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Topic: Irish Unionism

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	Northern Irish
		So-called ‘loyalists’ tend towards ‘fundamentalist Protestantism, conditional unionism, and an Ulster identity.’[8] This overwhelmingly Presbyterian and working-class constituency is represented by the Democratic Unionist Party of the charismatic Ian Paisley and, increasingly, by smaller, secular loyalist parties such as the Progressive Unionist Party and the Ulster Democratic Party, which speak for various paramilitary factions.
		This last possibility is inherent in Aughey’s assertion that unionism may be seen as a form of ‘constitutional patriotism,’ a rational adherence to an all-protecting constitution, that predates the theorising of Jürgen Habermas and Attracta Ingram.
		The relevant concept in Unionism, Aughey argues, is not the ‘nation’ of Protestant Scots or English, but rather the ‘citizen.’[19] According to this interpretation, unionism is a democratic citizenship ideal, embracing different nations, religions and colours as equal citizens under the authority of the British state.
	lilt.ilstu.edu /critique/Fall2001Docs/tdonnelly.htm (4090 words)

	Unionism (Ireland) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Unionism, in the context of Ireland, is a belief in the continuation of the Act of Union 1800 (as amended by the Government of Ireland Act 1920) so that Northern Ireland (created by the 1920 Act) remains part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
		Unionism is a natural identity for the descendents of English and Scottish settlers who arrived in Ulster, especially from the Plantation of Ulster, in the early 17th Century, onwards.
		Buckland, Patrick Irish Unionism I: The Anglo-Irish and the New Ireland, 1885-1922, Dublin: 1972.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Unionists_(Ireland) (4420 words)

	Republic of Ireland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Though Irish unionism existed throughout the whole of Ireland, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century unionism was particularly strong in parts of Ulster, where industrialisation was more common in contrast to the more agrarian rest of the island.
		Asquith, with agreement of the leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party leadership, inserted a clause into the bill providing for home rule for 26 of the 32 counties, with an as of yet undecided new set of measures to be introduced for the area temporarily excluded.
		Irish governments have sought the peaceful reunification of Ireland and have usually cooperated with the British government in the violent conflict with the Provisional IRA and UVF in Northern Ireland known as the "Troubles".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Republic_of_Ireland (4591 words)

	Irish nationalism and violence, background
		Due to rapid social change the usage of Irish had declined sharply; before the famine it was spoken by, perhaps, half of Ireland’s population but by the late 19th century it seemed in danger of becoming merely an academic subject.
		Its activities included the provision of Irish classes, organising of Irish speaking social gatherings, publication of a newspaper, sponsoring of Irish verse and prose and the mounting of campaigns to have the language integrated into the national educational system.
		Unionism attracted its most committed and enduring support amongst the Protestant population in Ulster who established their own organisation, separate from its supporters elsewhere in Ireland.
	falcon.arts.cornell.edu /dg78/100.3/documents/ira1.htm (6180 words)

	Northern Irish
		So-called ‘loyalists’ tend towards ‘fundamentalist Protestantism, conditional unionism, and an Ulster identity.’[8] This overwhelmingly Presbyterian and working-class constituency is represented by the Democratic Unionist Party of the charismatic Ian Paisley and, increasingly, by smaller, secular loyalist parties such as the Progressive Unionist Party and the Ulster Democratic Party, which speak for various paramilitary factions.
		This last possibility is inherent in Aughey’s assertion that unionism may be seen as a form of ‘constitutional patriotism,’ a rational adherence to an all-protecting constitution, that predates the theorising of Jürgen Habermas and Attracta Ingram.
		The relevant concept in Unionism, Aughey argues, is not the ‘nation’ of Protestant Scots or English, but rather the ‘citizen.’[19] According to this interpretation, unionism is a democratic citizenship ideal, embracing different nations, religions and colours as equal citizens under the authority of the British state.
	www.lilt.ilstu.edu /critique/Fall2001Docs/tdonnelly.htm (4090 words)

	Ireland, Irish Republic, Republic of Ireland, Éire, embassy, embassies
		Though Irish unionism existed throughout the whole of Ireland, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century unionism was particularly strong in parts of Ulster, where industrialisation was more common in contrast to the more agrarian rest of the island.
		The new Irish Free State was in theory to cover the entire island, subject to the proviso that Northern Ireland (which had been created as a separate entity under the Government of Ireland Act 1920) could opt out and choose to remain part of the United Kingdom, which it duly did, to no-one's surprise.
		Irish governments have sought the peaceful reunification of Ireland and have usually cooperated with the British government in the violent conflict with the Provisional IRA in Northern Ireland known as the "Troubles".
	www.allembassies.com /ireland.html (1892 words)

	CAIN: 'Interpreting Unionism' by Norman Porter
		The challenge to unionism in this instance is to halt a gradual decline of its relevance.
		Unionism's difficulties are compounded by challenges engendered by a third sense of the concept of parity of esteem which is appropriately dubbed 'political'.
		Unionism's most urgent tasks, on this reading, must be to heal its own divisions and shore up its collective resources in order to defend itself against blatant and subtle attempts to undermine the justness of its cause.
	cain.ulst.ac.uk /issues/politics/docs/porter1.htm (11784 words)

	History & Policy - Policy Papers
		An historical re-examination of Unionism indicates that it was a multi-faceted idea, in many ways detached from the historical fault-lines of Irish history.
		The appropriation of the United Irish tradition solely into the Republican version of the past is symptomatic of the slogan-based history that permeates the Northern Ireland conflict.
		Ultimately, their unsuccessful rebellion of 1798 was utopian and failed to gauge the extent of sectarian division in late-eighteenth-century Ireland: in some areas in the south, the banner of revolution became a guise for the settling of age-old religious resentments.
	www.historyandpolicy.org /archive/policy-paper-15.html (3287 words)

	New Page 1
		In short, northern Irish unionism has been (and is) expressed in some discriminatory or reactionary modes, but there are many exceptions and extenuating circumstances, and surely there is not enough evidence to justify the highly confrontational view that unionism is substantially more unreconstructed, supremacist, or illegitimate than Irish nationalism or (especially) republicanism.
		Irish neutrality probably ought not to be regarded so judgmentally, especially when it is considered that the United States (for instance) itself did not end its formal neutrality until Hitler declared war on the United States late in 1941.
		Indeed, insofar as the Irish (a category frequently equated with Irish Catholic nationalists) in Britain are themselves defined as a victimized racial minority, efforts to reconceptualize Britishness along these lines tend to reinforce political notions largely antipathetic to unionism.
	www.mtsu.edu /~ceb3h/review.htm (10670 words)

	Burns Scholar Jackson Is Irish Historian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Alvin Jackson, the 1996-97 Burns Library Visiting Scholar in Irish Studies, believes a certain amount of detachment is useful in his research area, the history of unionism in Ireland.
		While the Irish political situation might render such subject matter controversial, Jackson is less interested in recounting unionism's clashes with the nationalist-republican movement than in exploring its complex nature.
		Jackson is teaching a course on Irish unionism from the early 19th to early 20th century, and in the spring will present a class on modern Irish historiography.
	www.bc.edu /bc_org/rvp/pubaf/chronicle/v5/O3/jackson.html (604 words)

	Treat of the experience of Unionists in County Donegal during the period 1919-22
		Unionism in County Donegal has a long and proud tradition and heritage, which dates back to the very foundations of the Unionist cause on this island.
		But in the final analysis it cannot be denied that Unionism in the county survived the period, and continued in one form or another up until the present day.
		Owing largely to the success of Unionism and the UVF in gaining publicity for Ulster’s cause, it was generally accepted that Partition was inevitable.
	www.reform.org /TheReformMovement_files/article_files/articles/donegal.htm (4432 words)

	The Case for Home Rule
		In 1641 the native Irish rose in Ulster and dispossessed those to whom the lands of their fathers had been given in the reign of James I. This rising was an attempt to reverse wholesale confiscations carried out in a period no more remote than that which divides us from Mr.
		The Irish Catholics who, in their Parliament, had established freedom for all religions, were first declared incapable of sitting in Parliament, then of voting for a member of Parliament.
		As early as 1672 the Irish Parliament had voted a sum of money to be applied for the encouragement of the manufacture of fine linen; and from the fourth year of Anne to the nineteenth of George II., passed no less than fourteen Acts for the encouragement of the industry.
	www.ucc.ie /celt/online/E900030.html (16771 words)

	Part 3 of Ireland in the New Century
		The second cause which determined the character of Irish Unionism was the linking of the agrarian with the political question; the one being, in effect, a practical, the other a sentimental issue.
		If the influence of Irish Unionists was to be even maintained, it was of vital importance that the interest of a class should not be allowed to dominate the policy of the party.
		The Irish Question has been so successfully narrowed down to two simple policies, one positive but vague, the other negative but definite, that to suggest that there are three distinct forces---three distinct interests---to be taken into account seems like confusing the issue.
	www.ucc.ie /celt/online/E900004-001/text003.html (7461 words)

	Ireland 1850-1972 - Reading list (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Beaumont, Caitriona, (1997) 'Women and the politics of equality: the Irish women's movement, 1930-1943' in Maryann Gialanella Valiulis and Mary O'Dowd (eds), Women and Irish History Dublin.
		Collins, B., (1993), 'The Irish in Britain, 1780-1921' in B.J. Graham and L.J. Proudfoot (eds), An Historical Geography of Ireland.
		Guinnane, Timothy, (1997), The Vanishing Irish: Households, migration and the rural economy in Ireland, 1850-1914.
	www2.warwick.ac.uk /fac/arts/history/undergrad/modules/hi143/rdglist (3822 words)

	Irish Democrat : Book reviews : Himself Alone: David Trimble (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Since 1989-91 and the fading of the alleged threat of a general war in Europe, Ireland is not all that important to the US rulers who have counted on their British counterparts to keep matters in hand on the neighboring island.
		British unionism upholds as its supreme value the integrity, size, and power of the UK state and its role in the world.
		Irish unionism, growing weaker in relation to Irish nationalism, under the pressure of democratization and /or demographics, must maneuver with increasing desperation to stabilize a political position when the tides of history are ebbing.
	www.irishdemocrat.co.uk /book-reviews/himself-alone (1185 words)

	Slugger O'Toole: Is Britishness dying?
		Unionism spent the last 80 years demanding it be recognised by the Irish Republic then as soon as it is they start using a name that lays claim to part of said republic.
		The campaign of irish nationalism in the late 19th and early 20th century became essentially a choice between their sense of britishness and irishness, their sense of britishness was the stronger and it won through (relatively easily in fact).
		The raison d'etre of Unionism, was and is, to destroy Irish identity, from denial of self-governance to the slaying of the language to the partition of its people.
	www.sluggerotoole.com /archives/2005/03/is_britishness.php (12320 words)

	The Nationalism Project: Suggested Readings About Northern Ireland
		Irish Unionism, One: The Anglo-Irish and the New Ireland, 1885-1922, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1972.
		Ulster Unionism and the Origins of Northern Ireland, 1886-1922.
		Belfast: The Institute for Irish Studies for The Community Relations Council, 1994.
	www.nationalismproject.org /suggested/nireland.html (146 words)

	Institute of Ulster-Scots Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Buckland, P., Irish Unionism I: The Anglo-Irish and the New Ireland, 1885-1922 (Dublin, 1972).
		The Rev. James Foster of Newmills, Co. Tyrone 1850-1890 and "the bush that burned" in Tyrone (Belfast, Presbyterian Historical Society of Ireland, 1980).
		Party: Irish Unionists in the House Of Commons, 1884-1911 (New York, 1989).
	www.arts.ulst.ac.uk /ulsterscots/bib_19th.htm (530 words)

	AdamMaguire.com - Blog » Archives » What will become of Unionism if Britain fades away?
		Interestingly Unionism’s historic ally, the Conservatives are the ones pushing for this reform the hardest, albeit as a weapon against Gordon Brown.
		The problem is that should the concept find support in England and carry the Conservatives to power down the line they would have a hard time reneging on their promise, even if it did anger the likes of the UUP and DUP.
		The real threat that faces Irish Unionism over the coming years is not from Nationalism; if anything the more Sinn Fein call for a United Ireland the more Unionists dig their heals in and rally support.
	www.adammaguire.com /blog/?p=192 (548 words)

	Kennys: Irish History Books - Kennys Irish Bookshop, Galway, Ireland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Curiously, despite the many volumes of Irish History that have been written, there is a great deal of it still being published.
		It would seem that the "Irish Question" as it became called, came into being during the Eighteenth Century, a period that was also the golden era of the Ascendancy and resulted in the grandeur of Georgian Ireland.
		In fact, there have been enough to now recognise the fact the The Irish Question has become an inherent part of the Irish Cultural Debate, whatever that may be.
	www.kennysirishbookshop.ie /categories/irishhistory (353 words)

	Comment: Aer Lingus and the ugly face of Irish trade unionism
		While trade unions have limited influence in the Irish private sector in contrast with their grip in the public sector, SIPTU is using the Aer Lingus issue to make it clear to the Government and workers in general, that trade unions are still a potent power in the country.
		Last week, it was reported that the Irish public service salaries have risen by 59% in the past five years and the payroll has expanded by 38,000 extra staff.
		What we are seeing is the ugly face of trade unionism, which has been nurtured by a Government approach that has been characterised by procrastination, retreats and surrender.
	www.finfacts.com /irelandbusinessnews/publish/article_10006485.shtml (1488 words)

	Institute of Ulster-Scots Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Buckland, P., Irish Unionism I: The Anglo-Irish and the New Ireland, 1885-1922 (Dublin, 1972).
		The Rev. James Foster of Newmills, Co. Tyrone 1850-1890 and "the bush that burned" in Tyrone (Belfast, Presbyterian Historical Society of Ireland, 1980).
		Party: Irish Unionists in the House Of Commons, 1884-1911 (New York, 1989).
	www.arts.ulster.ac.uk /ulsterscots/bib_19th.htm (530 words)

	Irish Echo Online - Editorial
		The unionist tactic of making what they imagined were unmeetable demands on Irish nationalism before they would deign to share power with their neighbors is now a busted flush.
		This means ensuring Irish citizens in the North can call upon a competent and impartial police service; that all-Ireland institutions actually function; that there is parity of esteem between nationalism and unionism, from the actual delivery of local services to the flags flying outside the building.
		It should be clear to most that a united Ireland is now no more than 20 years away, and the Irish government should start planning the transition as a matter of urgency.
	www.irishecho.com /newspaper/story.cfm?id=16921 (511 words)

	The Irish Republican Army ceases, for all means and purposes, to be an army. \| MetaFilter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Irish Republican Army ceases, for all means and purposes, to be an army.
		September 27, 2005 8:18 AM The Irish Republican Army ceases, for all means and purposes, to be an army.
		Unionism is as valid a political stance as republicanism, just as terrorism in the cause of unionism is as invalid as terrorism in the cause of republicanism.
	www.metafilter.com /mefi/45434 (2054 words)

	Irish Echo Online - News
		The Bush administration remains deeply committed to the Irish peace process, and is generally optimistic for 2006, U.S. Special Envoy Mitchell B. Reiss has said.
		But in an end-of-year "report card" article in today's Irish Echo, Reiss warned that two "worrisome" issues loom: the crisis within Irish unionism, and that of policing.
		Many of the unionists who rioted in September are poorly educated, have bleak employment prospects and feel alienated from the political process, he said.
	www.irishecho.com /search/searchstory.cfm?id=17605&issueid=446 (453 words)

	Unionism (Irish politics) - History books, find the lowest prices
		Defenders of the Union : A Survey of British and Irish Unionism Since 1801
		Ideology and the Irish Question : Ulster Unionism and Irish Nationalism, 1912-1916
		Unionism in Modern Ireland : New Perspectives on Politics and Culture
	www.allbookstores.com /Unionism_(Irish_Politics)-History.html (309 words)

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