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Topic: Irish Literary Revival

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Lady Gregory

William Butler Yeats

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1921 in literature

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	Penguin Group (USA) \| Irish Literature
		Irish dramatists Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan used the stage to voice their cultural commentaries and developed the comedy of manners dramatic form that would be picked up and sharpened by another important Irish playwright, Oscar Wilde, a century later.
		A literary descendant of William Blake, and spiritually connected with the mythology of Ireland, Yeats' poems were unexampled in the 20th century for their technical brilliance and rarefied beauty, and are now recognized as some of the finest poetry ever written in the English language.
		The Irish Literary Revival paved the way for the revolutionary expression of James Joyce, a towering figure of the 20th century literature who ushered in a new literary era with the publication of his novel Ulysses in 1922.
	us.penguingroup.com /static/html/features/irish-2.html (1140 words)

	Irish Literature - ninemsn Encarta
		Irish Literature, literature written either in Gaelic (see Celtic Languages) or in English by writers of Irish birth who remain identified with Irish life and culture.
		The beginnings of Irish literature in the English language coincided with a decline in the use of written and spoken Gaelic, which began about the end of the 18th century.
		The principal writers of the latter type of poetry were Thomas Moore, the author of Irish Melodies (10 parts, 1807-1834) and National Airs (1815); Gerald Griffin, the author of “Aileen Aroon” and many other poems; and Francis Sylvester Mahony, better known as Father Prout, the author of the famous “Bells of Shandon”.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761566508/Irish_Literature.html (317 words)

	Synge
		The Irish Literary Revival as a new movement in Irish literature emerged at the close of the nineteenth century.
		Whereas however, the native Irish could at least really identify with their home country because they knew that all their ancestors had been Irish as well (although even that is not quite true if one goes back as far as to the twelfth century), the Anglo-Irish had much more problems in doing so.
		Although the Irish Literary Revival covered a wide range of writers, some of them being extremely nationalist, it has to be said that those who remained famous to our days were those who like Synge managed to combine the seeking for an Irish identity with a high literary value of their work.
	www.rackwitz.users4.50megs.com /Synge.html (6533 words)

	Irish literary renaissance - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		IRISH LITERARY RENAISSANCE [Irish literary renaissance] late 19th- and early 20th-century movement that aimed at reviving ancient Irish folklore, legends, and traditions in new literary works.
		The movement, also called the Celtic renaissance, was in part the cultural aspect of a political movement that was concerned with self-government for Ireland and discovering a literary past that would be relevant to the struggle for independence.
		Ireland's 'two cultures' debate: Victorian science and the literary Revival.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-irishlitren.html (356 words)

	Yeats, William Butler - ninemsn Encarta
		Yeats, William Butler (1865-1939), Irish poet and dramatist, and Nobel laureate, who was a leader of the Irish Renaissance and one of the foremost writers of the 20th century.
		Yeats was born in Dublin on June 13, 1865, the son of the noted Irish painter John Butler Yeats.
		In “Easter 1916” (1921), a poem that refers to the Easter Rising, an uprising against British rule in Dublin, he reflects on this attitude, one suspended between celebration and horror: in the action of the rebels and their violent suppression by the British government, Yeats wrote, “a terrible beauty is born”.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761562215/Yeats_William_Butler.html (1318 words)

	Galway and the Irish Literary Revival (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		During the genesis of the Irish Literary Revival at the turn of the century, Galway became a gathering point for some of the greatest writers in Ireland.
		The Irish Literary Revival was a period of overwhelming significance for the Irish nation.
		But it was the Revival, and the Abbey Theatre, in particular, that brought the movement to redeem Irish culture and language from the closed councils of a few, to the mainstream life of the common person.
	www.galway1.ie /faq/revival.htm (304 words)

	Sean Davison English 401 Professor Christoph 12 May 2004 Cultural Identity and Literacy in the Irish ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		For Irish Traditionalists, Protestantism was a trope associated with the "treasonous" West Britons.
		Though Joyce's perspective on Irish history became one of resentment and repudiation and Yeats's perspective on Irish history was one of hope and celebrative pride, both writers and thus, the Ascendancy, intended to establish cultural awareness and identity recognition for Ireland.
		The Homeric parallel that is appropriated in this chapter is the one-eyed vision of the mythical Cyclops superimposed on the one-sided zeal that characterized the revivalist climate.
	www2.ups.edu /english/christoph/401litrevival.htm (3096 words)

	Irish Literary Revival (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Irish Literary Revival is the name given to the resurgence of Irish nationalism and culture which began in the last quarter of the 19
		Formation of the Irish Literary Society by Yeats (in London in 1891 and Dublin in 1892) which led to the foundation of an Irish National Theatre (with the help of Lady Gregory) in about 1899.
		Irish politicians made Irish culture an important part of their political campaign for a free Irish state.
	www.sfu.ca /english/Gillies/Engl20701/revival.html (194 words)

	Research Guide: Irish Women Writers - Boston College
		Editors aim to foster literary and cultural research on the Munster area for the last two hundred years and to enable a new look at the work of women writers for the time period, many of whom were never studied before or have been forgotten.
		Presents Irish writers from 1880 to the present who belonged to or were influenced by the Irish Literary Renaissance.
		Introduction states "This first anthology of Irish women's poetry should enable the reader to follow chronologically the development of such poetry during the past two hundred and fifty years, and to look at ways in which women's poetry reflects Irish social and political history." Many other anthologies are discussed in the introduction.
	www.bc.edu /libraries/research/guides/s-irishwomen (5031 words)

	Course Listing - Boston College (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Among topics to be discussed will be the influence of Yeats on subsequent Irish poets, the emergence of a distinctly postcolonial voice on both sides of the border between North and South, and, more specifically, the interaction between poetry and politics in the North of Ireland over the past three decades.
		The Great Irish Famine of 1845-1851 was a pivotal event in modern history, and influenced the course of events throughout the English-speaking world.
		An introduction to Irish music including: a historical examination of the music and its indigenous instruments, and a close study of contemporary developments arising from the folk music revival of the 1960s, particularly in relation to ensemble performance.
	www.bc.edu /centers/irish/studies/courses (2876 words)

	IASIL 2004 - Panels
		In revisiting the Irish Literary Revival a century or so on, the softest option is to shuffle the critical terms of interpretation according to the literary fashion of the day towards a view of that apparently well-known phenomenon.
		Surely a great challenge for the literary historian now is to explore the ways not taken which might have been inspired by developments in Europe and indeed might have well come about, if W. Yeats had not so single-mindedly masterminded the direction and interpretation of the whole movement.
		If fellow Irish Revival writers were judged by Yeats not to be in tune with his priorities in this direction, they tended to be either interpreted in such a way as to advance the Yeatsian vision, or to be expelled gratuitously from his movement on the grounds of being talentless or misguided.
	www.iasil.org /conferences/galway/panels/revival.html (503 words)

	IrishAbroad Visual Arts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Irish visual modernism, then, may be seen as sharing with Irish literary modernism an element of the archaic, embodying pre- or anti-Enlightenment values, represented for example by the Celtic elements in le Brocquy, the Celtic and religious elements in Jellett, and the Romantic Expressionism of Jack Yeats.
		To sum up, Irish modernist painting, like Irish modernist literature, may be seen as a field where issues of class, gender, nationality and cultural politics are played out.
		But it is to be hoped that in a broad sense Irish culture--and cultural analysis--may have a role to play in resisting the domination and destruction which has been the downside of modernity.
	www.irishabroad.com /Culture/visualarts/irishmodernism.asp (1843 words)

	Untitled Document
		Two of the most important repositories of Irish literary archives in the United States have completed a two-year grant from The Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation to digitize collection descriptions and develop a searching interface that allows scholars both on- and off-site to explore the collections and quickly find materials relevant to their research.
		Because the Irish literary revival writers and the contemporary Irish poets constitute rather closely knit communities, the Emory and Boston College archives are highly cross-referential.
		Emory's Irish literary collections focus on two main areas: the correspondence, manuscripts and related papers of W.B. Yeats and his circle, as well as the literary archives of many of Ireland's finest contemporary poets.
	marbl.library.emory.edu /About/press-rel-delmas.html (813 words)

	Stylus - Yeats: The Irish Literary Revival and the Politics of Print
		Examines the relationship between Yeats, Irish literary nationalism and the publishing industry during the Irish Literary Revival in the late Nineteenth Century.
		It highlights the factors that shaped Yeats Irish literary nationalism and examines the way he continually modified his journalism and poetry to accommodate the often antagonistic perspectives of his Catholic, Protestant and Unionist editors and readers on contemporary political and cultural issues.
		Yeats' texts are read not just as aesthetic artifacts but as documents of their time, caught in the complexities of Irish politics and literary nationalism and influenced by fiercely partisan editorial advocacy and agendas.
	styluspub.com /books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=46114 (323 words)

	Lady Gregory - Irish Literary Revival (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The establishment of the theatre marks the official beginning of the Irish Literary Revival, and plays from Yeats, J.M. Synge, Sean O'Casey and herself were produced in the years to follow.
		It was at the young age of 50 that she first mastered the Irish language, a development that would be critical for her many prodigious contributions to the Gaelic League and other efforts to strengthen nationalism through the public appreciation of Irish literature and speech.
		Because of Lady Gregory's prominent position in the revival, her home at Coole Park in Galway became a second home for the writers of this Irish Renaissance.
	www.galway1.ie /faq/gregory.htm (258 words)

	Revival of Nationalism
		The Irish Literary Renaissance came as a result of the Irish Literary Theatre which was founded by William Butler Yeats and Lady Gregory in 1898, and which then became the Irish National Theatre Society in 1903.
		All this gave more power and prosperity to the native Irish, who were quick to avail of Plunkett’s schemes and who were also taking full advantage of the series of Land Acts, that had given them the right to buy out their own farms for the first time in centuries.
		The Irish Volunteers also tried to import arms, but when a yacht named “The Asgard” successfully discharged a cargo of rifles at Howth on Sunday 26th July 1914, the Volunteers were fired on by the British army as they marched back towards the city.
	www.hoganstand.com /general/identity/stories/revival.htm (1439 words)

	Holks on the Fill: On Yeats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Irish literary circle that Yeats moved in - which included Lady Gregory, John Millington Synge, Douglas Hyde, Katherine Tynan and AE - did undoubtedly create the context that allowed cultural nationalism to thrive; but it was a very different cultural nationalism that was at the forefront of the Easter Rising.
		The Irish literary revival produced several of the best writers and playwrights of their time anywhere in the world and inspired the next generation of literary figures, such as Sean O'Casey.
		Literary movements will always overlap, but you can't ignore the clash of civilisations that was happening in Ireland from the 1880s to the start of the Second World War.
	holks.blogspot.com /2006/03/on-yeats.html (1878 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This course focuses on the evolution of the Irish landscape and examines the physical, political, social, economic and attitudinal processes that have shaped the cultural landscape from prehistoric times to the present.
		Irish music and literature are used to supplement the historical perspective.
		While not limited to the Irish experience, the experience of the early Irish Celtic Church serves as a focal point in considering various patterns of human living as indicative of a particular spiritual vision.
	artsandscience.concordia.ca /irish/documents/courses.doc (1634 words)

	Yeats, William Butler LiteraryTraveler.com
		With Lady Gregory he founded the Irish Literary Theatre and was a principal figure in what scholars have called the Irish Literary Revival.
		During his time as a playwright, Yeats founded a literary society, reformed another one, and never lost sight of his poetry and continued to publish several volumes.
		His poetry is filled with political commentary on the developing Irish state, his feelings for Maude Gonne, themes on mysticism and the occult and his love for Ireland's culture and landscape.
	www.literarytraveler.com /authors/yeats_william_butler.aspx (617 words)

	Irish Studies \| College of Liberal Arts & Sciences \| Villanova University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Irish Studies explores the history and culture of the Irish people from the different perspectives of literature, history, art, politics, and folklore, enabling students to understand the richness of Irish culture.
		It is a culture which traces itself back to the dawn of Western Civilization when the earliest Celts, who were known to the Greeks and challenged by the Romans, established an art which influenced the early Christians.
		In our time, a renewed awareness of the historic and mythic past led to the Irish literary revival at the beginning of the twentieth century and contributed to those political upheavals in modern Irish life which continue to reverberate.
	artsci.villanova.edu /irishstudies (242 words)

	A. E.: A Key Figure in Irish Literature
		Born 10 April 1867 in Lurgan, County Armagh, Ulster, Russell was a key figure in the Irish Literary Revival and a well respected member of the Irish Renascence.
		(Twentieth Century Literary Criticism 12) It is this sincerity that won him followership during the Irish Literary Revival and praise for his reverence for Celtic culture and the history of Ireland.
		Russell was distraught by her death, and this grief, coupled with the political unrest in Ireland, forced A. to emigrate to England.
	www.usna.edu /EnglishDept/ilv/ae.htm (954 words)

	Irish Studies Publisher
		Mercifully the text is free from the sort of typographical error that leads to the assertion in the advertising bumf that the Irish Literary Revival began in '1982' and came to fruition with the plays of one 'Brian Frigl'.
		The result is an account of the literary climate of Ireland in the forgotten era of the Irish Parliamentary Party when 'polemical novelists' such as the Sweetmans, the McCarthy's and the Mulhollands formed the literary circle of Fr.
		Russell's Irish Monthly - the cultural organ of the emerging Irish Catholic bourgeoisie seeking to secure its place i' the sun of polite British society and culture at the last moment before the Fenian element in Irish cultural nationalism came so strongly to the fore under the aegis of the Gaelic League and Sinn Féin.
	www.iasil.org /newsletter/archive/newsletter1998/12_green.html (590 words)

	1)
		Irish Literary Revival dramatist John Millington Synge’s adolescent encounter with Darwinism in the 1880s induced a consciousness of a universe ruled by randomness and existential hopelessness.
		Due to the interconnection of the loss of religious belief with a Fall into a sense of immorality, that which is constructed as being without “sin” and degeneracy (in the broadest sense) is also, in the Syngean imagination, pre-Darwinian.
		The critical history of literary decadence is marked by a series of moral disparagements.
	www.uiowa.edu /~mmla/Abstracts2005/english2.htm (3639 words)

	The Irish revival reappraised (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This volume consists of the proceedings of the tenth international conference of the Society for the Study of Nineteenth-century Ireland, held in Dublin in June 2002.
		They include the ways in which participants in the revival were both conscious fashioners and critics of its later image and the positioning of movements within the revival, from theosophy to agricultural cooperation.
		Neglected material aspects of the revival from museums to clothing are also tackled, as is the issue of the urban settings for the revival in Dublin, Belfast and London.
	www.four-courts-press.ie /cgi/bookshow.cgi?file=irlrevival.xml (236 words)

	Todays-Woman - Poetry Biography of William Butler Yeats
		Yeats' early poetry drew heavily on Irish myth and folklore and drew on the diction and colouring of pre-Raphaelite verse.
		Together with Lady Gregory and Martyn and other writers including J M Synge, Sean O'Casey, Padraic Colum and James Stephens, Yeats was one of those responsible for the establishment of the literary movement known as the Irish Literary Revival (otherwise known as the Celtic Revival).
		Yeats was appointed to the Irish Senate (Seanad Éireann) in 1922 and one of his main achievements as a Senator was to chair the coinage committee that was charged with selecting a set of designs for the first coinage for the Irish Free State.
	www.todays-woman.net /article-print-789.html (2557 words)

	Overview of the Collections
		The library’s Irish literary revival collections are strong in manuscripts and books related to W.B. Yeats, Lady Gregory, Maud Gonne, and others of their circle.
		African American literary collections include the archive of James Weldon Johnson, as well as significant collections related to the Harlem Renaissance novelist and poet Langston Hughes and the papers of the Georgia-born novelist John Oliver Killens.
		The finding aids for the Irish literary collections are fully searchable via the Irish Literary Collections Portal located at .
	marbl.library.emory.edu /Finding/overview.html (914 words)

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