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Topic: Iris pigment epithelium

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Iris of the eye

Pigment

Melanin

Anatomy

	The Iris
		The iris, visible through the clear cornea as the colored disc inside the eye, is a thin diaphragm composed mostly of connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers.
		The iris divides the anterior compartment, the space separating the cornea and the lens, into the anterior chamber (between the cornea and the iris) and the posterior chamber (between the iris and the lens).
		Anatomical structures posterior to the iris, which also are part of the uvea, are the ciliary body (within which is the ciliary muscle which controls the shape of the crystalline lens) and the choroid (located underneath the retina and which contains the retina’s blood supply).
	www.tedmontgomery.com /the_eye/iris.html (1053 words)

	Ocular Pathology Study Guide: IRIS
		The iris is the pigmented diaphragm separating the anterior and posterior chambers.
		The iris is a component of the uveal tract.
		The nerves of the choroid and iris are the long and short ciliary; the former being branches of the nasociliary nerve, the latter of the ciliary ganglion.
	www.medrounds.org /ocular-pathology-study-guide/2005/10/iris.html (728 words)

	Ophthalm-AUS - Oben's Ophthalmology Site
		It is a thin, contractile & pigmented diaphragm with a central aperture ie pupil, suspended in aqueous between cornea & lens separating anterior chamber from the posterior chamber.
		Iris diameter is ~ 12 mm & ~ 38 mm in circumference.
		The anterior iris epithelium is continuous with the posterior iris epithelium at the pupillary margin.
	home.iprimus.com.au /oben/iris.htm (983 words)

	Iris pigment epithelium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The iris pigment epithelium (IPE) is a two-cell thick layer of cuboidal cells lying behind the iris.
		The ciliary epithelium is continuous in its turn with the multilayered retina, which has an outermost pigmented layer, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).
		The IPE is affected by glaucoma, diabetes, and iris inflammations and atrophies of various kinds, generally responding by showing patchy thinning and depigmentation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iris_pigment_epithelium (396 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Genetic modification of glaucoma associated phenotypes between AKXD-28/Ty and DBA/2J mice
		The iris pigment dispersion and iris stromal atrophy phenotypes are caused by distinct recessive alleles at the ipd and isa loci, respectively [12].
		The IPD phenotype in D2 mice is similar to human pigment dispersion syndrome, a condition that often leads to pigmentary glaucoma [12, 13], and involves degeneration of the iris pigment epithelium [12, 14].
		IPD is characterized by deterioration of the iris pigment epithelium with accumulation of dispersed pigment and pigment filled cells in the anterior chamber and on the front of the iris and lens [12] (Figure 1e).
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2156/2/1 (7518 words)

	Pigment Dispersion Syndrome - New York Eye & Ear Infirmary
		In pigment dispersion syndrome, pigment is liberated from the iris pigment epithelium and is deposited throughout the anterior segment.
		Mechanical rubbing between the concave posterior iris surface and anterior zonular bundles is responsible for the loss of iris pigment and for the iris transillumination defects.
		The pattern of pigment loss from the iris pigment epithelium is visible during retroillumination or transillumination of the globe.
	www.nyee.edu /pigment-dispersion-syndrome.html (333 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Iris pigment epithelium
		The iris pigment epithelium (IPE) is a two-cell thick layer of cuboidal cells lying behind the iris.
		The ciliary epithelium is continuous in its turn with the multilayered retina, which has an outermost pigmented layer, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).
		The IPE is affected by glaucoma, diabetes, and iris inflammations and atrophies of various kinds, generally responding by showing patchy thinning and depigmentation.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Iris_pigment_epithelium (411 words)

	Iris Pigmentation Research Info
		The sphincter muscle of the iris (c) is slightly curved near the pupillary margin and is continuous with the anterior border layer by a thin layer of connective tissue.
		The large melanin granules of the iris pigmented epithelium are round in cross-section, measuring 0.6 um and of spindle shape in longitudinal section, measuring 1.96 um in length.
		Pupillary and marginal crypts in the iris stroma are accentuated by SEM.
	www.milesresearch.com /iris (1939 words)

	Re: What can cause a change in eye color during adolescence?
		The iris appears as the colored part of the eye and is responsible for regulating the size of the pupil, which in turn influences the amount of light that enters the eye.
		There are three main factors relating to iridial structure that may influence its color: (1) the pigment in the IPE, (2) the pigment content of the iris stroma, and (3) the cellular density of the iris stroma.
		This means that irides with little or no pigment in the iris stroma appear blue due to the reflection and scattering of blue light.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/nov2000/974095954.Ge.r.html (1205 words)

	Handbook of Ocular Disease Management - PIGMENT DISPERSION SYNDROME and PIGMENTARY GLAUCOMA
		With the slit lamp, patients with PDS and pigmentary glaucoma demonstrate bilateral liberation of iris pigment in the anterior chamber.
		Pigment dispersion occurs as a result of the proximity between the posterior iris pigment epithelium and the zonular fibers in some patients.
		Pigment dispersion syndrome in and of itself is a relatively benign condition.
	www.revoptom.com /HANDBOOK/sect4c.htm (698 words)

	(Pseudo)exfoliation Syndrome
		Exfoliation material appears to be produced by the equatorial lens epithelium, iris pigment epithelium, and non-pigmented ciliary epithelium.11,13,139,202,207,212,304-309 At these locations, it is commonly found within epithelial cells in association with abnormal basement membrane.310 The lens capsule itself appears normal, although it may contain amorphous material.
		The iris pigment epithelium and the lens surface, both coated with exfoliation material, tend to adhere, resulting in posterior synechiae, particularly when pupillary movement is inhibited by miotic therapy.
		The iris in eyes with exfoliation appears to be more rigid than in eyes without exfoliation syndrome.133,137 Exfoliation material is deposited within the iris stroma, where it may be densely concentrated.202,203,304 Iris rigidity would also explain, at least in part, the tendency to a smaller pupil and poorer dilation in eyes with exfoliation syndrome.
	www.ophthal.org /ORJ/glaucoma/pxgthesis.shtml (2564 words)

	Book Excerpt: 101 Pearls in Refractive, Cataract, and Corneal Surgery, Second Edition
		Iris prolapse is an event that may jeopardize anterior chamber and Verisyse IOL implantation into phakic eyes and usually results from viscoelastic material going under the iris.
		(B) Iris enclavation: the needle is used to fold the iris enclavate between the claws of the Artisan lens.
		Pigment deposition on the surface of an implantable contact lens (ICL) has no visual consequences, but pigmentary deposits in the angle can be of some concern because highly myopic patients are, by their nature, at increased risk of developing glaucoma.
	www.slackbooks.com /excerpts/66844/66844.asp (2521 words)

	The 1998 Torrence A Makley Jr Lecture -- Shields et al. 83 (3): 334 -- British Journal of Ophthalmology
		the iris pigment epithelium posterior to the lesion (Fig 5).
		Spontaneous congenital non-pigmented epithelial cysts of the iris stroma.
		Differentiation of adenoma of the iris pigment epithelium from iris cyst and melanoma.
	bjo.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/83/3/334 (2359 words)

	Pigment Dispersion Syndrome and Pigmentary Glaucoma: Glaucoma Service Foundation: Chat Highlights
		PDS is characterized by a disruption of the iris pigment epithelium.
		In this condition, the iris is bowed posteriorly and rubs on the zonules, which are small fibers attached to the lens.
		Actually, it is the iris pigment epithelium behind the blue part of the iris that is disrupted and deposited throughout the eye.
	www.wills-glaucoma.org /supportgroup/20060503.htm (1297 words)

	Primary iris pigment epithelial hyperplasia and glaucoma -- Bansal and Luck 86 (3): 352 -- British Journal of ...
		on the anterior surface of the iris stroma.
		epithelium overlying the stroma of the iris in an irregular
		Congenital ectropion of the iris epithelium and glaucoma.
	bjo.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/86/3/352 (1228 words)

	Eye color Summary
		Differences in iris color depends on the amount of pigmentation in the deep stroma, especially the anterior border layer, and on the density of the stroma, both of which influence how much light, and what wavelengths, are absorbed and reflected.
		Blue irises have lightly pigmented stroma, and light of longer wavelengths (red to yellow) readily penetrates the iris and is absorbed, while some light of shorter wavelength (blue) is reflected back and scattered by the iris stroma; hence the blue color.
		But, toward the middle of the nineteenth century, it had become clear that iris color was due to iris pigment, that this pigment developed soon after birth, and that the final quantity and distribution of the pigment was a hereditary trait.
	www.bookrags.com /Eye_color (1995 words)

	Iris (anatomy) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The stroma derives from mesoderm (mesenchyme); the sphincter and dilator muscles, as well as the anterior and posterior pigmented epithelium, derive from ectoderm (neural ectoderm).
		Diseases which involve the iris include: ocular albinism, aniridia, iris coloboma, iritis, iris melanoma, iris metastases and Waardenburg syndrome.
		The term is therefore not used in medicine for ocular albinism, in which the eye is otherwise healthy despite an obviously red pupil and a translucent pinkish iris due to reflected light from the fundus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iris_(anatomy) (1926 words)

	Newswise
		Scientists at Schepens Eye Research have found that the iris pigment epithelium (IPE), a thin layer of cells lining the iris of the eye, produces a molecule that disables T Cells, the cells that normally attack and kill foreign microbes invading the body.
		Newswise — Scientists at Schepens Eye Research have found that the iris pigment epithelium (IPE), a thin layer of cells lining the iris of the eye, produces a molecule that disables T Cells, the cells that normally attack and kill foreign microbes invading the body.
		The iris is the colored center of the eye that prevents too much light from entering and regulates the size of the pupil to accommodate vision over short and long distances.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view/?id=500050 (617 words)

	Glaucoma Service Foundation to Prevent Blindness: Pigmentary Glaucoma
		The pigment particles float around in the aqueous fluid and get stuck on various structures in the front part of the eye, including the cornea, lens, iris, and the trabecular meshwork in the angle.
		The diagnosis is based on the typical appearance of excessive pigment particles seen on the back surface of the cornea and in the trabecular meshwork, as well as characteristic depigmented areas of the iris.
		It is the rubbing of the iris on the lens zonules that causes the shedding of pigment from the angle.
	www.wills-glaucoma.org /supportgroup/20040519.php (1520 words)

	The National Retina Institute
		A malfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium that allows fluid to leak under the retina, causing a limited retinal detachment.
		Pigmented tissue lying behind the cornea that gives color to the eye (e.g., blue eyes) and controls amount of light entering the eye by varying the size of the pupillary opening.
		Pigment epithelial rips are often associated with macular degeneration but can also result from direct trauma to the eye.
	www.bmgnri.com /glossary.htm (1428 words)

	Gross Anatomy of the Eye
		Three chambers of fluid: Anterior chamber (between cornea and iris), Posterior chamber (between iris, zonule fibers and lens) and the Vitreous chamber (between the lens and the retina).
		The primordial optic vesicles fold back in upon themselves to form the optic cup with the inside of the cup becoming the retina and the outside remaining a single monolayer of epithelium known as the retinal pigment epithelium.
		The functional synapses are made almost exclusively in the two plexiform layers and the perikarya of the nerve cells are distributed in the three nuclear layers.
	webvision.med.utah.edu /anatomy.html (1330 words)

	Glossary of Eye-Related Terms
		Junction of the front surface of the iris and back surface of the cornea, where aqueous fluid filters out of the eye.
		Pigmented tissue lying behind the cornea that gives color to the eye (e.g., blue eyes) and controls amount of light entering the eye by varying the size of the pupillary opening.
		Pigmented layers of the eye (iris, ciliary body, choroid) that contain most of the intraocular blood vessels.
	www.eyecareamerica.org /eyecare/glossary (2768 words)

	Melanocytic tumors of the iris (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Iris nevi and melanomas presumably arise from melanocytes in the iris stroma; tumors may also arise from the iris pigment epithelium, but these are extremely rare.
		An iris nevus is a benign accumulation of abnormal melanocytic cells that characteristically displace the normal architecture of the iris sarcoma.
		With regard to tumors of the iris pigment epithelium, it is noted that such tumors, like those that arise from the ciliary and retinal pigment epithelium, are typically histologically benign, although they can be locally invasive.
	www.meb.uni-bonn.de /cgi-bin/mycite?ExtRef=ICDB/88639888 (251 words)

	eMedicine - Glaucoma, Pigmentary : Article Excerpt by: Robert Ritch, MD (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Background: Pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by disruption of the iris pigment epithelium (IPE) and deposition of pigment granules on the structures of the anterior segment.
		Pigment granule accumulation in the trabecular meshwork then leads to progressive trabecular dysfunction and ocular hypertension with or without associated glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
		Liberated pigment granules are borne by aqueous currents and deposited on the structures of the anterior segment.
	www.emedicine.com /oph/byname/glaucoma-pigmentary.htm (507 words)

	eMedicine - Glaucoma, Pigmentary : Article by Robert Ritch, MD (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The insertion of the iris into the ciliary body has been reported to be more posterior in PDS than in control eyes, an anatomic variation which places the IPE into closer proximity to the zonular apparatus and may increase the likelihood of iridozonular contact and zonular pigment dispersion.
		In iris retraction syndrome, increased uveoscleral outflow facilitated by retinal pigment epithelium–assisted fluid absorption in the presence of a retinal break causes the pressure within the posterior segment and the posterior chamber to be less than that of the anterior chamber.
		A correlation exists between the amount of pigment lost from the posterior surface of the iris, increased degree of pigmentation in the trabecular meshwork, and degree of dysfunction in the trabecular meshwork as evidenced by elevation of the IOP.
	www.emedicine.com /oph/topic136.htm (5782 words)

	Mutations in genes encoding melanosomal proteins cause pigmentary glaucoma in DBA/2J mice - Nature Genetics
		IPD is characterized by a deterioration of the posterior iris pigment epithelium, slit-like transillumination defects and pronounced pigment dispersion (Fig.
		Homozygosity for ipd mutant alleles is indicated by the presence of dispersed pigment on the lens and iris (arrowheads) and by the overall degree of iris atrophy.
		Dispersed pigment characteristic of IPD is visible on the lens and iris (arrowhead), and the stromal atrophy typical of ISA is distinct at the pupillary border (arrow).
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/ng/journal/v30/n1/full/ng794.html (4103 words)

	EyeNet, Every Time He Plays Golf, His Vision Gets Foggy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Given the presence of the haptic in the area of transilluminated iris, the most likely diagnosis was a pigmentary dispersion glaucoma secondary to mechanical chafing of the iris by the IOL.
		Pigment in the trabecular meshwork may result in acute spikes of IOP and, over time, trabecular dysfunction and glaucoma.
		While pigment dispersion is possible with any IOL, of recent interest is the advent and widespread use of the AcrySof SA series (Alcon) one-piece, planar, square-edged posterior chamber IOL.
	www.aao.org /aao/news/eyenet/200603/am_rounds.cfm (1106 words)

	Iris configuration in accommodation in pigment dispersion syndrome
		Pigment Dispersion Syndrome is a condition characterised by loss of pigment from the neuroepithelial posterior surface of the iris.
		The free pigment particles spread throughout various structures of both anterior and posterior chambers including the zonules, the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lens, the iris, the cornea and more importantly the trabecular meshwork.
		Iris concavity is present in some of the non-PDS eyes before accommodation and whilst accommodation increases the concavity in some subjects, the reverse is seen in others.
	www.nature.com /eye/journal/v16/n6/full/6700115a.html (2825 words)

	Wistow, Mol Vis 2002; 8:205-220.
		The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of neural ectoderm derived cells that is located between the photoreceptor layer of the retina and the blood supply of the choroid.
		The similarity between RPE and iris is further illustrated by the discovery in the libraries from both tissues of cDNAs (cs22c04 and bx08d01) for a novel protein.
		This attachment is critically important for maintaining the differentiated state of the pigmented cells and in some states of injury or disease, RPE cells may detach and migrate, forming structures similar to contractile scars that distort the retina in a condition called proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) [75].
	www.molvis.org /molvis/v8/a27 (9712 words)

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