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Topic: Irish farm subdivision

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Irish potato famine

	History of Ireland - Great Famine 1845-1847
		The Irish Potato Famine was the culmination of social, biological, political and economic conditions, caused by both Irish and British factors.
		This was further complicated by a cultural tradition known as 'subdivision', whereby lands and property, instead of being inherited by the first-born son (primogeniture) was divided equally among male heirs, both legitimate and on occasion illegitimate.
		In 1845, for example, 24% of all Irish tenant farms were of 0.4 to 2 hectares (one to five acres) in size, while 40% were of 2 to 6 hectares (five to fifteen acres).
	www.okelly.net /okelly/page49.php (2793 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In 1845, for example, 24% of all Irish tenant farms were of 0.4 to 2 hectares (one to five acres) in size, while 40% were of two to six hectares (five to fifteen acres).
		In the case of the 1846–49 Irish Famine, the response of Tory government head Sir Robert Peel was to purchase some foreign maize for delivery to Ireland, and to repeal the Corn Laws, which prohibited imports of the much cheaper foreign grain to Ireland.
		If subdivision produced earlier marriage and larger families, its abolition produced the opposite effect; the 'inheriting' child would wait until they found the 'right' partner, preferably one with a large dowry to bring to the farm.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Irish_Potato_famine (4792 words)

	Frampton Irish
		However, the greatest density of Irish farms was in the Western half of the township probably due to the difficulty of access to the Eastern half requiring crossing of the Etchemin River.
		The total of 530 Irish family farms is a clear indication that the Irish culture was predominant in the vicinity of Frampton Township in 1861.
		The cultural geography of the Frampton Irish stretched from the emerald isle of Ireland to the deep woods of unsettled Quebec to the shores of the Pacific Ocean in Mexican California.
	www.framptonirish.com /frampton/Geography.cfm (4760 words)

	Urban farmers in Nakuru, Kenya
		Farming by urban dwellers is not synonymous with urban agriculture.
		Urban farming is often considered as part of the informal economy, although some critics maintain that it does not belong to the informal sector either because of its mainly subsistence nature (at least in Sub-Sahara Africa).
		And lack of space for urban farming in the urban residential area seems not to be compensated by a higher frequency of rural farming.
	www.cityfarmer.org /nakuru.html (16857 words)

	Partners in Production? Women, Farm and Family in Ireland. - Review - book reviews Labor History - Find Articles
		Put family and farm together, social theory seems to have decided, and the result is a powerful symbol of integrated human living.
		If the family farm reinforces womanly subordination, it follows that those who would uphold it, by active participation or by public policy, have a case to answer.
		It is as mothers that Irish farm women achieve their greatest influence.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0348/is_4_40/ai_58397954 (1007 words)

	Irish farm subdivision - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Popery Act (Penal Law) of 1704 required land held (typically in tenancy) by Roman Catholics to be divided equally between all the sons, both legitimate and illegitimate, on his death.
		The result was that by the 1840s, many farms had become so small that the only food source that could be grown in sufficient quantity to feed a family was potatoes.
		With the wholescale deaths and massive emigration of the period, farm sizes had begun to increase, as surviving holdings were merged with neighbouring vacated ones.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Irish_farm_subdivision (543 words)

	History of Ireland 1801 to 1922 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In 1800 the Irish Parliament and the Parliament of Great Britain passed the Act of Union which, in 1801, abolished the Irish legislature, and merged the Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
		In particular, both the law and social tradition provided for subdivision of land, with all sons inheriting equal shares in a farm, meaning that farms became so small that only one crop, potatoes, could be grown in sufficient amounts to feed a family.
		However support for Irish republicanism was minimal in Ireland in the period; as late as the 1860s, mass meetings of Irish nationalists ended with the singing of "God Save the Queen" while royal visits drew cheering crowds.
	www.irishpast.com /History_of_Ireland_(1801-1922).html (2060 words)

	Ireland Information Guide , Irish, Counties, Facts, Statistics, Tourism, Culture, How
		The trouble was not Irish representation in the British parliament but that the UK parliament, by definition, was less in tune with the needs of Ireland, given that the vast majority of the non-Irish MPs and ministers had never set foot in Ireland.
		Part of the problem was also the small size of Irish landholdings, a result of excessive family size (due in part to the disappearance of traditional methods of contraception and growing sexual activity outside marital relationships), among the poorer segments of society least able to provide for their children.
		However the traditional Irish practice of sub-dividing plots among the male children of a family, though reducing was still widely practiced in the poorer areas of the country.
	www.irelandinformationguide.com /Irish_potato_famine (3564 words)

	Laudholm Trust: Laudholm Farm, A History
		Since the farm was first settled by English colonists in the mid-17th century, it has passed through the hands of only four families.
		Laudholm Farm was an appropriate location for those events, for it was widely known as "one of the showplaces of the country and a model of modern scientific agriculture."
		Since the farm was adjacent to two estuaries, the points where the Little and Webhannet rivers meet the sea, it was a perfect candidate to become a National Estuarine Research Sanctuary.
	www.laudholm.org /stockford.htm (3008 words)

	History Of Farming
		One reason farming was more successful in the Upper Keys than the Lower Keys was that the Upper Keys generally received about 20 inches more annual rainfall.
		Farming was a completely new industry for the Keys in the 1800s.
		Keys farming and the tomato are gone as might be the key lime.
	www.keyshistory.org /farming.html (2155 words)

	[No title]
		a part of the family farm on which to grow food and a house built with stones and 'mud kneaded with straw' was the most any married couple could hope for.
		The Irish crisis was used as an excuse by Peel in order for him to the repeal the Corn Laws in 1846, but their removal brought Ireland little benefit.
		The Irish language, which was already in decline, suffered a near fatal blow from the Famine, since it was the more remote areas which still used Irish that were most affected by the famine.
	www.ireland-information.com /famine.txt (2286 words)

	tenant
		There was a tradition of passing on a portion of your land from father to each of the sons, who would build a small dwelling, and in turn pass a portion onto their own sons.
		This cycle of subdivision meant that many families were surviving on a tiny plot of land from which to derive a crop of potatoes for the year.
		As soon as it was stacked, one 'Blake' on the farm, who was put to watch it, took it away in his own haggard and kept it there for a fortnight by Dan Sheedey's orders.
	www.youririshroots.com /tenant.htm (867 words)

	Records Description - HTML
		Nearly 85% of the Irish were Roman Catholic in the 1800s but, because of English laws, it was illegal for the church to keep records on them.
		Irish death records are not as helpful to genealogists as birth and marriage.
		This book gives an introduction to Irish research, a description of Irish records, a description of the repositories of records in Ireland, maps of every county in Ireland, and a list of the church parishes for all religions with the beginning date of records for each parish.
	www.vtirishfestival.org /htm/lokeefe_records.htm (3730 words)

	The Irish at Home and Abroad: Irish Place Names and the Immigrant / Magazine / Irish Ancestors / ireland.com
		This article was originally published in The Irish At Home and Abroad journal of Irish genealogy and heritage (volume 5 #1, 1st Quarter 1998).
		The variation of the name as preserved by the immigrant family may have been the Gaelic (Irish-language) version, whereas Irish gazetteers may use the English variation of the place name.
		Irish boundaries cross each other, and the researcher has to think in an abstract way to comprehend them.
	www.ireland.com /ancestor/magazine/articles/iha_placenames.htm (580 words)

	Ireland Under Coercion
		Froude's arrival there, all the Irish servants of the friend with whom he was to stay had suddenly left the house, refusing to their employer the right to invite under his roof a guest not agreeable to them.
		Davitt formally organised the Irish National Land League, "to reduce rack-rents and facilitate the obtaining of the ownership of the land of Ireland by the occupiers," and Mr.
		Davitt in America, however, and the leaders of the most active Irish organisations there, came to the rescue, and as the two American parties were preparing their lines of battle for the Presidential conflict of 1880, Mr.
	www.quinnipiac.edu /other/abl/etext/irish/coercion/coercion.html (15676 words)

	The Famine
		In England the landlords were accustomed to erect buildings on their properties, to fence and drain, and generally to help the farmer to improve his land, besides giving some compensation for the farmer's improvements at the end of a lease.
		The loose and indefinite tie between owner and cottier, the part-payment in kind or labour, the impounding of cattle, the subdivision or "gavelling" of the farms into small holdings, were all parts of the old native system which in earlier times subsisted between the Irish chief and his people.
		When a man improved his farm at his own expense, so far was he from receiving compensation or encouragement, that his rent was often raised because of his own improvements.
	www.libraryireland.com /HullHistory/Famine1.php (1556 words)

	grants farm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Many famous Brazilian writers were born in Minas Gerais is p o de queijo, grants farm a small plot of land used for the origins of agriculture (including crops, grants farm st louis missouri livestock, fishery, grants farm st louis mo and forestry activities) within or surrounding the boundaries of city.
		Agriculture, government farm grants which passes farming, is the process has been well documented at his website and published in the city, baby bedding by crib farm grant kimberly yard 95% of the Chinese invented moldboard plow, grants farm vastly improved agricultural efficiency.
		A literal reading of the state, grants farm st louis mo which is often established for the amount of time, often manpower too, federal farm grants and allows producers to focus on quality care of soils, grants farm crops, grants farm st louis animals, grants farm coworkersmdash;and on serving the customers.
	grants-farm.bigcitylook.org (2043 words)

	Proposal for the settlement of the Irish Land Question
		Tenant-right should be the right of occupiers to hold their farms tor ever at a fixed rent (which should be the present fair letting value) and to sell or bequeath their interest, subject to the conditions stated below.
		Having already purchased the interest in their farms with the consent of the landlord, they cannot be called upon to pay for it a second time.
		The circulation, of farms consequent on free trade in land would present to the prudent labourer opportunities of raising himself to the rank of a farmer by purchasing the tenant-right of some small limn.
	www.quinnipiac.edu /other/abl/etext/irish/proposal/irishproposal.html (5124 words)

	Pat Flannery on the Web (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Scholars have long regarded Irish immigrants in America as a wretched lot, forced by powers beyond their control to emigrate to a country where they ultimately lived in squalid conditions, surrounded by poverty and despair.
		Unlike their eastern counterparts, the Irish who settled in the West managed to grow rapidly beyond the hunger and despair of famine-ridden Ireland to shape the development of the third largest state in the Union, California.
		By 1842, the Irish had already experienced decades of starvation and oppression at the hands of the British, so it is possible that young James left his troubled homeland in anticipation that the environment, both economic and political, would deteriorate further.
	patflannery.com /IrishHistory/FromShamocksToSerapes.htm (16656 words)

	Partners in Production? Women, Farm and Family in Ireland. - Review - book reviews Labor History - Find Articles
		This has been the case for a long time, of course, ever since Adam and Eve lost the farm and spent the rest of their lives trying to control a couple of seriously dysfunctional sons.
		Put family and farm together, social theory seems to have decided, and the result is a powerful symbol of integrated human living.
		If the family farm reinforces womanly subordination, it follows that those who would uphold it, by active participation or by public policy, have a case to answer.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0348/is_4_40/ai_58397954 (1024 words)

	1846 Old Brooklyn Farm Lands Map & article
		The two SANDS farms had, before the revo1ution belonged to Jobn RAPALJE, a greatgreat-grandson of the first settler, and a wealthy tory land owner, whose adhesion to the mother country led to the confiscation and sale of his property by the state authorities.
		The area of the farm was 160 acres.
		Apropos of the old farms, it is interesting to note that the entire forest growth of King and Queens counties has sprung into existence since 1783.
	www.bklyn-genealogy-info.com /Map/1846.BklynFarmLands.html (3716 words)

	Irish Index
		Irish Free State Offensive 1922 -irish Civil War
		Seattle Luxury, Where you can have ALL your shopping needs met without unwanted poppups and clutter.
		If you have any comments, please write to info@seattleluxury.com.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/irish_index (77 words)

	The Great Famine in Ireland - 1845-1849 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The potato became the staple diet of much of the country during the early 1800s as it was ideally suited to the Irish climate, could be grown even in poor soils, gave a high return per acre and a single acre could support a family of 5 - 6 people.
		Subsistence-level Irish farmers found their food stores rotting in their cellars, the crops they relied on to pay the rent to their British and Protestant landlords destroyed.
		The Irish Famine of 1846-50 took as many as one million lives from hunger and disease, and changed the social and cultural structure of Ireland in a number of profound ways.
	members.aol.com /irishdremr/the-great-famine-in-ireland-1845-1849.html (2251 words)

	Genealogists/Family Historians - Nonpopulation Census Records
		The amount of oats, rice, tobacco, cotton, wool, peas and beans, Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, barley, buckwheat, orchard products, wine, butter, cheese, hay, clover seed, other grass seeds, hops, hemp, flax, flaxseed, silk cocoons, maple sugar, cane sugar, molasses, and beeswax and honey produced during the preceding year is also noted.
		By 1870, farms of less than three acres or which produced less than $500 worth of products were not included.
		During the preceding year, Lewis slaughtered $40 worth of animals, and his farm produced 150 bushels of Indian corn, 40 pounds of wool, 50 bushels of Irish potatoes, 800 pounds of butter, 2,000 pounds of cheese, 100 tons of hay, and $10 worth of orchard products.
	www.archives.gov /genealogy/census/nonpopulation (2287 words)

	The Inquirer and Mirror -- Nantucket's Newspaper Since 1821
		A wealthy summer resident has purchased 9.2 acres of waterfront property near 40th Pole off Eel Point Road for $26.5 million, the most money ever paid for a piece of residential real estate on Nantucket.
		But the man behind Nantucket Lot 51 LLC, the blind trust which purchased the property, speaking on the condition of anonymity, said he is committed to preserving the property and his only plans are to perhaps one day build a home on the land for his young children.
		Had the project moved forward, Eel Point Road would have been paved from where the asphalt currently ends to just before the entrance to the “40th Pole” beach access.
	www.ack.net (659 words)

	The Irish Famine Landscapes
		This western small farm fringe was a novel development responding to the increase in the population of Ireland, which expanded from 3 to 8.5 million between 1700 and 1845.
		This explosion generated intensive reclamation, subdivision of small farms, and expansion into previously unsettled areas.
		With a mild climate, cheap housing constructed out of local materials, ubiquitous turf for fuel, and a prolific food crop -- the potato -- much of Ireland's Atlantic region was heavily settled as the country's population grew.
	www.uwec.edu /geography/Ivogeler/Travel/Ireland/Famine.htm (993 words)

	Irish Potato Famine (1845–1849) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Famine was due to the appearance of "the Blight" (also known as phytophthora)– the potato fungus that almost instantly destroyed the primary food source for the majority population.
		The Irish Potato Famine was the culmination of a social, biological, political and economic catastrophe.
		The Irish Poor Laws were even harsher on the poor than their English counterparts; those paupers with over a quarter-acre of land were expected to abandon it before entering a workhouse — something many of the poor would not do.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Irish_potato_famine (4383 words)

	Irish Draught and Irish Sport Horses - BenMar Farm
		We would like to share with you the other furry friends at BenMar Farm who have brought us such joy and a continuous source of comic relief.
		My better half grew up on a rubber tree plantation where chickens, cows, and goats were a fixture.
		However, we narrowly escaped the anti-fowl subdivision ordinance by using the "life's too short not to take a chance" theory.
	www.benmarfarm.com /furry_friends.html (512 words)

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