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Topic: Iris sphincter muscle

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	Ocular Pathology Study Guide: IRIS
		The iris contains pigmented cells and muscle and is composed of four layers: the anterior border layer, the stroma, the dilator muscle layer and the posterior epithelium.
		The nerves of the choroid and iris are the long and short ciliary; the former being branches of the nasociliary nerve, the latter of the ciliary ganglion.
		The dilator muscle layer is composed of the contractile processes of the myoepithelial cells of the inner layer of the posterior epithelium; it extends from the base of the iris to the sphincter muscle.
	www.medrounds.org /ocular-pathology-study-guide/2005/10/iris.html (728 words)

	The Iris
		The iris, visible through the clear cornea as the colored disc inside the eye, is a thin diaphragm composed mostly of connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers.
		The iris divides the anterior compartment, the space separating the cornea and the lens, into the anterior chamber (between the cornea and the iris) and the posterior chamber (between the iris and the lens).
		Anatomical structures posterior to the iris, which also are part of the uvea, are the ciliary body (within which is the ciliary muscle which controls the shape of the crystalline lens) and the choroid (located underneath the retina and which contains the retina’s blood supply).
	www.tedmontgomery.com /the_eye/iris.html (1053 words)

	Vision (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The muscle layers of the iris are arranged in a circle (sphincter) or radially to change the size of the pupillary opening, and this regulates the amount of light, the brightness, of the image.
		That lid also includes a sphincter muscle, the orbicularis oculi, which is innervated by the facial nerve and acts to close the upper lid against the lower.
		The function of the iris, of course, is to block light except at the pupil, and this is accomplished by a layer of pigment cells which arise from the neural crests.
	sky.bsd.uchicago.edu /lcy_ref/synap/vision.html (3548 words)

	Activation of p42/p44 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Contraction by Prostaglandin F2alpha , Ionomycin, and ...
		In the studies on agonist-induced MAP kinase phosphorylation in the iris sphincter, the muscles were equilibrated in KRB buffer, pH 7.4, for 90 min, the agonists were added as indicated for 5 min, and the phosphorylated MAP kinase was determined by immunoblotting as described under Experimental Procedures.
		Phosphorylation of MAP kinase in the iris sphincter was quantitated by densitometry.
		Husain S and Abdel-Latif (1996) Protein kinase C isoforms in iris sphincter smooth muscle: differential effects of phorbol ester on contraction and cAMP accumulation are species specific.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/299/1/178 (5277 words)

	Review of Optometry
		Iris findings may include adhesions to the lens capsule (posterior synechiae) or, less commonly, to the peripheral cornea (anterior synechiae).
		Uveitis, as the name implies, is an inflammation of the uveal tissues, chiefly the iris and ciliary body.
		Remember: A cycloplegic agent only paralyzes the iris sphincter muscle, and mydriasis occurs from unopposed action of the iris radial muscle.
	www.revoptom.com /index.asp?page=2_1615.htm (1168 words)

	Effect of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide on Isolated Rabbit Iris Sphincter and Dilator Muscles -- ...
		The iris sphincter and dilator muscles, mounted in an organ
		Iris sphincter muscle recordings of contractile responses evoked by 70 pulses of electrical field stimuli.
		Iris sphincter muscle recordings of contractile responses evoked by five pulses of electrical field stimuli applied every 1.5 minutes.
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/43/3/780 (2620 words)

	Links at Diabetes In Control
		The trochlear nerve (CN IV) controls the superior oblique muscle, which is responsible for turning the eye downward (infraduction), particularly when the eye is turned inward (adduction), for secondarily turning the eye outward (abduction), and for incyclotorsion (torsional movement of the 12 o:clock reference point in, toward the nose).
		Diabetes is a common cause of neuropathy affecting CN IV, which results in diplopia with vertical, horizontal, and torsional components; patients typically compensate by tipping the head toward the shoulder that is opposite the affected side.
		Autonomic neuropathy of sympathetic innervation to the iris leads to sluggish pupil responses and reduced capacity for pupillary dilation, the combination of which impairs the patient’s adaptation in the transition from brighter to dimmer lighting.
	www.diabetesincontrol.com /Chous/i166.shtml (845 words)

	The Hindu : Question Corner
		ANSWER 2:The human pupil os closed by the `iris sphincter' muscle which is ring-shaped and llines the circular edge of the pupil.
		When the sphincter ceases to contract, the pupil opens, partly due to the contracting elastic networking of blood vessels that radiate away from the pupil.
		With a circular iris, the focus is maintained in both dimensions of the field of view.
	www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/2000/02/10/stories/08100003.htm (531 words)

	Demecarium Bromide Drug Information, Professional
		In angle-closure glaucoma, the abnormal contact between the peripheral iris and the peripheral cornea blocks the access of the anterior chamber of aqueous humor to the trabecular meshwork.
		Effects on the volumes of the various intraocular vascular beds (e.g., those of the iris and the ciliary body) and on the rate of secretion of the aqueous humor into the posterior chamber may contribute secondarily to the lowering of pressure.
		In angle-closure glaucoma, the outflow of the aqueous humor is facilitated by the drug-induced contraction of the iris sphincter muscle.
	www.drugs.com /MMX/Demecarium_Bromide.html (4761 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Evaluation of
		The iris, which controls the size of the pupil and thus regulates the amount of light admitted, is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves; the former regulates the contraction of dilator muscle via
		Concentration-response curves of isolated rabbit iris dilator muscle for noradrenaline and effects of prazosin (a) and KMD-3213 (b).
		The iris consists of four layers; anterior border layer, stroma and sphincter muscle layer, anterior epithelium and dilator muscle layer, posterior pigmented epithelium layer.
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v127/n6/full/0702675a.html (4869 words)

	Profile
		Husain S, Abdel-Latif A A, Protein kinase C isoforms in iris sphincter smooth muscle: differential effects of phorbol ester on contraction and cAMP accumulation are species specific.
		Wang X L, Akhtar R A, Abdel-Latif A A, Purification and properties of D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase from bovine iris sphincter smooth muscle: effects of protein phosphorylation in vitro and in intact muscle.
		Zhou C J, Akhtar R A, Abdel-Latif A A, Purification and characterization of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C from bovine iris sphincter smooth muscle.
	myprofile.cos.com /abdella43 (1982 words)

	Oculomotor Nerve (Cr N III)
		Postganglionic fibers terminate in sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles and function to constrict pupil by causing contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and relaxation of the suspensory ligament of the lens by contraction of the ciliary muscle
		The third, is the parasympathetic motor root (Edinger Westfall), leaves the nerve to the inferior oblique and its fibers relay in the ganglion.
		Interneurons interact with other interneurons which synapse with preganglionic neurons of the oculomotor nerve which synapse in the ciliary ganglion from which postganglionic neurons innervate the constrictor muscle of the iris.
	www.ucsf.edu /nreview/02.2-Anatomy-CranialNerves/CN03-oculomotor.html (1470 words)

	Comparative Ophthalmology Notes: Chapter 1 - Examination of the Eye (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Sympathetic innervation of the iris is necessary to provide control of pupil size by providing constant antagonism to the sphincter via the dilator muscle.
		Pharmacologic pupillary dilatation is needed to adequately examine all intraocular structures deep to the iris.
		The primary muscle affected by this block is the orbicularis oculi, which in the horse is powerful and can impede your ability to view the eye due to forced closure of the eyelids.
	www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu /courses/vet_eyes/conotes/con_chapter_1.html (7610 words)

	Gq/G13 signaling by ET-1 in smooth muscle: MYPT1 phosphorylation via ETA and CPI-17 dephosphorylation via ETB -- Hersch ...
		Muscle cells were incubated for 2 min with 0.1 µM BQ-123 (A) or 100 µM BQ-788 (B) and then with N-ethylmaleimide (5 µM) for 20 min to inactivate all residual unprotected receptors.
		Muscle contraction was measured by scanning micrometry, and results are expressed in µm as the decrease in cell length from control (108 ± 4 to 112 ± 3 µm).
		Freshly dispersed muscle cells were treated separately with kinase inhibitors as indicated for 10 min and then treated with ET-1 (1 µM) for 30 s or 5 min.
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/287/5/C1209 (5525 words)

	Infection In The Iris Of Eye Secrets And News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Colombia of the iris is a congenital defect of the of the eye.
		Light is entering the eye, the iris sphincter muscle pulls toward the center, causing a uvula inflammation.
		The color of the iris, which is established genetically, is determined by infection of some parts of the body tonsils, sinus.
	www.seriouseyeinfections.info /infection-in-the-iris-of-eye.html (791 words)

	Healthy Eyes: Online References For Health Concerns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The iris is a sphincter made of smooth muscle that contracts and expands in response to light levels.
		The area between the cornea and the iris is known as the anterior chamber; it is filled with a fluid called aqueous humor.
		The first internal structure in the eye is the anterior chamber, where aqueous humor bathes the backside of the cornea, the iris, and the front of the lens.
	www.lef.org /protocols/eye_ear/healthy_eyes_01.htm (4298 words)

	Defeat Diabetes: The Many Faces of Diabetic Eye Disease: Eye Muscle Dysfunction
		Diabetes is a frequent cause of double vision, poor dark adaptation, and reduced ability to change visual focus from one distance to another.
		For a person with “straight eyes” and normal sensory binocular vision, precise alignment of both eyes is required to maintain clear, single vision (fusion), and any deviation results in double vision (diplopia).
		Though less disconcerting to patients than frank diplopia, the effects of diabetes on pupil size and dynamics, and on the eyes’ focusing mechanism (accommodation) are both bothersome and much more common.
	www.defeatdiabetes.org /Articles/eye030801.htm (806 words)

	Welcome to Eurotimes
		None of the patients had experienced any problems with IOL malposition/dislocation or showed signs of iris atrophy and all were asymptomatic, unaffected by problems with light sensitivity, glare or other disturbing visual problems.
		Possible associations identified in their population included development of elevated IOP postoperatively in three of the eight atonic pupil cases (two eyes with hyphaema and one eye with residual viscoelastic) and the presence of risk factors for atherosclerosis in four others.
		Similarly, intraoperative trauma to the iris sphincter is also not plausible since such an event would likely be associated with earlier onset of segmental non-reactivity accompanied by iris atrophy.
	www.escrs.org /eurotimes/Jan2003/atonic.asp (750 words)

	Ophthalmology Management
		However, before resorting to iris retractors, try injecting 0.2 to 0.4 cc of lidocaine MPF 1% (already used in many patients as an adjunct to topical anesthesia).
		This paralyzes the iris sphincter muscle that causes the pupil to constrict, allowing the pupil to re-dilate.
		Elevate nuclear fragments to the iris plane for emulsification, especially for removal of the final segments.
	www.ophmanagement.com /article.aspx?article=85988 (1589 words)

	Myosin light chain phosphorylation facilitates in vivo myosin filament reassembly after mechanical perturbation -- Qi ...
		of the thick filaments in trachealis muscle (11).
		Perturbed equilibrium of myosin binding in airway smooth muscle and its implication in bronchospasm.
		Analysis of the birefringence of the smooth muscle anococcygeus of the rat, at rest and in contraction.
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/282/6/C1298 (4898 words)

	Prostaglandin F2{alpha} stimulates growth of skeletal muscle cells via an NFATC2-dependent pathway -- Horsley and ...
		Dissociation of the contractile and hypertrophic effects of vasoconstrictor prostanoids in vascular smooth muscle.
		NADPH oxidase is involved in prostaglandin F2alpha-induced hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells: induction of NOX1 by PGF2alpha.
		Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is mediated by a Ca2+-dependent calcineurin signalling pathway.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/161/1/111 (5448 words)

	MORINformation - Winter 2004 - Pharmacy Corner
		Dilating drops work either by temporarily paralyzing the muscle that makes the pupil smaller (iris sphincter muscle) or by stimulating the iris dilator muscle.
		Parasympathetic antagonists (parasympatholytics): act by paralyzing the iris sphincter muscle.
		Sympathetic agonists (sympathomimetics): act by stimulating the iris dilator muscle.
	www.pgcfa.org /med-news/med-news-35.htm (931 words)

	Electron microscopic study of actin polymerization in airway smooth muscle -- Herrera et al. 286 (6): L1161 -- AJP - ...
		muscle in its adaptation to external stress and strain and for
		to the muscle caused a slight increase in thin filament density.
		Functional importance of the actin cytoskeleton in contraction of bovine iris sphincter muscle.
	ajplung.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/286/6/L1161 (5109 words)

	The Eyes Have It: Other Common Symptoms and Signs
		If parasympatholytic (atropine-like) chemicals come in contact with the conjunctiva by accidental (or deliberate!) instillation, they will deactivate the iris sphincter muscle and cause (often very wide) pupil dilation.
		Inflammation and trauma to the iris sphincter are other causes of anisocoria.
		The pupil is usually irregular in shape and magnified examination shows evidence of muscle damage.
	www.kellogg.umich.edu /theeyeshaveit/symptoms/anisocoria.html (310 words)

	Nonpeptide Tachykinin Receptor Antagonists. III. SB 235375, a Low Central Nervous System-Penetrant, Potent and ...
		The effect of SB 235375 on senktide-induced contraction of rabbit iris sphincter muscle strips from male rabbits (2-3 kg of
		Senktide-induced contraction in rabbit isolated iris sphincter muscle and guinea pig ileal circular smooth muscle.
		Maggi CA, Patacchini R, Giachetti A and Meli A (1990) Tachykinin receptors in the circular muscle of the guinea-pig ileum.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/300/1/314 (6547 words)

	Involvement of Rho and Rho-Associated Kinase in Sphincteric Smooth Muscle Contraction by Angiotensin II -- Rattan et ...
		Involvement of Rho and Rho-Associated Kinase in Sphincteric Smooth Muscle Contraction by Angiotensin II -- Rattan et al.
		Mukhopadhyay AK, Leavitt L. Evidence for an angiotensin receptor in esophageal smooth muscle of the opossum.
		Role of calcium and protein kinase C in the activation of phospholipase D by angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cells.
	www.ebmonline.org /cgi/content/full/228/8/972 (5474 words)

	Adrenergic innervation of cat iris sphincter -- Schaeppi and Koella 207 (2): 273 -- AJP - Legacy
		Adrenergic innervation of cat iris sphincter -- Schaeppi and Koella 207 (2): 273 -- AJP - Legacy
		Isometric tension changes of the iris sphincter of the cat
		that the sphincter muscle is not directly excitable by electrical
	ajplegacy.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/207/2/273 (171 words)

	Center for Lung Biology
		Honkanen, R. and A. Abdel-Latif (1988) Characterization of cholinergic muscarinic receptors in the rabbit iris.
		Honkanen, R. and A. Abdel-Latif (1989) Muscarinic-agonist and guanine nucleotide stimulation of myo-inositol trisphosphate formation in membranes isolated from bovine iris sphincter smooth muscle: effects of short-term cholinergic desensitization.
		Honkanen, R. Howard and A. Abdel-Latif (1989) Characterization of muscarinic receptors in the bovine iris sphincter using oligo-nucleotides specific for the M1-M4 subtypes.
	www.southalabama.edu /clb/faculty/honkanen.htm (3006 words)

	MAPK mediates PKC-dependent contraction of cat esophageal and lower esophageal sphincter circular smooth muscle -- Cao ...
		MAPK was purified by immunoprecipitation from ESO circular smooth muscle after incubation with 10 µM ACh for 0, 30, 60, or 300 s.
		Cyclosporine-induced renal artery smooth muscle contraction is associated with increases in the phosphorylation of specific contractile regulatory proteins.
		HSP27 is a mediator of sustained smooth muscle contraction in response to bombesin.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/285/1/G86 (6549 words)

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