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Topic: Iron Crown of Lombardy

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	crown (headdress) - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about crown (headdress)
		The crown is one of the emblems bestowed at a coronation.
		Roman emperors are represented with the diadem, laurel crown, or radiating crown (symbolizing the deification of the emperors).
		The crown of the former Austrian empire was cleft in the centre, and resembled the mitre in appearance.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /crown+(headdress) (700 words)

	Crown (headgear) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A crown is a symbolic form of headgear worn by a monarch or by a god, for whom the crown is traditionally one of the symbols of power and legitimacy (See Regalia for a broader treatment).
		Such costume crowns may be worn by actors portraying a monarch, people at costume parties, or ritual "monarchs" such as the king of a Carnival krewe, or the person who found the trinket in a king cake.
		Crowns are also often used as symbols of religious status or veneration, by divinities (or their representation such as a statue) or by their representatives, e.g.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crown_(headgear) (1066 words)

	NationMaster.com - Encyclopedia: Iron Crown of Lombardy
		On March 1, 1026, Heribert, the archbishop of Milan, crowned Emperor Conrad II at Milan with the Iron Crown of Lombardy.
		Emperor Ferdinand I was crowned King of Lombardy and Venetia in Milan on September 6, 1838, using the Iron Crown.
		The consort crown of Empress Eugénie of France The Crown of Empress Eugénie was the consort crown of Eugénie de Montijo, the empress consort of Emperor Napoleon III of France.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Iron-Crown-of-Lombardy (2468 words)

	NationMaster.com - Encyclopedia: Monza, Italy
		This is the third-largest city of Lombardy and the most important economic, industrial and administrative centre of the Brianza area, supporting a textile industry and a publishing trade.
		In the frescoed Chapel of Theodelinda is the Iron Crown of Lombardy, supposed to contain one of the nails used at the Crucifixion.
		Lecco is an Italian city set in Lombardy 50 kilometres north of Milan; it borders a branch of the Lake of Como (named Lake of Lecco) on the west and the Lombard Alps on the east.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Monza,-Italy (2200 words)

	History Channel Search Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-09)
		Crowns have been worn since ancient times, some in the shape of a helmet, some in the form of a band or fillet around the brow, and some a combination of the two.
		Examples are the 9th-century so-called Iron Crown of Lombardy and the jeweled, enameled crowns of the Holy Roman emperors, which had a hoop or arch from front to back and were worn over a soft cap.
		Crowns are still worn by, or held over the heads of, both bride and bridegroom in Orthodox church weddings.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..cr247200.a (675 words)

	Iron Crown of Lombardy: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-09)
		Lombardy (in italian lombardia) is a region in northern italy between the alps and the po valley....
		(crowned Conrad II at Milan with the Iron Crown of Lombardy.
		Crown jewels are those that belong to the sovereign and pass to the next sovereign to symbolize the right to rule....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/ir/iron_crown_of_lombardy.htm (1153 words)

	Iron Crown of Lombardy Sketch @ ArtQuilt.com (Art Quilt) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-09)
		The Iron Crown of Lombardy (Corona Ferrea) is both a reliquary and one of the most ancient royal insignia of Europe.
		It is kept in the Cathedral at Monza near Milan, the capital of Lombardy.
		Among his delusions of persecution and of grandeur, he imagines himself crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy.
	www.artquilt.com /encyclopedia/Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy (292 words)

	Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Crown.
		In heraldry nine crowns are recognised: The oriental, the triumphal or imperial, the diadem, the obsidional crown, the civic, the crown vallery, the mural crown, the naval, and the crown celestial.
		The iron crown of Lombardy is the crown of the ancient Longobardic kings.
		It is a thin fillet of iron, said to be hammered from a nail of the true cross, covered with a gold circle, enamelled with jewels, etc.
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/81/4400.html (372 words)

	St. Edward's Crown - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-09)
		It is the official coronation crown used exclusively in the coronation of a new monarch.
		Traditionally, it is the Crown used to crown the Sovereign during a coronation.
		Queen Victoria and Edward VII chose not to be crowned in it because it weighs 4 lb 12 oz (2.155 kg).
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/St_Edward's_Crown (255 words)

	Austrian Crown Jewels: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-09)
		The collective term Austrian Crown Jewels or insignia denotes the regalia and vestments worn by the Holy Roman Emperor (Holy Roman Emperor: Sovereign of the Holy Roman Empire), and later the Austrian Emperor (Austrian Emperor: the title of emperor of austria was proclaimed in 1804 by the habsburg holy roman...
		The Imperial Crown, Orb, Cross (Cross: A cross as an emblem of Christianity; used in heraldry), and Holy Lance (Holy Lance: in christian mythology the holy lance is the lance used at the crucifixion, which was...
		The crown is comprised of two main parts: a broad circlet with a wreath of fleurs-de-lis and a closed, spherical helmet rising from it.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/austrian_crown_jewels (3156 words)

	Nail (relic) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One of the nails is said to have come to rest in the Iron Crown of Lombardy.
		The bridle of Constantine, for instance, is believed to be identical with a relic of this form which for several centuries has been preserved at Carpentras, but there is another claimant of the same kind at Milan.
		Similarly the diadem of Constantine is asserted to be at Monza, and it has long been known as "the iron crown of Lombardy." Simple fraud is also a possibility.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nail_%28relic%29 (328 words)

	Heribert
		After Conrad II was elected King of Germany in 1024, Heribert visited the new king at Constance in 1025, and in consideration of various privileges promised to help him to secure the crown of Lombardy.
		On 23 March, 1026, Heribert crowned Conrad II at Milan with the iron crown of Lombardy, and a year later was present at his imperial coronation, which was performed in Rome by John XIX on 26 March, 1027.
		It was afterwards accepted by the cities of Lombardy and Tuscany and by Rome.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/h/heribert.html (343 words)

	Nations Of The World - The Italian Republics
		Frederic, having demolished or subdued most of the cities in the alliance with Milan, entered Pavia, and there received the celebrated iron crown of Lombardy ;—the iron of which it was wrought, was said to be one of the spikes which had pierced our Saviour, and was deemed far more precious than gold.
		Lombardy was now submissive in her chains and ber misery.
		The leading cities of Lombardy combined, taking advantage of the moment when the arms of the emperor were employed in the siege of Rome, as he endeavored to force upon the church an anti-pope in the place of Alexander III.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles33/roman-history-9.shtml (5866 words)

	The Lombards / Langobarden - Ancient Roman Empire Forums
		The Iron Crown of Lombardy is so called from a narrow band of iron within it, said to be beaten out of one of the nails used at the (jesus) Crucifixion.
		The crown is not just "some" crown (IMG:style_emoticons/default/biggrin.gif), this crown is considered sacred by all Christian Churches, and it is said that no rust ever appeard on the iron.
		Crown itself was probably made in Costantinople during the V century.
	www.unrv.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=2561 (4032 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Lombardy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-09)
		The climate of Lombardy varies with its elevation; it is cold in the mountain districts, warm in the plains.
		Charlemagne took the crown and the title of King of the Longobards, and later at the division of his empire he assigned their kingdom to his eldest son, Pepin.
		The earliest historian of Lombardy is PAULUS WARNEFRID (730-797), known as Paulus Diaconus, a Benedictine of Monte Cassino, and chancellor of King Desiderius.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09336b.htm (4720 words)

	Iron crown of lombardy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Start the Iron crown of lombardy article or add a request for it.
		Look for Iron crown of lombardy in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project.
		Look for Iron crown of lombardy in the Commons, our repository for free images, music, sound, and video.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/iron_crown_of_lombardy (161 words)

	Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Lombardy
		Situated in the north of the peninsula on the border with Switzerland, Lombardy is one of the main gateways to Italy, lying at a major junction of the great east-west/north-south communication axes.
		Lombardy is the leading Region in Italy both in the traditional sectors of agriculture and livestock as well as in industry and the services sector.
		Lombardy's entrepreneurial middle class was formed during the 18th century.
	www.esteri.it /eng/7_45_109_169.asp (1156 words)

	May 23rd
		This celebrated crown is composed of a broad circle of gold, set with large rubies, emeralds, and sapphires, on a ground of blue and gold enamel.
		This inner band of sacred iron—perfectly visible in the above engraving —is said to have been made out of one of the nails used at the crucifixion, given by the Empress Helena, the alleged discoverer of the cross, to her son Constantine, as a miraculous protection from the dangers of the battlefield.
		The earliest quasi-historical notice of the iron crown is, that it was used at the coronation of Agilulfus, King of Normandy, in the year 591.
	www.thebookofdays.com /months/may/23.htm (2817 words)

	CROWLAND - LoveToKnow Article on CROWLAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-09)
		The mural crown (corona niuralis) was the decoration of the soldier who was the first to scale the walls of a besieged city, and was usually a circlet of gold adorned with a series of turrets.
		Some of the emperors wore crowns on occasion, as Caligula and Domitian, at the games, and stellate or spike crowns are depicted on the heads of several of the emperors on their coins, but no idea of imperial sovereignty was indicated thereby.
		Thus the medieval and modern crowns may be considered as radiated diadems, and so the diadem and crown have become, as it were, merged in one another.
	www.1911ency.org /C/CR/CROWLAND.htm (2546 words)

	Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Iron Crown of Lombardy
		is so called from a narrow band of iron within it, said to be beaten out of one of the nails used at the Crucifixion.
		The outer circlet of the crown is of beaten gold, and set with precious stones.
		The crown is preserved with great care at Monza, near Milan; and Napoleon, like his predecessor Charlemagne, was crowned with it.
	www.bartleby.com /81/8954.html (157 words)

	MONZA - LoveToKnow Article on MONZA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-09)
		Within the church are the iron crown of Lombardy, supposed to have been beaten out of one of the nails used at the Crucifixion.
		and the treasury containing the relics of Theodelinda, comprising her crown, fan and comb of gold, and the golden hen and seven chickens, representing Lombardy and her seven provinces, and crosses, reliquaries, andc., of the Lombard and Gothic periods.
		The interior has been modernized; there is a fine relief by Matteo da Campione in the organ-loft, representing the coronation of a king, and some 15th-century frescoes with scenes from the life of Theodelinda.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MO/MONZA.htm (359 words)

	Crown of Bavaria - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-09)
		Image:Bavariacrownking.jpg The Crown of the King of Bavaria was ordered and designed in 1806-1807 by Maximilian I after Napoleon had raised Bavaria to kingdom status.
		It was commissioned to the French goldsmith Jean-Baptiste de Lasne, who drew inspiration from the crown of Louis XV of France.
		The crown is studded with precious stones, emeralds and sapphires.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Crown_of_Bavaria (251 words)

	Relics attributed to Jesus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Iron Crown of Lombardy and Bridle of Constantine, said to be made from nails used during the crucifixion
		The Spear of Destiny or Holy Lance, the spear of Longinus used to pierce Jesus' side when he was on the cross, to ensure that he had died.
		The Crown of Thorns which was placed upon the head of Jesus at his crucifixion by Pontius Pilate
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alleged_relics_of_Jesus_Christ (652 words)

	Iron Crown of Lombardy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-09)
		The Iron Crown of Lombardy is both a reliquary and one of the most ancient insignia of Europe.
		The Iron Crown is so called from narrow band of iron within it said be beaten out of one of the used at the Crucifixion.
		After the between Austria and Italy when the Austrian to withdraw from Italy in 1859 the Iron Crown was delivered to Victor Emmanuel.
	www.freeglossary.com /Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy (472 words)

	Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Iron entered into his Soul (The).
		The anguish or annoyance is felt most keenly.
		The allusion is to the ancient custom of torturing the flesh with instruments of iron.
		“I saw the iron enter into his soul, and felt what sort of pain it was that ariseth from hope deferred.”—Sterne: Sentimental Journey.
	www.bartleby.com /81/8955.html (91 words)

	Chapter Lucy <i>to</i> Lumbercourt of L by Brewer's Readers Handbook
		Luke was put to death by a red-hot iron crown, in mockery of his having been proclaimed king.
		N.B.—The “iron crown of Lombardy” must not be mistaken for an iron crown of punishment.
		The former is said to be one of the nails used in the Crucifixion, beaten cut into a thin rim of iron, magnificently set in gold, and adorned with jewels.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/174/1122/14815/3.html (492 words)

	France’s Royal and Imperial Crown Jewels: 1792-2005
		The State and coronation regalia was, from a historical point of view, priceless: the Charlemagne crown; Louis XV’s 1722 coronation crown; the 60-cm medieval gold sceptre of Charles V; the ivory-hand-topped gold sceptre called ‘le main de justice’; the Ampulla; the coronation sword (‘Joyeuse’) [2].
		Two new crowns — one medieval-style (made by famed goldsmith Biennais) and one Roman-style (composed of laurel-leaves) — were manufactured along with a diamond tiara for Empress Josephine, a Chain of the Legion d’Honneur, an orb and a ring.
		[8] The crown of Charlemagne was destroyed during the Revoution and Napoleon’s 1804 laurel-leaf crown was apparently broken-up in 1819.
	www.napoleon-series.org /research/miscellaneous/c_crownjewels.html (2139 words)

	Karl IV (1316-1378) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-09)
		Indeed, from his reign until the 18th century it was understood that the German imperial crown was based on the crown of the king of Bohemia.
		In 1347 Charles was crowned king of Bohemia by the new archbishop in Prague.
		Having thus acquired the imperial crown, he is said to have fetched it and then returned to Prague, leaving the Italians embroiled in their own domestic problems.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/britannicapages/EmperorKarl-IV/EmperorKarl-IV.html (935 words)

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