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Topic: Irish Citizen Army

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	Irish Citizen Army - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In March of the at year a demonstration of the Citizen Army was attacked by the police and Jack White, its commandant, was arrested.
		The ICA was armed with Mauser rifles bought from Germany by the Irish Volunteers and smuggled into Ireland at Howth in July 1914.
		This was flown by the Irish Citizens Army during the 1916 rising.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Irish_Citizen_Army (1506 words)

	Irish Republican Army - Politics.ie Wiki
		The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is a term associated with a number of paramilitary organisations, such as the provisional IRA, the Continuity IRA, the Real IRA and the Official IRA.
		Members of the Irish Volunteers took part and formed the main body in the 1916 Easter Rising and were joined by the Irish Citizen Army, the Irish Republican Brotherhood and other smaller groups.
		Volunteers of the Irish Republican Army - led by Dan Breen - ambushed two RIC officers transporting gelignite from a local quarry in Soloheadbeg, Co. Tipperary.
	www.politics.ie /wiki/index.php?title=Irish_Republican_Army (2118 words)

	Irish Republican Army information - Search.com
		For Irish paramilitary organisations after 1922 that claim or have claimed the to be the linear descendant of that army and have called themselves "Irish Republican Army" see Irish Republican Army (1922-1969), Official Irish Republican Army (1969-), Provisional Irish Republican Army (1969-), Continuity Irish Republican Army (1986-), and Real Irish Republican Army (1997-).
		However the term Irish Republican Army in its modern sense was first used in the second decade of the 20th century from the merger of the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizens Army after the Easter Rising.
		In theory, the IRA was responsible to the Dail and was the army of the Irish Republic.
	www.search.com /reference/Irish_Republican_Army (5627 words)

	History of Starry Plough Flag
		Early in that month the Irish Worker reported on this demonstration and noted that "a large number of the Citizen Army were in attendance, headed by a standard-bearer carrying a beautiful new poplin flag, displaying the design of the Starry Plough, the work of Mr.
		O'Casey who was prominent in the Citizen Army in 1914, didn't believe Megahy to be responsible for the initial idea nor did he accept the contention of some that George Russell first proposed the design.
		It was, however, missing when, in 1934, elements of the Republican Congress decided to attempt a revival of the Citizen Army which had disappeared at the end of the civil war.
	www.angelfire.com /space/derryirsp/flaghistory.htm (762 words)

	Charles J. McGuinness "Nomad" and Irish Civil War
		In addition to the small Irish Citizen Army, formed in 1913 to defend workers against police harassment, there were thousands of Irish Volunteers, a body formed in response to the Ulster Volunteer Force.
		The new Irish poetic drama was divided between the tendency to rebuke the romanticism of the national movement and the impulse to invest it with a fresh apparel of beauty, woven of poetry and legend.
		For the day after the partition to which she is in effect a consenting party, the Ulster commercial--who is a debtor to the Irish peasant-farmer--must ask himself whether he really wishes to see his creditor sole master of the finance and the administration of the West, the Centre, and the South.
	www.mcguinnessonline.com /irishsailor/irishrepublican.htm (5099 words)

	First World War.com - Primary Documents - Proclamation of the Irish Republic, 24 April 1916
		In every generation the Irish people have asserted their right to national freedom and sovereignty; six times during the past three hundred years they have asserted it in arms.
		In this supreme hour the Irish nation must, by its valour and discipline and by the readiness of its children to sacrifice themselves for the common good, prove itself worthy of the august destiny to which it is called.
		THOMAS J. A "creeping barrage" is an artillery bombardment in which a 'curtain' of artillery fire moves toward the enemy ahead of the advancing troops and at the same speed as the troops.
	www.firstworldwar.com /source/irishproclamation1916.htm (454 words)

	Constitution of the Irish Citizen Army - Workers Solidarity Movement
		The first and last principle of the Irish Citizen Army is the avowal that the ownership of Ireland, moral and material, is vested of right in the people of Ireland.
		That the Irish Citizen Army shall stand for absolute unity of Irish nationhood, and shall support the rights and liberties of the democracies of all nations.
		That the Irish Citizens Army shall be open to all who accept the principle of equal rights and opportunities for the Irish people.
	www.wsm.ie /story/717 (271 words)

	The Irish Citizen Army : Labour clenches its fist! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The Irish Citizen Army was born out of the struggle between the workers and the employers during the Great Lockout of 1913.
		As the Citizen Army were not informed or involved in the landing of the arms at Howth they were fortunate to be able to add to their arsenal at all.
		Connolly's increasingly belligerent writings and the Citizen Army's actions began to worry the military council of the I.R.B. who had decided on a rising in principle and were afraid that the Citizen Army would proceed unilaterally and destroy whatever chance of success their own plans had.
	flag.blackened.net /revolt/cc1913/ica.html (7547 words)

	Women in Irish History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Five Irish republican women set aside their own activities to conduct lecture tours in the United States from 1916 to 1925: Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington, Mary MacSwiney, Mrs.
		From the Life and Times Series, a study of a major figure in 20th century Irish women’s history, and her fight for women’s rights during the first hal of of the 20th century.
		Linda Kearns, a native of Dromard, Co. Sligo, is recognized for her involvement in the Irish War of Independence and for her subsequent capture, imprisonment and daring escape from Mountjoy Prison.
	www.irishbook.com /cat402.htm (942 words)

	Socialist Standard April 2006 The easter Rising-90 years on. Page 6 and 7
		The Irish Cabinet – specifically, the government of the Republic of Ireland – and members of the Dail will watch as the Irish army marches past the General Post Office in Dublin’s O’Connell Street where Pearse and Connolly established the rebel HQ in 1916.
		The excuse for originally cancelling the Commemoration was that the army was so overstretched on foreign UN peace-keeping duties that it couldn’t stage a march of a couple of hours’ duration in Dublin.
		The Irish dramatist, Sean O’Casey, who was secretary to the ICA, said Connolly forsook the cause of the international proletariat for the insular romanticism of Irish Nationalism.
	www.worldsocialism.org /spgb/apr06/page6.html (764 words)

	IAWM statement on 1916 commemoration
		This indicates that their revolt was part of the resistance to the 1st World War, a war between the imperial powers of the day, as well as a blow for the end to the oppression and occupation of Ireland by the British Empire.
		Kings were deposed and the carnage of the war was brought to an end by mutinies in the armies and rebellions against governments.
		It is hypocritical to witness the Irish government claim that they honour the goals of those who resisted oppression and imperialism in 1916 while supporting the current global imperial power, and its occupation of Iraq, by allowing the US Military to use of Shannon airport.
	irishantiwar.org /home2/1916.htm (485 words)

	The Road to Peace - NORAID Online
		The strike ended in failure, but a workers' militia known as the Irish Citizen Army was formed under James Connolly's command which was to play an historic role in the struggle for Irish freedom.
		The Gaelic League's championing the Irish language and the literary revival of the late 19th and early 20th centuries cannot be underestimated as catalysts of revolutionary struggle.
		In 1912, an Irish Home Rule bill was put forward but was predictably reacted to with outrage by pro-British Loyalists in the north and political pragmatics in the British parliament who saw the issue as little more than a way to gain and secure political power.
	www.inac.org /roadtopeace/1916.html (1606 words)

	Morrígan Net: Irish Republicanism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Irish republicanism as a political movement traces its roots to the United Irishmen of the 1790s, who were inspired in part by the American and the French Revolutions.
		I identify with a distinct section of this movement, republican socialism, or the idea that the fight for a United Ireland and the fight for socialism are inseparable.
		I'm a member of the Irish Republican Socialist Movement, which is comprised of the Irish Republican Socialist Party, the paramilitary Irish National Liberation Army, the Republican Socialist Prisoners of War, and the Irish Republican Socialist Committees of North America.
	www.morrigan.net /irp.htm (345 words)

	GOTI - Flags of Ireland:The Starry Plough (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The Starry Plough was adopted as the army's flag in 1914: the plough and the stars symbolising the present and the future of the working class respectively.
		The ICA participated in the 1916 rising at which time the British army captured the flag.
		In 1934 a simplified version of the Starry Plough was designed for use by the country's largest trade union, the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union, and this came to be generally accepted as the flag of the Irish trade union and labour movement as a whole.
	www.irishclans.com /flags/plough.html (220 words)

	Provos :: Provisional Irish Republican Army
		IN the establishment of the Irish Volunteers on a nationwide basis, and of the Irish Citizen Army in Dublin, the Supreme Council saw timely opportunity of training, and to some extent, a force sufficient to give insurrection s reasonable hope of success.
		Up to July 1916, the Military Council had no control over the Irish Citizen Army, and they were gravely perturbed by Connolly's apparent intention to strike along with his 200 men, an event, which would have been disastrous to their plans.
		From the moment when the army of the Irish Republic occupied its ring of posts around the heart of the city - around the heart of the historic nation, it could almost be said - its position was one of defence.
	www.freewebs.com /provos2/easter1916.htm (4682 words)

	The Irish Declaration of Independance
		The seven signatories of the Irish Proclamation (from left): Padraig Pearse, James Connolly, Thomas Clarke, Thomas MacDonagh, Sean MacDermott, Joseph Plunkett and Eamonn Ceannt.
		In every generation the Irish people have asserted their right to national freedom and sovereignty; six times during the last three hundred years they have asserted it to arms.
		Until our arms have brought the opportune moment for the establishment of a permanent National, representative of the whole people of Ireland and elected by the suffrages of all her men and women, the Provisional Government, hereby constituted, will administer the civil and military affairs of the Republic in trust for the people.
	www.detroitirish.org /independence.html (420 words)

	Famous Irish Lives - James Connolly
		His Irish Catholic parents were poor, and Connolly worked from the age of eleven; in 1882, he falsified his age to join the army.
		He founded and became secretary of the Irish Socialist Republican Party, and in 1898 launched the weekly Workers' Republic, exploiting the 1798 centenary to argue that only in a socialist republic could the ideals of Wolfe Tone be realised.
		Larkin left for America in 1914, and Connolly became acting secretary of the ITGWU, commandant of the recently formed Irish Citizen Army, and editor of the Irish Worker, which was soon suppressed for its anti-war sentiments.
	www.irelandseye.com /aarticles/history/people/whoswho/connolly.shtm (353 words)

	Warfleet.net \| Home of Enigma: Rising Tide
		The nationalist radicals in Ireland, led by Patrick Pearse of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and James Connolly of the Irish Citizen's Army, saw an uprising during the War as a crucial step toward Irish independence.
		The representatives of the Crown governing Ireland at the time were a mixed lot, but all of them underestimated the Irish nationalists and their willingness to struggle against impossible odds for the sake of an ideal.
		Despite the odds, the nationalist leaders were fully aware that their cause was suicidal before they began, but they were nevertheless prepared to go forward, German guns or no. They were quite aware of the potential of "blood sacrifice" and martyrdom in stirring Ireland's national spirit.
	www.warfleet.net /history/rl_irish.htm (1275 words)

	The 1916 Rising (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The bloody executions by the British of the leaders of the Rising awakened a generation to the cause of Irish freedom and set in motion a chain of events that culminated in the foundation of the modern Irish state.
		The contribution made by the Volunteers of Co. Roscommon to the 1916-1923 quest for Irish freedom is often overshadowed by stories and exploits that took place in more populous counties.
		She was entrusted with all the plans and decisions of the Irish Republican Brotherhood prior to the Rising and in its aftermath lost both her husband and her only brother, Ned Daly, who were executed.
	www.irishbook.com /cat733.htm (663 words)

	Irish Republican Army -- Freedom First Then Peace
		In every generation the Irish people have asserted their right to national freedom and sovereignty; six times in the past three hundred years they have asserted it in arms.
		The Irish Republic is entitled to, and hereby claims, the allegiance of every Irishman and Irishwoman.
		Until our arms have brought the opportune moment for the establishment of a permanent National Government, representative of the whole people of Ireland and elected by the suffrages of all her men and women, the provisional Government, hereby constituted, will administer the civil and military affairs of the Republic in trust for the people.
	www.freewebs.com /republicanarmy (325 words)

	Important Players
		The IRA constitution states that its members were to “work for an Irish Republic and for the emancipation of labor.
		The Citizen Army was based around the union building, Liberty Hall, and was the first military force in Ireland to accept women as full members.
		Son of an English man and Irish woman, Pearse was born in Dublin and educated from the Christian Brothers in Westland Row, and attended the Royal University in 1901.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~kbsomers/importantplayers.htm (974 words)

	[No title]
		They tell a story about James Connolly that just before the start of action in Easter, 1916 he told the members of the Irish Citizen’s Army (almost exclusively workers, by the way) that if the uprising was successful to keep their guns handy.
		During the period before the Easter uprising he was heavily involved in the Irish labor movement and acted as the right hand man to James Larkin in the Irish Transport and General Workers Union.
		It was at that time that Connolly founded the Irish Citizens Army as a defense organization of armed and trained laboring men against the brutality of the dreaded Dublin Metropolitan Police.
	www.indybay.org /newsitems/2006/04/06/18136371.php?printable=true (1001 words)

	Modern Irish Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		On Easter Monday, April 24, 1916, an estimated 1,000 to 1,500 Irish men and women launched a revolt to seize Dublin and overthrow the British powers in Ireland.
		After the start of the First World War, the Irish Republican Brotherhood or IRB (not the Irish Republican Army, which was created later) decided that there must be an Irish rebellion while the British were preoccupied with the Germans.
		At exactly 12 noon on Easter Monday in 1916, soldiers from the Irish Volunteers and Citizen Army marched down the Dublin streets as planned and seized their strongpoints.
	alumni.imsa.edu /~sverma/HistoricalEvents/EasterRising.html (713 words)

	The Irish Fight for Independence
		One of the groups that formed in Ireland was the Irish Republican Brotherhood or IRB.
		A group called the Irish Citizen Army made a secret deal with Germany to supply weapons to the Irish in their fight against the British.
		Germany was the enemy of all Europe in World War I. When word leaked of this deal, the IRB met secretly with the Irish Citizen Army to join forces.
	www.edhelper.com /ReadingComprehension_35_623.html (759 words)

	Easter Rising 1916
		Professor MacNeill, the nominal leader of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, had arranged for a parade to be held on Easter Sunday.
		Moreover, confusion was caused by a rash of conflicting orders sent out to the Irish Volunteers – the main strike force - from their headquarters and the decision taken by the rebel leaders to postpone their action arranged for Easter Sunday 23rd April, until the next day.
		Military casualties were 116 dead, 368 wounded and 9 missing, and the Irish and Dublin police forces had 16 killed and 29 wounded.
	www.irishroots.org /aoh/rising.htm (1236 words)

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