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Topic: Irish initial mutations

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	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Irish language
		Irish has recently received a degree of formal recognition in Northern Ireland, under the Good Friday Agreement alongside a small minority language called Ulster Scots (though some critics have questioned whether Ulster Scots is a language or merely a dialect of Lowland Scots).
		Munster Irish is spoken in the Gaeltachtaí of Kerry (Ciarraí), Coolea (Cúil Aodha) in the western part of County Cork (Contae Chorcaí), and the tiny pocket of Irish-speakers near Dungarvan (Dún Garbháin) in County Waterford (Contae Phort Láirge).
		Initial mutations are found in other Celtic languages (as well as in some Italian dialects, as an independent development); and the two verbs for "to be" are to some extent analogous to those found in Spanish.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/ir/Irish_language (3784 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Irish language
		Irish (Gaeilge in Irish) is a Goidelic language spoken in Ireland and in small communities in Canada and Argentina.
		Irish is constitutionally recognised as the first official language of the Republic of Ireland, and has recently received a degree of formal recognition in Northern Ireland, under the Good Friday Agreement alongside the varieties of Lowland Scots spoken in Northern Ireland.
		Munster Irish is spoken in the Gaeltachtaí of Kerry (Contae Chiarraí), Muskerry (Múscraí), Cape Clear (Oileán Cléire) in the western part of County Cork (Contae Chorcaí), and the tiny pocket of Irish-speakers in An Rinn near Dungarvan (Dún Garbháin) in County Waterford (Contae Phort Láirge).
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Irish_language (3865 words)

	Simplified Spelling Society : Irish spelling. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		While studying Irish language pedagogy, he researched language revitalization at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and was awarded a PhD from the National University of Ireland in 1995 for a dissertation on language revival.
		Eclipsis is the other grammatically conditioned initial mutation where a letter or combination is placed before the initial consonant or vowel in nouns and verbs, thus altering the initial phoneme.
		The phonological variants in Irish are considerable and are attributable to the existence of three separate dialects, roughly corresponding with geographical distribution, canúint an Tuaiscirt 'northern dialect' in the northwest region, canúint an Iarthair 'western dialect' in the western region of Co.
	www.spellingsociety.org /journals/j22/irish.php (4093 words)

	Irish initial mutations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Irish, like all modern Celtic languages, is characterized by its initial consonant mutations.
		These mutations affect the initial consonant of a word under specific morphological and syntactic conditions.
		Originally these mutations were phonologically governed external sandhi effects: lenition was caused by a consonant between two vowels, and eclipsis by a sequence of nasal consonant + obstruent, also at the beginning of a word.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Irish_initial_mutations (878 words)

	Irish Gaelic
		Irish (Gaeilge nah Eireann) is a Celtic language spoken mainly in Ireland.
		Irish is a compulsory subject in government funded schools in the Republic of Ireland and has been so since the early days of the state.
		Irish first began to appear in writing in the form of Ogham inscriptions starting in approximately the 3rd century A.D. No similar script is found anywhere in Europe, and the very name for it, Old Irish ogham, a non-Celtic word, shows that it was probably inherited from the early inhabitants of the British Isles.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/january/Irish.html (1414 words)

	Irish language - Gurupedia
		National Schools'), in which Irish was prohibited and only English taught by order of the British Government in Ireland, and the Great Famine ("An Drochshaol") which hit a disportionately high number of Irish language speakers (who lived in the poorer areas heavily hit by famine deaths and emigration), hastened its rapid decline.
		The initial moves to save the language were championed by Irish unionists, such as the linguist and Protestant clergyman William Neilson, in the end of the eighteenth century; the major push occurred with the foundation by
		Peig Sayers (a Gaelic speaker from the Blasket Islands) whose accounts of her life, as recounted in Irish language books, though fascinating, was taught in a poor manner, left a cultural legacy of negative reactions among generations, all too many of whom deliberately refused to use the language once they left school.
	www.gurupedia.com /o/ol/old_irish_language.htm (3715 words)

	Mutations in Sindarin
		Mutations are one of the most prominent features of Sindarin, yet at the same time one that is at times extremely difficult to understand.
		If grammatical mutations are of similar origin, they can be expected to share this property, and these examples are most easily explained by taking the gerunds as infinitives here rather than as nouns and assuming that lenition of objects is carried out for nouns only, hence 'wishes to see' rather than 'wishes the seeing'.
		The system of mutations outlined so far is not free of exceptions, indeed, we found several occasions in which words were not lenited in spite of a rule indicating mutation.
	www.phy.duke.edu /~trenk/elvish/mutations.html (10003 words)

	Initial mutations in Indo-European languages: an article by Cyril Babaev
		The last sound causes a change of the initial one in the next word, and that is called "sandhi" from Sanskrit, where it is very common.
		It is evident that these initial n and d were too weak to keep their place and had to change or interchange, replaced by each other.
		Researchers agree in the opinion that initial mutations must have appeared in Insular Celtic dialects between the 1st and the 6th century AD.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article6.html (2036 words)

	Fios Feasa: Initial Mutations in Irish
		The most common initial mutation is lenition, which we explain more fully elsewhere.
		There are a couple of other intial mutations as well, although they're not as common or as important as eclipsis and lenition.
		There's another mutation whereby t- is prefixed to masculine nouns beginning with a vowel after the article: úll "an apple", but an t-úll "the apple".
	www.fiosfeasa.com /bearla/language/claochlo.htm (763 words)

	[No title]
		It may also be noted that the Old Irish MA 'if' was added to some interrogatives in Old Irish, and could be seen as giving the word it was attached to a conditional aspect, that is, indicating an action in process, but not completed.
		(7.) Irish initial mutation (eclipsis), lenition, and aspiration correspond to Finnish consonantal gradation and Hungarian consonantal alteration.
		Celtic initial mutation must be as prehistoric as Finnish and Uralic consonant gradation and intervocalic aspiration and Hungarian consonant assimilation.
	hometown.aol.com /irishWord/irish-finn3.htm (5530 words)

	Irish Gaelic dialects
		There is a tendency to regard Munster Irish peculiarities as "standard" Irish, at least it seems to me that Munster has had a tremendous impact upon learners' Irish.
		They show mostly initial accent, but there are some traces of a Musnter-type accentuation: a word like scadán, "herring" is stressed on the first syllable, not on the second as in Munster, but the short a is often obscured like it would be before a long stressed non-initial syllable in Munster.
		The initial mutations are very similar to those of standard Irish, but sa (= "anns an" of Scottish Gaelic) does not lenite - it eclipses: sa mbaile instead of sa bhaile.
	www.smo.uhi.ac.uk /gaeilge/gramadach/canuinti.html (766 words)

	Martin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The realisation of Irish Initial Consonant Mutations and the universal hierarchy of place features.
		Victoria Kingsley O'Hagan and Martin Krämer 'The realisation of Irish initial consonant mutations by L2 learners and the universal markedness hierarchy of place features.' Talk presented at the LAGB Meeting at the University of Surrey Roehampton, 30 August - 2 September 2004, and the 12
		Manchester Phonology Meeting, 20-22 May 2004, Manchester, U.K. 'Affricates and the phonetic implementation of laryngeal contrast in Italian.' Talk given at the Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Sprachwissenschaft, 25-27 February 2004, Mainz.
	www.hum.uit.no /a/kraemer/index.html (1367 words)

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