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	EH.Net Encyclopedia: Ireland's Great Famine
		The proximate cause of the Great Irish Famine (1846-52) was the fungus phythophtera infestans (or potato blight), which reached Ireland in the fall of 1845.
		Like all major famines, the Irish potato famine produced many instances of roadside deaths, of neglect of the very young and the elderly, of heroism and of anti-social behavior, of evictions, and of a rise in crimes against property.
		The works did not contain the famine, partly because they did not target the neediest, partly because the average wage paid was too low, and partly because they entailed exposing malnourished and poorly clothed people (mostly men) to the elements during the worst months of the year.
	www.eh.net /encyclopedia/?article=ograda.famine (2520 words)

	Digital History
		A few days after potatoes were dug from the ground, they began to turn into a slimy, decaying, flish "mass of rottenness." Expert panels convened to investigate the blight's cause suggested that it was the result of "static electricity" or the smoke that billowed from railroad locomotives or the "mortiferous vapours" rising from underground volcanoes.
		The Irish potato famine was not simply a natural disaster.
		Irish peasants subsisted on a diet consisting largely of potatoes, since a farmer could grow triple the amount of potatoes as grain on the same plot of land.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /historyonline/irish_potato_famine.cfm (504 words)

	Irish potato famine
		The Famine was at least fifty years in the making, due the disastrous balance between British economic policy, destructive farming methods, and the unfortunate appearance of "the Blight" —the potato fungus that almost instantly destroyed the major food source for the majority population.
		That the Famine "amounted to genocide" by the British against the Irish is a divisive issue and largely representative of the difference in perspective and attitudes among the Irish-Americans from Irish nationals.
		The use of the potato and sub-division produced two interlinked side-effects; with increased calories the number of surviving male heirs was quickly increasing, while with the prospect of inheriting a land-holding, heirs married young and produced large families-hence increasing subdivision into smaller estates for their own heirs.
	www.askfactmaster.com /Potato_famine (3520 words)

	Common Ground : The Potato Famine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		One of the consequences was that Irish agriculture adopted the potato as the staple food-crop of the peasantry, and economic forces acted to bring about what would prove a disastrous dependency on a very few varieties.
		Potato blight, borne on the wind, swept through the land.
		In the three years 1845-1848 it is estimated that 1 million Irish people died of starvation or of famine-related diseases such as cholera and typhoid.
	www.emi-premier.co.uk /commonground/notes/potato.html (255 words)

	What was the Irish Potato Famine?
		The potato was the crop of choice because it could be grown in poor soil and because it produced a large yield even in a small area.
		The Irish found that they could no longer pay the rent to their landlords and over the coming years many were evicted from their properties.
		The failure of Britain to substantially help the Irish during the Famine while at the same time systematically profiting from her crops, has been perceived by many to be evidence of Genocide; and recently the Irish government demanded an apology from the English government.
	scsc.essortment.com /whatwasirishp_rhhn.htm (1276 words)

	Irish Potato Famine -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Irish Potato Famine was the worst famine to occur in Europe in the…;
		The Irish Potato Famine was the worst famine to occur...
		The potato (common potato, white potato, or Irish potato), considered by most botanists a native of the Peruvian-Bolivian Andes, is one of the world's main food crops, differing from others in that the edible part of the plant is a tuber (i.e., the swollen end of an...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9003032?tocId=9003032 (910 words)

	IRISH POTATO FAMINE
		By the 1840's, the Irish population, especially the poor, had come to rely on the potato as the mainstay of their diet.
		Potatoes contain protein, carbohydrates and vitamin C. Potatoes and buttermilk (Vitamin A and calcium) are all that is required for a healthy diet.
		The effects of the famine were multiplied by the English governments' laissez-faire economic policies, which centered on "free trade as the best palliative for the inconvenience".
	www.internetpuppets.org /ihspotato.html (578 words)

	Irish Potato Famine
		To counter overpopulation, people moved to less fertile areas were the potato was one of the few sources of food that could be grown.(21) Most of these lands were under the ownership of absentee landlords, who wanted to maximize the output with little or no investment into the population.
		Irish were forbidden: to speak their language, to practice their faith, to attend school, to hold an public office, to hold certain jobs, to own land, or to ".
		Although the potato crops from 1847-1851 were unaffected by the blight, famine conditions intensified due to a lack of seed potatoes for planting new crops and an inadequate amount of potatoes having been planted for fear that the blight would persist.(28) Tenant farmers held short-term leases that were payable each six months in arrears.
	www.american.edu /TED/potato.htm (1494 words)

	The Great Famine in Mayo
		For one third of the country's population, the potato was the sole article of diet.
		In County Mayo it was estimated that nine tenths of the population depended on it.
		Emigration became a long term legacy of the famine with each successive census showing a steady decline in the population of County Mayo to a low of 109,525 in 1971.
	www.mayo-ireland.ie /Mayo/History/Famine.htm (1525 words)

	Irish Potato Famine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In Ireland, as might be expected, the potato famine led to one of the greatest tragedies of the century.
		Moreover, O'Connell, the Irish leader in the British Parliament, was the ally of the Whigs.
		These steps were clearly based on English assumptions: Irish problems were to be solved by substituting large consolidated farms for the fragmented small holdings of the Irish peasants, and by applying capital in large doses to modernize Irish agriculture.
	mars.acnet.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/potato.html (2433 words)

	The History Place - Irish Potato Famine
		The Famine began quite mysteriously in September 1845 as leaves on potato plants suddenly turned fl and curled, then rotted, seemingly the result of a fog that had wafted across the fields of Ireland.
		The blight spread throughout the fields as fungal spores settled on the leaves of healthy potato plants, multiplied and were carried in the millions by cool breezes to surrounding plants.
		Irish farmers, desperate for cash, routinely sold the grain to the British in order to pay the rent on their farms and thus avoid eviction.
	www.historyplace.com /worldhistory/famine/begins.htm (1582 words)

	The Potato Then & Now: The Irish Potato Famine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Others speculate that the potato washed up on the beaches of Ireland as part of the shipwreck of the Spanish Armada, which had sunk off the Irish coast in a violent storm.
		The potato's popularity was based on the potato producing more food per acre than any other crops Irish farmers had grown before.
		By the 1800's, the potato was so important in Ireland that some of the poorer parts of the country relied entirely on the potato for food.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /potato/history/ireland.asp (598 words)

	BBC - History - The Irish Famine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Comparison with other modern and contemporary famines establishes beyond any doubt that the Irish famine of the late 1840s, which killed nearly one-eighth of the entire population, was proportionally much more destructive of human life than the vast majority of famines in modern times.
		In most famines in the contemporary world, only a small fraction of the population of a given country or region is exposed to the dangers of death from starvation or infectious diseases, and then typically for only one or two seasons.
		But in the Irish famine of the late 1840s, successive blasts of potato blight - or to give it its proper name, the fungus Phytophthora infestans - robbed more than one-third of the population of their usual means of subsistence for four or five years in a row.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/state/nations/famine_01.shtml (337 words)

	History of the Irish Potato Famine - Victory Heirloom Seeds
		To the Irish, famine of this magnitude was unprecedented and unimaginable.
		Ireland's famine and those of the 20th century have similar, complex causes: economic and political factors, environmental conditions, and questionable agricultural practices.
		It was this reliance on one crop--and especially one variety of one crop--that made the Irish vulnerable to famine.
	www.victoryseeds.com /news/irish_famine.html (838 words)

	A Head of Cabbage and the Irish Potato
		The 1770 crop failure was the catalyst for the Potato War, and the Irish Potato Famine of the mid-1840s, was the cause for thousands of Irish to immigrate to the United States.
		This potato, discovered wild in Chile, was resistant to the fungus that had destroyed the original potato crop.
		The potato is starchy and becomes fattening with the addition of sour cream or butter (the better choice.) Processing the potato reduces vitamin content and a persons ability to assimilate nutrients.
	www.personalmd.com /news/cabbage_potato_031700.shtml (942 words)

	Ireland First! - The Great Irish Famine - Laws that Isolated and Impoverished the Irish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Irish intervention on behalf of the Stuarts was to be made impossible forever by reducing the Catholic Irish to helpless impotence.
		The great potato famines of 1845-51 reduced the population from 8 million to 6.6 million through starvation, disease and emigration to Britain and America.
		Irish linen manufacturing met with the same fate when the Irish were forbidden to export their product to all other countries except England.
	www.eirefirst.com /unit_1.html (4442 words)

	Ireland History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		For the Irish many of their problems began in the 1180's when the King of England decided that his nation needed more land.
		When the farmers got up the next morning and went to their potato fields to dig up their crop they found the "spuds" had turned fl and were of a soft mushy like texture.
		The potato famine of 1848 was the most devastating Irish famine in history.
	www.clevehill.wnyric.org /aphist/Irelandhistory.html (2202 words)

	The Great Irish Famine Curriculum
		Between 1845 and 1850, more than a million Irish people starved to death while massive quantities of food were being exported from their country.
		A half million were evicted from their homes during the potato blight, and a million and a half emigrated to America, Britain and Australia, often on-board rotting, overcrowded "coffin ships".
		This is the story of how that immense tragedy came to pass.
	www.nde.state.ne.us /SS/irish_famine.html (264 words)

	Sites Remember the Irish Potato Famine
		In 1995, he began putting together a synopsis on the famine for the Holocaust Commission, which was assembling similar guides on the persecutions and mass deaths of Cambodians, Armenians, American Indians and African slaves.
		Jonathan Swift's "Modest Proposal," about eating Irish babies to reduce the surplus population, is routinely taught in English literature courses as a supreme example of irony, he noted, but it is less often taught in English history classes, where it would acquire a needed context.
		There is a discussion of genocide, and historians and political theorists are quoted on the differences between the planned extermination of a people or a culture and the prejudice and culpable neglect that produce the same result.
	www.irishside.com /tis/content/nyt/130.htm (635 words)

	Related Materials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Irish Famine, 1845-50 (by Liz Szabo, University of Virginia)
		Irish Views of the Famine (University of Virginia)
		The Irish Famine: 1845-9 (Marjorie Bloy, Brown University)
	vassun.vassar.edu /~sttaylor/FAMINE/Related.html (172 words)

	Teacher to study Irish potato famine - PittsburghLIVE.com
		Dana Schultz is just one-eighth Irish, but she's nonetheless mesmerized by the hardship of 19th century Ireland.
		In Washington, Schultz and her group will look at the of Irish immigrants in the United States and compare the heyday of Irish immigration with the recent mass immigration of Mexicans.
		"A lot of people call the Irish famine the Great Hunger because there was plenty of food available, which raises a lot of questions about why people would stand by and let something like this happen," Schultz said.
	pittsburghlive.com /x/tribune-review/education/s_192540.html (344 words)

	The Great Irish Famine
		During the worst months of the famine, in the winter of 1846-47, tens of thousands of tenants fell in arrears of rent and were evicted from their homes.
		Irish sailors who mutinied to help their countrymen were flogged unmercifully, and "ironed" together with handcuffs, thumbscrews and slave leg bolts.
		While the Irish were despised for their "inferior" brand of Christianity, the Africans were dismissed for not even being Christians, but "heathens." And African customs were represented as even more "barbaric" than the Irish.
	www.nde.state.ne.us /SS/irish/irish_pf.html (16021 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Wrong culprit blamed for potato famine
		Potato blight is still a problem in many parts of the world
		DNA analysis of ancient potato leaves has forced scientists to re-think their theories about the origin of the Irish potato famine.
		Potato blight is still a major problem in many countries - affecting crops in Russia, Mexico, Ireland, Ecuador and the US.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1374000/1374093.stm (323 words)

	Phytophthora infestans, cause of late blight of potato and the Irish potato Famine, Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for ...
		Late blight of potato is an example par excellence of the impact that a "fungal" disease has had on the political, economic and social atmosphere of several nations.
		Sometime after 1800, Europeans found the potato tuber (really an underground stem anatomically) was edible, and it was quickly adapted as a staple crop-the climate and soil in Europe was similar to that of the Andes and thus ideal for cultivation.
		However, the Irish refused to eat the corn-- it was not as filling as the potato, and they considered it chicken feed.
	botit.botany.wisc.edu /toms_fungi/m2001alt.html (2083 words)

	Researcher Identifies Irish Potato Famine Pathogen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		DNA Evidence Calls Irish Potato Famine Theory Into Question (June 13, 2001) -- For years, scientists thought they knew which strain of late blight caused the great Irish potato famine of the 1840s, a catastrophic crop failure that killed more than 1 million people, forced...
		Extracted DNA May Reveal Cause Of Great Irish Potato Famine (March 2, 2000) -- One of modern science's most baffling mysteries may soon be solved by a North Carolina State University scientist and the tiny fragments of DNA she's extracting from dried potato leaves.
		A Virulent Strain Of The Fungus That Caused The Irish Potato Famine Is Devastating Crops In North America, Cornell Scientist Says (March 13, 1998) -- The fungus responsible for the Irish Potato Famine of the 1840s is back, and could be more threatening than ever.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/03/040319073313.htm (789 words)

	News Release: Researcher Identifies Pathogen Strain Responsible for Irish Potato Famine
		The Ib haplotype – the one previously presumed to be the culprit behind the Irish potato famine and other epidemics before Ristaino’s groundbreaking 2001 study – was present only in more modern samples from Central and South America.
		Abstract: The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes of the plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans present in dried potato and tomato leaves from herbarium specimens collected during the Irish potato famine and later in the 19th and early 20th century were identified.
		Two mid 20th century potato leaves from Ecuador (1967) and Bolivia (1944) were infected with the Ib mtDNA haplotype of the pathogen.
	www.ncsu.edu /news/press_releases/04_03/109.htm (802 words)

	DNA Study Sheds Light on Irish Potato Famine
		Summary In the mid-19th century, a fungus-like disease that turned potatoes into fl, inedible mush led to the fatal starvation of approximately a million people in Ireland.
		In the mid-19th century, a fungus-like disease that turned potatoes into fl, inedible mush led to the fatal starvation of approximately a million people in Ireland.
		Greg Forbes, a research scientist with the International Potato Center in Lima, Peru, said the DNA research by Ristaino and her colleagues helps scientists to better understand the history of the late blight pathogen.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2004/05/0505_040505_potatofamine.html (787 words)

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