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	Irish American - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The issue of job discrimination against Irish immigrants is a hotly debated among historians, with some insisting that the "No Irish need apply" signs so familiar to the Irish in memory were myths,[9], and others arguing that the Irish continued to be discriminated against in various professions into the 20th century.
		Many Irish Americans Catholics were enthusiastic supporters of Irish independence; after that was achieved in 1921, they generally lost interest in the politics of the old country until political violence erupted in Northern Ireland in 1969.
		The Irish had a reputation of being very well organized, and, since 1850, have produced a majority of the leaders of the Catholic Church in the U.S., labor unions, the Democratic Party in larger cities, and Catholic high schools, colleges and universities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Irish_Americans (3539 words)

	Irish people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Irish insular culture therefore may have developed as a result of cultural exchange with Celtic groups on mainland Europe, the peoples of Britain and the native Irish.
		It is thought that the majority of the Irish population is descended from the initial settlers who arrived after the end of the last Ice Age, as can be seen in the high presence of the genetic marker known as R1b among the Irish.
		Another common Irish surname of Norman Irish origin is the 'de' habitational prefix, meaning 'of the' and originally signifying prestige and land ownership.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Irish_ethnicity (4914 words)

	ethnic costumes: Irish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Irish are one of the most important ethnic groups that have made modern in America.
		The history of the Irish is one of discrimination and struggle, but in all the countries where they arrived in numbers, the Irish played a major role in both the building of the countries and in the development of religious freedom.
		The Irish kilt worn today is a relatively recent recreation by the modern Irish to create the trapings of Irish identity after several centuries of attempts to anglicize them.
	histclo.com /style/ethnic/ethnicir.html (1016 words)

	Irish Flutes for Sale - Ethnic Musical Instruments
		Irish players value the Nicholson-type flute's strong tone, especially in the first octave, but they generally don't use its keywork, preferring the effect of fast finger movements on the open holes.
		Flutes currently made for Irish music usually follow the pattern of the 19th century wooden flutes with large holes, except that the instruments have only a few keys, or none at all.
		The Irish flute may be embellished with the addition of keys (typically metal, mounted to wooden blocks) used to play pitches which would require cross fingerings or be impossible to produce on the basic flute.
	www.musicoutfitters.com /ethnic/irish.htm (337 words)

	Music Published In America, 1870-1885, p7
		Irish songs are more numerous during the 1870s, African-American in the 1880s, but both ethnic groups are regular presences in all years from 1870 to 1885.
		There are, in fact, several images of the Irish in songs of this period: besides the comic stage Irishman and the brash young Irish American, there is also the romantic dreamer, often an immigrant, often pining for his home, often with a sweetheart in the old country.
		Many "Irish" songs are, in fact, love songs with only a place-name, a bit of accent, or perhaps only the name of the beloved to identify them as ethnic.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/smhtml/smessay4.html (1181 words)

	Irish Immigration
		Irish Immigration in Waterbury, CT Irish immigration is well known to have played an important role in the "Peopling of America", but the impact of Irish immigration specific to the city of Waterbury, CT has not been very well documented.
		Given the impact that many different immigrant groups played in the development of Waterbury, it is no surprise that Irish immigration was heavily criticized by other ethnic groups in 20th century Waterbury.
		As we continue to research Irish immigration and its' impact on Waterbury, we encourage you to contact us if you know of any source material that may be of interest to others researching Irish immigration.
	www.lynchonline.com /irish_immigration.html (242 words)

	The Untold Story: The Development of an Irish Ethnic Identity in Rural Quebec: 1820-1860
		On the other hand, there were some Irish Catholics who intermarried, adopted the French language and became indistinguishable form French Canadians, apart from their surnames (a brief glance through the register of the National Assembly confirms the survival of some fine old Irish surnames in every political sphere in Quebec).
		After 1871, Irish representation in the total population declined, partly because some of them had begun to be assimilated and partly because the major migration of the Irish to Canafa had peaked several decades previously.
		The Irish Catholic community was sufficiently large to warrant the appointment of an Irish Catholic pastor and the priest played a significant role in the community.
	members.tripod.com /~gail25/que4.htm (2552 words)

	Irish Echo Online - News
		The first wave of large-scale Irish immigration to the New World was not that of the famine era; it came, instead, in the shape of an earlier generation of predominantly Northern Protestants whose successors have tended to identify themselves as Scots-Irish or Ulster-Scots rather than Irish-American.
		The significant Irish population in the Southern states of the U.S. was reflected in the fact that a substantial number of slave owners were Irish.
		Mooney's embrace of his Irish heritage is made easier by the fact that the unification of the Irish and African branches of his family tree took place long after slavery had been abolished.
	www.irishecho.com /newspaper/story.cfm?id=17800 (1199 words)

	ESRC Society Today - The hidden Irish multi-ethnic Britain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Rather, it shows children of Irish parentage in England to be placed at the intersection of two nations, neither of which represents their Irish identity as real.
		Irish history is notably absent from formal education, even in Catholic schools where second-generation Irish are often the majority.
		Unlike ethnic groups clearly visible because of their colour, the second-generation and subsequent generations of Irish in England and Scotland have to stake a claim to their difference.
	www.esrc.ac.uk /ESRCInfoCentre/PO/releases/2002/november/Irish.aspx?ComponentId=2130&SourcePageId=3075 (863 words)

	Digital History
		In the economic sphere, Irish Catholics, more than any other European ethnic group, emphasized economic solidarity, collective action, and politics as keys to improving their economic position and resisting discrimination.
		Irish Catholic men were also especially likely to seek government employment (especially as police officers) or to find jobs under contractors who held city contracts or in public utilities, such as street railways.
		This high degree of ethnic solidarity reflected both the discrimination that Irish Catholics faced as well as their belief that their job security and economic well-being depended on ethnic unity in the face of hostility from the nation's Protestant majority.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /historyonline/irish_am_solidarity.cfm (504 words)

	The Immigrant Experience and the Pan-American Exposition -
		Most of the city's Irish emigrated from their home country in response to the Irish Famine, and arrived in Buffalo during a period when the city was rapidly growing as a grain port.
		However, while the Germans became part of Buffalo's political and economic mainstream, the Irish were somewhat socially isolated by century's end, in part because they maintained a much stronger ethnic identity, with emphasis on family ties, Ireland and the Catholic church.
		The Irish were an integral part of the labor force during the periods of Buffalo's heaviest growth.
	ublib.buffalo.edu /libraries/exhibits/panam/immigrants/irish.html (2208 words)

	Recent research into the needs of the Irish in Britain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Federation of Irish Societies publication “The Irish in Britain - an Annotated Bibliography on Health and Related issues” which became available towards the end of 2000 was of enormous benefit to the authors and this is acknowledged frequently in the report.
		The authors were struck by the small amount of research on the needs of the Irish in Britain, and on the Irish in Britain in general, and on the Irish in London in particular, a major city of the Irish diaspora.
		The Irish are considered in social inclusion policy initiatives only to the extent that they are treated as a separate ethnic group — where they have negotiated some sort of position within the 'Black and Ethnic Minorities agenda'.
	www.irishdiaspora.net /vp01.cfm?outfit=ids&requesttimeout=500&folder=112&paper=113 (3470 words)

	The Irish of Chicago
		The increased prosperity of the Irish was evident in the steady stream who left the city for the suburbs in the half century after the war.
		For Irish Catholics, religious and ethnic identities were entwined, as religious persecution at the hands of Protestant England and the Protestant Anglo-Irish establishment had tended to fuse together their Irish and Catholic identities.
		Although an Irish Chicagoan holds the city's highest office as this century comes to a close, the Chicago Irish are not nearly as visible now as they were at the beginning of the century.
	www.lib.niu.edu /ipo/1999/iht629912.html (2519 words)

	MOUNTAIN LAKES
		The Irish Spring Festival features several events that are Irish cultural activities including Road Bowling (a traditional Irish sport recently imported to West Virginia), and a traditional harp concert.
		Slovenes are a Slavic ethnic group from the republic of Slovenia, formerly a constituent republic of Yugoslavia.
		The small ethnic community recently included a Slovenian float in the Richwood Homecoming Celebration, as a demonstration of the pride in their heritage.
	www.wvculture.org /arts/ethnic/mountainlake.html (745 words)

	FLYING THE CELTIC FLAG
		Based on a farm near Enniskillen, in Northern Ireland's Co Fermanagh, the McManus family was steeped in all kinds of music, particularly traditional Irish music and folk.
		John became an All-Ulster Champion on tin whistle regularly between the age of seven and twelve, while Pat was an All-Ireland Champion on fiddle by the age of fourteen.
		In the early 80s, when only in their teens, with another brother Tommy who was then only 13, they formed the heavy rock band, Mamas Boys, who enjoyed varying levels of success for over a decade.
	mag.irish-music.net /BckIssue/9708Aug/Celtus.htm (557 words)

	TV ACRES: Ethnic Groups - Irish
		She is single, Irish- Catholic, and passionate about her work as a medical examiner at the Boston Coroner’s Office.
		The highlight of the show was Dave Allen sitting comfortably on stage with cigarette and drink in hand telling the kind of humorous tales (on politics, religion, sex etc.) that one might hear in a neighborhood pub.
		Callahan, bumbling Irish wagon master who gets separated from the main wagon train and stumbles about the western frontier of the 1880s with a small party of travelers trying to get to California.
	www.tvacres.com /ethnic_irish_a_k.htm (4313 words)

	World Arts West : San Francisco Ethnic Dance Festival : Dancers
		Although much of Irish dance's early history is lost, there is common belief that one of its roots came from the Druids, who used circular dances in religious rituals honoring the oak tree or the sun.
		While performed in the courts of the royalty or funerals of the aristocracy, Irish dance is predominantly a social form.
		She sees the learning and performing of Irish dance as a way for young people to connect to a rich tradition, build self-esteem and maintain lasting friendships.
	www.worldartswest.org /edf/dancers/irish_MurphyIrish.html (454 words)

	N. Irish Ethnic Cleansing Mulled in 70's JILL LAWLESS / AP 1jan03
		It is the first indication that Britain once considered using a method that came to be known as "ethnic cleansing," a strategy Britain, among many nations, denounced when Serbs used it against Muslims and ethnic Albanians during the Balkan wars of the 1990s.
		More than 200,000 Catholics would be moved from Northern Ireland to the Irish Republic or "into homogenous enclaves within Northern Ireland." A similar number of Protestants living in lands ceded to the Irish Republic would be moved into what remained of Northern Ireland.
		The first took place in a remote Irish farmhouse on June 20 between P.J. Woodfield, a representative of Northern Ireland Secretary William Whitelaw, and a two-man IRA delegation: Gerry Adams, now leader of the IRA-linked political party Sinn Fein, and Daithi O Conaill, who reputedly became chief of staff of the IRA the following year.
	www.mindfully.org /Reform/2003/Irish-Ethnic-Cleansing1jan03.htm (791 words)

	Melting Pot Soldiers--The Union's Ethnic Regiments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The unit was raised explicitly as an ethnic unit and its original membership was composed of first or second generation immigrants.
		would exclude from his definition units that are often referred to as Irish or German units on the grounds that a majority of the ranks were actually not members of the ethnic group in question.
		contends that the majority of ethnic friction was not between the immigrants and the “native” Americans but rather between the ethnic groups themselves.
	members.aol.com /TFGrantel/books/melting_pot.html (1448 words)

	ABCgenealogy: Ethnic/Irish
		Irish Emigrants - Ship's Lists - A series of lists of ships arriving in the US or Canada from Ireland or England, and their Irish passengers.
		GoIreland - GoIreland is a free searchable database of Irish surnames.
		The Irish Genealogical Research Society - The IGRS was established in 1936 in London to encourage and promote the study of Irish genealogy and to collect books and manuscripts of genealogical value.
	www.abcgenealogy.com /Ethnic/Irish (984 words)

	The Irish in Pittsburgh, Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh Resource Guide
		Certified by the Irish Dance Commission in Dublin, Ireland, the Burke School of Irish Dance provides instruction in traditional Irish Step Dancing at weekly lessons held at the Irish Centre of Pittsburgh in Squirrel Hill.
		The Pittsburgh Irish Society for Education & Charity sponsors the Pittsburgh St. Patrick's Day Parade and is a service organization to the Pittsburgh Irish community.
		Classes are held weekly in Dormont and in Johnstown, PA. The Shovlin Academy of Irish Dance is sanctioned by An Coimisiun le Rince na Gaelacha, Dublin Ireland.
	www.clpgh.org /subject/ethnic/irish.html (545 words)

	Observer Newspaper - News
		Although 20,000 fans will scream "IRISH" this Saturday at the Blue-Gold Game, they cannot print "IRISH" on their license plates in Vermont, a judge has ruled.
		Katz ruled "IRISH" could be considered offensive or confusing to the public, according to court documents.
		Peter McQuillan, a professor of Irish studies at Notre Dame, believes Irish is not offensive.
	www.nd.edu /~observer/04272001/News/6.html (375 words)

	Open Directory - Shopping: Ethnic and Regional: European: Irish
		Irish Centre - Merchandise is made in Ireland, including Waterford crystal, Belleek china, Celtic jewelry, knitwear and gifts.
		Irish Design Center - Located in Pittsburgh, PA imports fine woolens and giftware from Ireland's artisans.
		Irish Rose - Family crests and coats of arms, personalized mugs and clothing, Celtic design sweaters and jewelry.
	dmoz.org /Shopping/Ethnic_and_Regional/European/Irish (1101 words)

	Ancestry.co.uk - Help is at Hand: Immigrant Aid Societies, Part 2
		Learn if there is a similar ethnic association still in existence in the locality, and contact them for information.
		They are arranged by ethnic group and each section includes club, organization, library, and historical society details.
		Ethnic groups have had information collections published on their individual organizations.
	www.ancestry.co.uk /learn/library/article.aspx?article=696 (884 words)

	MarkThiSpot.com 4 Funny Ethnic-Irish Jokes,and MORE!
		Two Irish lads had been out shacking up with their girl friends.
		An old Irish man is lying in bed, very ill. His son is sitting at his bedside, expecting the end to come at any moment.
		The Priest in a small Irish village was very fond of the chickens he kept in the hen house out the back of the parish manse.
	www.markthispot.com /jokes/irish.htm (4573 words)

	The Irish Side
		A group of 13 stories by some better-known Irish writers-only one is apparently written by an American-the collection takes a look at the many facets of Irish adolescence and young adulthood: past and present, Catholic and Protestant, male and female, at home and abroad.
		Though written from an Irish point of view, and with primarily Irish characters and settings, these stories will resonate with young readers from many backgrounds, giving them the opportunity to bridge national and cultural boundaries.
		Moreover, the stories that are narrated by an adult reflecting on childhood may help children understand that the parents that seem so utterly incapable of understanding them have already gone through similar experiences.
	www.irishside.com /tis/content/books/200104blood.htm (346 words)

	Irish-American Irish Oatmeal Bread
		Oatmeal was the staple before the introduction of the potato, and still figures in many Irish dishes.
		I have a collection of about seven state Cancer Society cookbooks from 1979-83, and almost all of them are rich in ethnic recipes.
		It was a period of ethnic revival in the United States, but the Cancer Society may have directed local affiliates to collect ethnic recipes.
	www.ethnicook.com /recipes/Irish.htm (247 words)

	AN IRISH BULL IS ALWAYS PREGNANT
		Irish literature and folklore are fraught with bulls:
		The Irish water polo team drowned four horses during the first chukka.
		The first Irish National Steeplechase was finally abandoned.
	www.anvari.org /shortjoke/Ethnic_Irish/221.html (1048 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This course will look at Irish American writing in the 20th century as a reflection of Irish American life and as a vehicle for the authors to explain what it means to be Irish in America at various points in the 20th century.
		The objective of this course is for students to appreciate the literature we read not only as works of art, but as complements to the history of the Irish in America.
		Week 12 April 5-9 The Irish as assimilated Americans; evolution of Irish ethnic identity and political hierarchy in post WWII America.
	www.nyu.edu /pages/irelandhouse/Almeida_Irish_American_Literature.html (555 words)

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