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	Industries of Cumbria - Iron Mining
		The iron industry has slowly matured within the Lake Counties for centuries, with industrial growth spreading from the small bloomery and forge sites, coastal plateau workings and the narrow veins of the fells to the huge mining and iron smelting complexes of the late 19th and 20th centuries.
		The iron ore was extracted by overhead stoping and removed from Nab Gill by way of an inclined tramway to the main line.Gill Force and Gate Crag mines on the south side of the valley were the second major producer, served by a branch line from the Railway.
		Archaeological evidence determines that ore was smelted in the vicinity of Urswick during the Iron Age by indigenous Celts.
	www.cumbria-industries.org.uk /ironmining.htm (0 words)

	Iron Mining Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: )
		An alloy of iron containing so much carbon (2% to 6%) that it becomes too brittle to be wrought, and it must be shaped by casting in a mould while molten.
		A reddish-brown compound of iron and oxygen, commonly known as rust, and seen on the surface of iron objects.
		Iron containing a little carbon, with or without additional ingredients or treatments to alter its properties, eg to increase its strength.
	www.lindal-in-furness.co.uk /History/miningglossary.htm (717 words)

	Uhaul Supergraphics . New Jersey
		Zinc mining was the economic engine that powered the local economy to great strength from 1850 to 1954, sharing the responsibility with iron until iron mining activities tapered off in the early 1880's and then taking its permanent place as the dominant industry.
		The ore mined in the district was primarily zinc ore. This ore consisted of the minerals known as zincite, a zinc oxide, willemite, a zinc silicate and franklinite, a zinc iron manganese oxide.
		The history of mining at Franklin and Sterling Hill was concurrent with the development and history of the fields of mineralogy, economic geology, mining, paint manufacturing and zinc manufacturing, as well as the history of New Jersey as a state and the United States as a nation.
	www.uhaul.com /supergraphics/rocks/mining.html (587 words)

	Technology of Colonial and Victorian Iron Mining
		Prospecting for iron ore was particularly extensive during the last quarter of the 19th century, and was stimulated by the tremendous growth and development of our nation.
		Magnetite iron ore is highly magnetic; thus, a magnetic needle or surveyor’s compass was used for exploration and detection.
		If iron ore was present, the magnetic pole of the deposit which was nearest would begin to attract the opposite pole of the needle.
	www.historicironmines.com /life/tech.htm (1078 words)

	Iron IV (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Iron IV Open pit mining for iron ore replaced shaft mining very early on in the history of the Michigan Iron Ranges.
		Iron is one of the most vital resources of our industrial way of life, whether in war or peace.
		A rapid decline in the mining of natural ores was accompanied by major technological advances that led to the development of the taconite industry.
	www.geo.msu.edu /geo333/iron_iii.html (3909 words)

	Iron Mining
		The Brewster mine was mined periodically from 1848 until the early 1880s when it closed.
		Tilly Foster was known for its iron ore a type of magnetite which was low in phosphorous and was used in the Bessemer process, a method of refining steel invented in 1855.
		During the late 1870's the mine was at its heyday with 300 workers producing 7,000 tons of iron per month.
	www.southeastmuseum.org /html/iron_mining.html (355 words)

	Introduction to Iron Mining - IronMiners.com
		The iron ore from mines such as the Hibernia Mine and Mount Hope Mine was used to produce shot and ordnance for the Revolutionary War.
		Mining was a way of life for people who lived in the Highlands.
		Iron mining spanned from the early 1700's up until 1978 when the last mine, the Mount Hope Mine ceased operations.
	www.ironminers.com /about/introduction.htm (346 words)

	Mining & Beneficial
		The largest iron ore mine in India, is designed to produce 22.6 million ton's of crude ore per year with a daily production capacity of ROM 100,000 tones.
		The mined ore is transported from benches to three Gyratory Crushers capable of crushing the ore to minus 7" size.
		Computerized mine planning techniques are in use to maintain strict quality control and process parameters.
	www.kudremukhore.com /mine&beneficial.htm (311 words)

	Iron Mining in Wanaque, New Jersey.
		Also called London Mine and Iron Hill Mine, it was opened around 1800 and was named for the bluish cast of the ore. The area on which the furnace stood is now under the Wanaque Reservoir.
		Iron ore had been mined and smelted in the Wanaque area since Colonial days when the iron was needed and used for the efforts of Washington's Continental Army.
		This old mine was reopened in 1875 and a small amount of ore was taken out before the Mine was abandoned that same year.
	www.wanaqueborough.com /archive/iron.htm (630 words)

	Trade and Environment: Peru Mining
		As other entrants to the iron mining promise to flood this market, long neglected environmental issues, both past and present, must be confronted by the Peruvian government.
		Iron mining is symbolic of the overall growth in the mining industry in Peru today.
		Peasants in the frontiers, who typically work for mining concerns, are subject to unequal economic and political treatment and are subjected to many hazards in their working environment because of this.
	www.american.edu /TED/perumine.htm (3008 words)

	Iron Mining in Loudoun County Virginia
		In the autumn of 1795, the mining of iron began in Loudoun County, on Catoctin Mountain.
		When mining began on Catoctin Mountain, across the Potomac River from Point of Rocks, Md., the Virginia Piedmont was being transformed from a wilderness into a prosperous agricultural society.
		Iron farm implements and wagon-wheel rims were replacing wooden ones.
	www.loudounhistory.org /history/iron-mining.html (1278 words)

	USGS Minerals Information: Iron Ore
		Iron ore is a mineral substance which, when heated in the presence of a reductant, will yield metallic iron (Fe).
		It almost always consists of iron oxides, the primary forms of which are magnetite (Fe) and hematite (Fe Iron ore is the source of primary iron for the world's iron and steel industries.
		Iron ore is mined in about 50 countries.
	minerals.usgs.gov /minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_ore (0 words)

	Lindal & Marton History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		There are references to iron mining at Marton in 1396, when William de Merton granted rights to the Abbott and monks of Furness Abbey to freely dig for minerals in his lands at Merton.
		Mining was dangerous, and miners were often injured or killed by rockfalls, railway accidents, falling off wet ladders, etc. Nevertheless, or possibly as a result, they tended to be strongly religious, and the area had several Methodist and Baptist chapels, as well as the church.
		Barrow grew from a population of 300 in 1847, to 42,000 in 1874, with the ironworks and iron shipbuilding yard being major employers.
	www.lindal-in-furness.co.uk /History/history.htm (4377 words)

	RuneScape/Skills/Mining — StrategyWiki, the free walkthrough wiki (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mining is a skill that allows players to obtain ores from rocks and then smith the ores into bars or sell the ores.
		Mining a gem rock gives a player a gem ranging from sapphire to diamond, which can be used for crafting.
		This mine is one of the best places for (free) players to level up their mining skill, as if iron is mined near the shop then it can be quickly sold rather than dropped for a bonus to the sought increase in experience.
	strategywiki.org /wiki/RuneScape/Skills/Mining (2395 words)

	Tour NSPC (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Once the iron is captured in a "concentrated" form, we remove the water, add a little clay to serve as a binder, and roll it into a small pellet about the size of a marble.
		We heat these iron ore pellets in a large, natural gas fired kiln to 2400 degrees F to harden them for shipment.
		That's where these iron ore pellets are turned into finished steel for shipment to auto and appliance manufacturers, steel building producers, and others.
	web2.russellherder.com /nsp/nsp_animation.html (296 words)

	Aditya Birla Group \| Companies \| Indian companies \| Essel Mining & Industries Ltd.
		Essel Mines is one of the largest players in the non-captive private segment in India, with an annual mining capacity of over 5 million tonnes.
		Mining operations are manual and mechanised, adopting the latest technology and equipment, namely, hydraulic drifter, in-pit crusher and cone crusher.
		Essel Mines has the best quality deposits in the country in terms of bulk density and iron content and holds a leading position in the Indian mining industry for its superior technology in mining techniques, equipment and scale of operations.
	www.adityabirla.com /our_companies/indian_companies/essel_mining.htm (823 words)

	About Rockaway Township (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It was mined from an edit at the base of the hill that was driven southwest along the strike; the ore above the edit level was mined from three shafts, the largest of which was the Painter shaft.
		The mine was operated nearly continuously from 1856 up to the 1950's, during which time the operation yielded approximately 5,700,000 tons of ore. The production had come from two ore bodies; the Mount Pleasant or North Vein and the Richard or South Vein, the Richard Vein supplying about three-fourths of the total tonnage.
		In 1946, the Mount Hope Mine was reopened with Hungarian workers.It was one of only three mines in the country producing iron ore. By 1955, the amount of ore extracted from mines in the Mount Hope and Mine Hill areas was 650,000 tones.
	www.gti.net /rocktwp/rthist.html (2993 words)

	Mining (Site not responding. Last check: )
		There wee six active mines in the area when the railroad was completed and a total of 42,111 tons or ore was shipped the first year.
		The first mine in the Iron County area was the Fairbanks or Paint River mine in Crystal Falls.
		When a miner was killed in an accident, the miners would not enter a mine until the body of their comrade was interred, thereby stopping all operations at the mines for a day or two and causing considerable loss to the mining companies.
	www.crystalfalls.org /mining.htm (622 words)

	Swaziland National Trust Commission - Iron Mines in Malolotja
		It is known that iron ore workings at Ngwenya continued to supply ore for smelting until cheap imported iron made the effort no longer worthwhile, probably sometime in the late nineteenth century.
		During the modern mining period much archaeological evidence was swept away, but the SIODC should be given credit for sacrificing a million or more tons of ore which underlie the ancient mining adit at Lion Cavern.
		The location of the iron ore on the western border, with the export outlet on the eastern border led to the creation of a road and rail infrastructure across the country.
	www.sntc.org.sz /cultural/ironmine.html (1177 words)

	Old Rookhope Archive: History of Iron Mining
		Iron mining and smelting started in Weardale and Teesdale at least as early as Roman times, as shown by the slag found on small native British settlements.
		The earliest documented iron working in the Rookhope Valley is a reference to iron mines in 1154 AD.
		In the latter half of the 19th century iron mining and quarrying underwent a massive expansion.
	www.pastperfect.org.uk /sites/oldrookhope/archive/43.html (117 words)

	Mining Technology - SNIM Open Pit Iron Ore Mining
		Miferma (Mines de Fer de Mauritanie) was created in 1952 to exploit iron ore deposits in the Kedia d'Idjil area of northern Mauritania.
		A mining centre was constructed at Zouerate together with port facilities at Nouadhibou on the Atlantic coast, both with power plants and linked by a 700km railway.
		Approximately 50% of the 10-12Mt/y ore produced is processed at the mining area plants, and the remainder at Point Central.
	www.mining-technology.com /projects/snim (849 words)

	www.australianminesatlas.gov.au
		Iron is a silver-grey metal which quickly corrodes or rusts (it forms a red powder called iron oxide) when exposed to air and water.
		Animals need iron for making energy and carrying blood around the body (foods rich in iron include red meat and liver, egg yolks and leafy green vegetables.) Iron was the first element to be recognised as essential for people.
		Iron was the first metal to be discovered in Australia, by explorer Edward John Eyre in the Middleback Ranges in South Australia.
	www.nationalminesatlas.gov.au /info/rockfiles/iron.jsp (723 words)

	Iron Range - Mining Frontier
		The Soudan Mine, transformed into a state park after the emergence of the dominance of taconite made mining Soudan’s high-grade ore unprofitable, is the oldest and deepest mine in Minnesota.
		Owing to the connections between the Vermillion and the Mesabi, underground mining was tried on the Mesabi during the first years of ore extraction on the range.
		Using the Duluth, Missabbe, and Iron Range Railroad – a transportation link that would later be at the hub of the conflict between the Merritts and the eastern industrialists – the Mesabi shipped nearly all of its ore out of Duluth.
	www.macalester.edu /geography/mage/urban/iron_range/vermillion.htm (1204 words)

	Runescape Help :: Mining Guide :: Rune Tips
		Mining is the process of using a pickaxe to obtain ores from rocks.
		For F2P, the ores at the mine south east of Varrock are the closest to the bank.
		It is found at Enakhra's mine in the Kharidian Desert, is at least as fast as iron, and should be dropped since it is useless except for some quests.
	www.tip.it /runescape/?page=mining_guide.htm (2535 words)

	Iron County Wisconsin - A Wisconsin Heritage Area
		By the mid-1960's, iron mining ceased and Iron County turned to tourism, successfully establishing itself as a major downhill skiing and snowmobiling destination in Wisconsin and the Midwest.
		The Iron County Historical Museum was the original town hall for the Town of Vaughn, and later the iron County Court House.
		Mining a mile down, in the world’s deepest iron ore mine, was the livelihood of many residents until the 1960’s.
	www.ironcountywi.com /heritage.htm (2447 words)

	Michigan Iron Industry Museum - Michigan's Upper Peninsula (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nestled in rugged, wooded hills on the site of an 1848 iron forge, this choice small museum tells the story of U.P. iron mining, its pioneers, its workers, and its key role in U.S. industrialization.
		It was in mining companies' interests that mining settlements quickly grow out of the raw boomtown stage where miners were single men, saloons were the centers of social life and brothels flourished.
		In 1860 ore was also being mined in Pennsylvania (which produced three times as much iron as Michigan), New Jersey (the nation's #2 producer), Connecticut, Maryland, New Hampshire, New York, and Ohio.
	hunts-upguide.com /negaunee_michigan_iron_industry_museum.html (686 words)

	History of Mining
		This same cycle can be found throughout mining history such as the closing of mines in the late 1800's in the United States due to falling silver prices.
		The advent of iron mining and iron processing is probably the greatest single event affecting the mining industry.
		Early on, the addition of carbon to iron was recognized as a way to increase the hardness of the metal.
	www.bitofhistory.com /WebPages/Minerals/HistoricalMining.html (1203 words)

	Assessing Health and Well-Being in Goa's Iron Belt: International Development Research Centre (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A research project launched in 1997 with funding from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) is helping India assess the effects of iron mining on human health and well-being in the province of Goa, south of Mumbai.
		So far, TERI has found that the mining industry's overall impact seems to be less socially negative where mines are fully active than where mines are on the way in or out of an area's economy.
		One direct result of the TERI study, she adds, is that mining companies involved in the research process have been prompted to set up a foundation to remedy some of these negative effects.
	www.idrc.ca /subscribe/ev-5415-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html (707 words)

	Iron Mining (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Iron ore was extracted during 1862-1875 from deep pits at Brook Hill, near St Peter’s Church just east of the River Frome.
		The Midland Railway constructed a single track in 1868 from the mine workings passing through Iron Acton Village to join the main line at Yate, that enabled iron ore to be transported by train to South Wales for smelting, but this track was removed in 1892.
		The economic prosperity of the mid 19th century encouraged businessmen into ill-judged speculative projects in anticipation of rich rewards, but the iron mines of this village were never profitable.
	www.framptoncott.co.uk /iron_mining.html (339 words)

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