen) and constrict (narrow) the pupil size.
		The iris is flat and divides the front of the eye (anterior chamber) from the back of the eye (posterior chamber).
	www.stlukeseye.com /anatomy/Iris.asp (153 words)

	Fernandez-Durango, Mol Vis 2003; 9:103-109.
		Iris, ciliary processes, and ciliary muscles were dissected from six normal human eyes and quantitative real time RT-PCR was used to quantify the expression of ETA and ETB.
		In the iris, strong hybridization signals were obtained in sphincter muscles, stroma and blood vessels (Figure 1A).
		In the iris, specific and intense immunolabelling for ET-1 was obtained on the cytoplasm of fibroblasts and clump cells as well as on endothelial cells within blood vessels (Figure 2A).
	www.molvis.org /molvis/v9/a16 (3934 words)

	Effect of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide on Isolated Rabbit Iris Sphincter and Dilator Muscles -- ...
		The iris sphincter and dilator muscles, mounted in an organ
		Iris sphincter muscle recordings of contractile responses evoked by 70 pulses of electrical field stimuli.
		Iris dilator muscle recordings of contractile responses evoked by field stimulation with 50 pulses every 1.5 minutes Arrows: application of 10 nM (A) PACAP 27 and (B) PACAP 38.
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/43/3/780 (2620 words)

	Iris Dilator : Sirchin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		iris dilator muscle and can cause intraoperative floppy iris syndrome, a condition in which the pupil does not remain well dilated during surgery.
		iris dilator muscle, thus affecting iris dilatation and leading to complications in...
		iris dilator muscle tone,” one author said in his paper.
	iris-dilator.sirchin.com (368 words)

	Beware Floppy Iris During Phaco (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Iris retractors should be placed in a diamond configuration, as described by Oetting and Omphroy in 2002.
		The syndrome is defined by a combination of three consistent characteristics: a floppy iris that billows in response to normal intraocular fluid currents, a strong propensity to iris prolapse and progressive miosis intraoperatively.
		Some degree of dilator muscle atrophy would explain why IFIS still occurs in some patients who have been off Flomax for as long as two years.
	www.aao.org /news/eyenet/200503/news.cfm (1551 words)

	eMedicine - Leiomyoma, Iris : Article Excerpt by: Manolette R Roque, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The tumor often originates from the sphincter or less commonly from the dilator muscles.
		Structures in the iris of neuroectodermal origin believed to give rise to the tumor include the sphincter muscle and the dilator muscle.
		Iris leiomyoma is a benign intraocular smooth muscle tumor.
	www.emedicine.com /oph/byname/leiomyoma-iris.htm (289 words)

	Comparative Ophthalmology Notes: Chapter 1 - Examination of the Eye (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Sympathetic innervation of the iris is necessary to provide control of pupil size by providing constant antagonism to the sphincter via the dilator muscle.
		Pharmacologic pupillary dilatation is needed to adequately examine all intraocular structures deep to the iris.
		The primary muscle affected by this block is the orbicularis oculi, which in the horse is powerful and can impede your ability to view the eye due to forced closure of the eyelids.
	www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu /courses/vet_eyes/conotes/con_chapter_1.html (7610 words)

	Health/Fitness
		When the ciliary muscle in the ciliary body relaxes, the ciliary processes pull on the suspensory ligaments, which in turn pull on the lens capsule around its equator.
		Likewise, when the ciliary muscle works or contracts, tension is released on the suspensory ligaments, and subsequently on the lens capsule, causing both lens surfaces to become more convex again and the eye to be able to refocus at near.
		This adjustment in lens shape, to focus at various distances, is referred to as “accommodation” or the “accommodative process” and is associated with a concurrent constriction of the pupil.
	www.apnabangalore.com /html/eye_care3.html (3689 words)

	Ophthalmology Management
		Chang and Campbell wrote that their review of the pharmacologic literature suggests that the same alpha-1A receptor subtype that dominates in the prostate is also present in the iris dilator smooth muscle.
		In addition to subnormal preoperative pupil dilation, IFIS is characterized by repeated incisional prolapse of a billowing, floppy iris, causing progressive intraoperative miosis that isn't prevented by sphincterotomies and mechanical pupil stretching.
		They found that temporarily stopping the medication for 2 weeks often improved, but did not eliminate, the floppy behavior of the iris, and that in a few cases, IFIS still occurred in patients who were off Flomax for a year.
	www.ophmanagement.com /article.aspx?article=86291 (1626 words)

	Floppy Iris and Flomax (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		But as a side effect, it reduces the function of the radial iris dilator muscle, which is also specifically sensitive to alpha-1A adrenergic receptors.
		As a rule, cataract surgery is safer with a large, dilated pupil because it improves the surgical exposure.
		It not only reduces pupil dilation, but there is a loss of dilator tone combined with tissue atrophy of the iris, resulting in Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome, also known by the acronym of IFIS (Cataract and Refractive Surgery Today, April 2005, pp 64-68).
	www.eye-surgeons.net /Intraoperative_Floppy_Iris_Syndrome.htm (596 words)

	EyeWorld Magazine: January 2005
		It is characterized by repeated incisional prolapse of a floppy iris, causing progressive intra-operative miosis that is not prevented by sphincterotomies and mechanical pupil stretching.
		If disposable iris retractors are used, we favor the diamond configuration recommended by Oetting and Omphroy.2 Finally, we have tried bimanual microincisional phaco in these IFIS eyes, expecting that the tighter incisions might prevent iris prolapse.
		If the pupil is reasonably well dilated, or if iris hooks are used, the ability to keep the irrigation flow more consistently anterior to the iris plane seems to reduce iris billowing and prolapse.
	www.eyeworld.org /article.php?sid=2299 (1054 words)

	Ophthalmology Management
		IFIS during cataract surgery is characterized by: iris billowing in response to normal irrigating fluid currents; a strong tendency toward iris prolapse; and progressive miosis during the phaco and cortical irrigation/aspiration (I/A) steps.
		IFIS is characterized by iris billowing, prolapse to phaco and side port incisions, and progressive miosis during phaco.
		It is not until hydrodissection and phaco that the problems of IFIS suddenly and unexpectedly occur.
	www.ophmanagement.com /article.aspx?article=86311 (950 words)

	EMedHome.com
		Less well recognized is that weakness of Mueller's muscles in the lower lid also causes the lower lid to elevate.
		Anisocoria that increases in dim light indicates a sympathetic paresis of the iris dilator muscle.
		These fibers synapse in the cervical sympathetic ganglia and the postganglionic fibers travel along with the internal carotid artery to ultimately reach the pupillary dilator muscle and Mueller's muscle of the lid.
	www.emedhome.com /features_printfriendly.cfm?FID=137 (379 words)

	Acquired Segmental Iris Dilator Muscle Synkinesis Due to Deglutition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Background: The case of a ten-year-old boy with Horner’s syndrome and an extraordinary misinnervation of the iris dilator muscle is reported.
		The synkinesis of the pupil could not be elicited by the voluntary part of the swollowing act which requires activity of the hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerves.
		Anyway, some axons of the third neuron must be intact, because the synkinesis requires an adrenergic innervation of the iris dilator muscle.
	www.dog.org /2000/e-abstract_2000/325.html (259 words)

	<IFIS & Tamulosin HCL>
		Chang and Campbell 1 are to be commended for bringing to the attention of the medical and ophthalmic community their report of a possible, newly recognized complication of the oral medication tamsulosin hydrochloride (Flomax), the intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS).
		It is fascinating to speculate that prostatic smooth muscle shares characteristics and receptor affinity with iris dilator smooth muscle.
		Is the response to the α-1A antagonists in the prostate, in which smooth muscle growth and apoptosis occur throughout a lifetime, different from that in the iris, where the response may influence a change in the genetic expression of smooth muscle?
	www.eyelasercenter.com /PhysicianResource/IFISTamulosinHCL.htm (439 words)

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