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Topic: Irish famine

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	Irish potato famine - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Famine was at least fifty years in the making, due the disastrous balance between British economic policy, destructive farming methods, and the unfortunate appearance of "the Blight" —the potato fungus that almost instantly destroyed the major food source for the majority population.
		That the Famine "amounted to genocide" by the British against the Irish is a divisive issue and largely representative of the difference in perspective and attitudes among the Irish-Americans from Irish nationals.
		However the traditional Irish practice of sub-dividing plots among the male children of a family, though reducing was still widely practiced in the poorer areas of the country.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Potato_famine (3766 words)

	Encyclopedia: Irish Famine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Famine was at least fifty years in the making, due to the disastrous interaction of British economic policy, destructive farming methods, and the unfortunate appearance of "the Blight" —the potato fungus that almost instantly destroyed the major food source for the majority population.
		The immediate after-effects of The Famine continued until 1851, and in the five years from 1846, over a million deaths and some two million refugees are attributed to the Great Hunger (estimates vary), and much the same number of people emigrated to Britain, the United States, Canada and Australia (see the Irish Diaspora).
		However, the traditional Irish practice of sub-dividing plots among the male children of a family, though diminishing, was still widely practiced in the poorer areas of the country.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Irish-Famine (3858 words)

	Related Materials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Irish Famine, 1845-50 (by Liz Szabo, University of Virginia)
		Irish Views of the Famine (University of Virginia)
		The Irish Famine: 1845-9 (Marjorie Bloy, Brown University)
	vassun.vassar.edu /~sttaylor/FAMINE/Related.html (172 words)

	BBC - History - The Irish Famine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Great Famine in Ireland began as a natural catastrophe of extraordinary magnitude, but its effects were severely worsened by the actions and inactions of the Whig government, headed by Lord John Russell in the crucial years from 1846 to 1852.
		In most famines in the contemporary world, only a small fraction of the population of a given country or region is exposed to the dangers of death from starvation or infectious diseases, and then typically for only one or two seasons.
		But in the Irish famine of the late 1840s, successive blasts of potato blight - or to give it its proper name, the fungus Phytophthora infestans - robbed more than one-third of the population of their usual means of subsistence for four or five years in a row.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/state/nations/famine_01.shtml (337 words)

	Irish Emigration
		Hunger, poverty and even famine were not strangers to the Irish poor in the first half of the l9th century, particularly in the rural south and west of the country.
		They viewed the Irish slums in disgust, and decided that their overcrowded residences, which out of sheer necessity often housed several families in one or two rooms, provided further evidence that the Irish were breeding uncontrollably and even preferred to live in such squalor.
		By 1851, 25% of Liverpool's population was Irish.
	www.gober.net /victorian/reports/irish2.html (2052 words)

	[No title]
		THE FAMINE YEARS In the early summer of 1845, on the 11th September of that year a disease, referred to as blight was noted to have attacked the crop in some areas.
		The Irish crisis was used as an excuse by Peel in order for him to the repeal the Corn Laws in 1846, but their removal brought Ireland little benefit.
		The Irish language, which was already in decline, suffered a near fatal blow from the Famine, since it was the more remote areas which still used Irish that were most affected by the famine.
	www.ireland-information.com /famine.txt (2286 words)

	Digital History
		A few days after potatoes were dug from the ground, they began to turn into a slimy, decaying, flish "mass of rottenness." Expert panels convened to investigate the blight's cause suggested that it was the result of "static electricity" or the smoke that billowed from railroad locomotives or the "mortiferous vapours" rising from underground volcanoes.
		Irish peasants subsisted on a diet consisting largely of potatoes, since a farmer could grow triple the amount of potatoes as grain on the same plot of land.
		Far from being a natural disaster, many Irish were convinced that the famine was a direct outgrowth of British colonial policies.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /historyonline/irish_potato_famine.cfm (504 words)

	Ed Lengel: "A 'Perverse and Ill-Fated People'"
		The 150th anniversary of the Irish potato famine in autumn 1996 is already stirring a highly emotional reappraisal of the history of English treatment of Ireland.
		Were the Irish ever improved to the extent of being admitted as full moral and physical equals of the English, their desire for independence could no longer be denied; but to justify their subservience on the basis of inherent racial inferiority would have been to reject the dogma of the improvability of all men.
		Irish despair at the blight and famine increasingly appeared to the English as a parasitical desire to live off the wealth of their neighbors, with the inevitable result that England and Scotland would have to feed the whole of the Irish population.
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /journals/EH/EH38/Lengel.html (4503 words)

	Sligo - the Irish Famine Connection
		Being UK born and reared, I had little knowledge of the Irish Famine, other than to know it happened and a little of how.While working on the main Sligo page I came across some interesting reading material about a tiny island on the Saint Lawrence River with a sad connection back to Ireland.
		For seven hundred years before the famine the lands of the Irish were confiscated by supporting foreign armies of warring chieftans and given to their noblemen leaders as reward.
		The Irish, many of them as tenant farmers on what used to be their own land, were allowed only to raise a small crop of potatoes, turnips and cabbage, their main diet.
	www.moytura.com /sligo1.htm (3036 words)

	Strokestown Park House - the Famine Museum
		The Great Irish famine of the 1840's is now regarded as the single greatest social disaster of 19th century Europe.
		The Famine Museum uses the unique documents that were discovered in the estate office, dealing with the administration of the estate during the tenure of the Mahon family.
		The Famine Museum was opened in 1994 by the then President of Ireland, Mary Robinson, and she said 'More than anything else, this Famine Museum shows us that history is not about power or triumph nearly so often as it is about suffering and vulnerability'.
	www.strokestownpark.ie /museum.html (303 words)

	ipedia.com: Irish potato famine Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Irish Potato Famine, also called The Great Famine or The Great Hunger, is the name given to a famine which struck Ireland between 1846 and 1849.
		Part of the problem was also the small size of Irish landholdings, a result of excessive family size (due in part to the disappearance of traditional methods of contraception and growing sexual activity outside marital relationships), among the poorer segments of society least able to provide for their children.
		Irish, British and US historians F.S.L. Lyons, John A. Murphy, Joe Lee, Roy Foster, and James S. Donnelly, Jr., as well as historians Cecil Woodham-Smith, Peter Gray, Ruth Dudley Edwards and many others have long dismissed claims of a deliberate policy of genocide.
	www.ipedia.com /irish_potato_famine.html (3538 words)

	Ireland History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Irish wound up depending on it for survival because they had to sell their cattle and grains to the English overlords to pay their rent.
		The potato famine of 1848 was the most devastating Irish famine in history.
		It was the thought of many in the British government that just giving the Irish a helping hand would harm them more than help them as they would get used to asking for a "free handout" and lose their work ethic.
	www.clevehill.wnyric.org /aphist/Irelandhistory.html (2202 words)

	The Great Famine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Great Famine, also known as the Potato Famine, The Great Hunger and An Gota Mor, reduced the population of Ireland by three million people, or 36%, during the middle of the 19th century.
		While the famine was initiated by a potato blight, its actual causes are rooted much deeper in the economic system in place at the time and the attitude of the English to the people of Ireland.
		This famine and the resultant deaths were due to a natural disaster worsened by English policies, policies which were tailored to the needs of English businesses and the general well-being of the English public at the expense of the Irish.
	www.irishclans.com /articles/greatfamine.html (1095 words)

	The Irish Memorial: History of the Irish Famine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		While over a million Irish starved to death and another million were forced to emigrate, food was being forcibly exported from the Island by its foreign rulers - food sufficient to feed the people several times over.
		The years 1995-2000 represent the Sesquicentennial of this tragedy where twenty-five percent of the population of Ireland either died of starvation or were forced to flee their homeland.
		In the words of Peter Quinn: "The Irish were swiftly identified in the popular mind with poverty, disease, alcohol abuse, crime and violence - all the enduring pathologies of the urban poor.
	www.irishmemorial.org /history.html (349 words)

	Irish FAQ: The Famine [6/10]
		From: irish-faq@pobox.com (Irish FAQ Maintainer) Sender: cpm@enteract.com (Christian Murphy) Newsgroups: soc.culture.irish Subject: Irish FAQ: The Famine [6/10] Summary: an gorta mór Date: Mon, 08 Nov 1999 02:10:02 GMT Message-ID: Archive-name: cultures/irish-faq/part06 Last-modified: 7 Oct 99 Posting-Frequency: monthly URL: http://www.enteract.com/~cpm/irish-faq/ Part six of ten.
		By the nineteenth century, varieties adapted to the Irish climate were developed and they became a staple, particularly for the poor, who often lived off little else.
		Although the Irish poor may have been relatively healthy (there was a notable lack of scurvy), they were still appallingly poor.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/cultures/irish-faq/part06 (2375 words)

	The Great Irish Famine
		During the worst months of the famine, in the winter of 1846-47, tens of thousands of tenants fell in arrears of rent and were evicted from their homes.
		Irish intervention on behalf of the Stuarts was to be made impossible forever by reducing the Catholic Irish to helpless impotence.
		Irish sailors who mutinied to help their countrymen were flogged unmercifully, and "ironed" together with handcuffs, thumbscrews and slave leg bolts.
	www.nde.state.ne.us /SS/irish/irish_pf.html (16021 words)

	Boston Irish Famine Memorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		After reaching the goal of one million dollars to build the Famine Memorial and Park, we plan to establish the Famine Institute of Boston, as a way of reminding ourselves that humanity and compassion need to be constantly replenished.
		To educate people about the Irish Famine and its impact on Boston, and to encourage other immigrant groups coming to America to seek inspiration from the Irish experience.
		Like the Boston Irish Famine Memorial, the Famine Institute of Boston will be an expression of how Irish-Americans paid homage not only to a generation of brave people, but to their ideals as well.
	www.boston.com /famine/irishmore.stm (281 words)

	History of the Irish Potato Famine - Victory Heirloom Seeds
		To the Irish, famine of this magnitude was unprecedented and unimaginable.
		Ireland's famine and those of the 20th century have similar, complex causes: economic and political factors, environmental conditions, and questionable agricultural practices.
		When the famine hit in 1845, the Irish had grown potatoes for over 200 years--since the South American plant had first arrived in Ireland.
	www.victoryseeds.com /news/irish_famine.html (838 words)

	The Great Irish Famine: 1845-1850
		When first approaching the subject of the Great Irish Famine, there are a number of texts which are mentioned frequently in the literature, and have been deemed important in a consideration of the Famine.
		This is an important, oft-cited work in the canon of Famine literature, the result of many years of research into Famine history and its connection to developments in American history.
		This is the story of the hardships endured by the Irish during the winter of 1846, the beginning of the potato famine and the coldest winter Ireland had ever known.
	www.albany.edu /~ag1704/pathfinder.html (3954 words)

	Welcome to TheWildGeese.com -- The Epic History and Heritage of the Irish
		David Kincaid presents "The Irish-American's Song: Songs of the Union and Confederate Irish Soldiers, 1861-1865," his long-awaited sequel to "The Irish Volunteer".
		Irish history, myths and legends, news, jokes, Irish (Gaeilge) lessons, recipes, and more — covered each week in The Irish Heritage E-Mail Group.
		The Irish Brigade and 10th Louisiana fight `in "Donnybrook at Dusk" by Brad Schmehl.
	www.thewildgeese.com (751 words)

	Irish History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		After the Famine examines the recovery in Irish agriculture in the wake of the disastrous potato famine of the 1840s, and presents for the first time an annual agricultural output series for Ireland from 1850 to 1914.
		Coogan turns his gaze to the Irish abroad and tells their story, one of the success stories of the world, in all its richness and complexity.
		In assessing 19th-century Famine literature Morash's critical eye falls upon the great and obscure alike, and in so doing offers a compelllling argument for the textual fashioning of the historical 'event' which was the Great Irish Famine.
	www.pacificnet.net /~ianet/Bookstore/historyirl.html (4531 words)

	Irish Emigration Research Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Are you among the many millions of Irish-Americans whose ancestors emigrated directly from Ireland or via Liverpool to North America during the Great Famine (1845-50)?.
		Did they sail on the trusted Jeanie Johnston, on one of the infamous coffin ships or on one of the several hundred other cargo/passenger vessels that sailed from Ireland before, during or immediately after the potato famine?.
		Now 150 years later, the handwritten ships' passenger lists, completed on arrival at each US port, have been transcribed, indexed and made available on-line as the Famine Ship Records.
	www.famineshiprecords.com (230 words)

	The Great Irish Famine Curriculum
		Between 1845 and 1850, more than a million Irish people starved to death while massive quantities of food were being exported from their country.
		A half million were evicted from their homes during the potato blight, and a million and a half emigrated to America, Britain and Australia, often on-board rotting, overcrowded "coffin ships".
		NOTE: The curriculum in pdf format will NEED to have Adobe Acrobat Reader loaded on your machine in order for you to be able to read it.
	www.nde.state.ne.us /SS/irish_famine.html (264 words)

	Boston Irish Famine Memorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		To commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Irish Famine, Boston's Irish community unveiled a $1 million memorial park on June 28,1998.
		Located in downtown Boston, the park is sited along the city's Freedom Trail, and is visited annually by over three million people.
		Please send any comments or inquiries you wish to make about the Boston Irish Famine Memorial project to IrishMassachusetts@comcast.net.
	www.boston.com /famine (79 words)

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