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	Rice (Oryza sativa)
		Rice inflorescence is a loose panicle; the grains are not compact and compressed against one another as in wheat and maize.
		Rice is not especially nutritious, being 80% starch, 12% water, and only 7% protein (but with a nearly full complement of the essential amino acids), along with traces of fiber, fat, mineral ash, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin.
		Conversely, to be unemployed is to have broken the rice bowl.
	www.unlv.edu /Faculty/landau/rice.htm (2523 words)

	Foreign Affairs - Smashing the Iron Rice Bowl - Neil C. Hughes
		Rice has been China's staple food for thousands of years, and the most important symbol of the party's economic policies has been an unbreakable iron rice bowl, which stood for the cradle-to-grave security offered all citizens.
		China's dilemma is that it is afraid to smash the iron rice bowl because it fears that the social stability that has sustained its reform program would shatter with it.
		The end of the iron rice bowl appeared implicit in the 1978 rural revolution that saw collective farming replaced by the "household responsibility system." Farmers made money from their crops, informal markets were introduced, and prices were allowed to rise above government-set floors.
	www.foreignaffairs.org /19980701faessay1404/neil-c-hughes/smashing-the-iron-rice-bowl.html?mode=print (654 words)

	Information Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Office (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Rice is the main food staple for Asian countries.
		Hughes paints a picture of the construction of the Three Gorges Dam, a topic that has generated countless criticisms because of its predicted impact on the environment, the displacement of the local population, the loss of centuries-old monuments and the uncertain gains for China in terms of the energy that the dam will produce.
		"The government is afraid to smash the iron rice bowl for state enterprises because it is having difficulties divesting itself of weaker enterprises, and cannot run the political risk of closing them down," Hughes says.
	www.taipei.org /book/0910/economic.htm (639 words)

	Asian Recipes Online - Kitchen Review - The Role and type of rice found in the Asian kitchen
		Rice is the staple grain of the whole of Asia, which is well over half of the population of the world.
		Apart from the obvious, this also means a job or livelihood; so the expression "to loose one's rice bowl" or "to have one's rice bowl broken", suggest that one has been given the sack; similarly, someone described as having an "iron rice-bowl" has probably got a job for life!.
		Basmati rice is a slender long grain rice that is grown in Northern India, in the Punjab, in parts of Pakistan and in the foothills of the Himalayas.
	www.asianrecipesonline.com /review/rice.php (1131 words)

	Iron rice bowl - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		"Iron rice bowl" (鐵飯碗) is a Chinese term used to refer to an occupation with guaranteed job security, as well as steady income and benefits.
		Traditionally, people considered to have iron rice bowls include military personnel, members of the civil service, as well as employees of various state run enterprises (through the mechanism of the Work unit).
		When Deng Xiaoping began his labor reforms in the People's Republic of China in the 1980s, the government iron rice bowl jobs were some of the first to go.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iron_rice_bowl (176 words)

	USA Rice Federation: Industry: Promotion: Rice Fits: Press Releases
		Rice and other grain-based foods should comprise the most servings of all the food groups, consistent with the 2005 Dietary Guidelines and the Institute of Medicine’s recommendation that 45-65 percent of calories should be from carbohydrate foods.
		Rice bowls are an easy, inexpensive and delicious way to combine rice with other healthy foods such as vegetables and lean proteins and turn the guidance in MyPyramid into practical, customized meals.
		The Healthy Rice Bowl includes two servings of wholesome grains (either enriched white rice or whole grain brown rice or a blend of both), a cup or more of nutrient-packed vegetables and 2-3 ounces of lean proteins, while being low in sodium and fat, which is consistent with the new healthy eating advice click here.
	www.usarice.com /news/news_detail.cgi/125/8 (710 words)

	Smashing the Iron Rice Bowl and New Egalitarianism
		Benefits of the Iron Rice Bowl for the workers, housing allocation and the factory welfare.
		The smashing of the iron rice bowl whilst being forcibly advocated by the Party, is presented to the workforce as the act of market forces over which the party should and aims to exercise only limited control.
		The longer term contracts are effectively treated as permanent iron rice bowl jobs, although the universalization of contract labour is the avowed aim of Beijing's major.
	www.zhongguo.org /politics/reformsoe.htm (8881 words)

	WDTW - volume II, number 16 - The Iron Rice Bowl
		However, with the change to a market economy, iron rice bowls have become much less common and many former ones have proved to be breakable.
		Academia was once one of the strongholds of the iron rice bowl, but even here, things are changing.
		His rice bowl is made of iron--at least for a few more years.
	homepage.mac.com /johngoodman/iblog/B1528764187/2003/WDTW/16.html (1279 words)

	Income Inequality in China's Post-Great Leap Forward Era
		The "iron rice bowl" is a phrase that captures this idea of equal access to certain social resources, particularly certain basic goods and services.
		These diametrically opposed views of of the interaction of social welfare with economic growth would prove to be a major point of debate within the Chinese leadership, the intelligentsia, and the larger society over the years from the 1949 Revolution up to and including the current period.
		And since the pragmatic conservatives took the position that economic development, as reflected in the "modernization" of the Chinese economy, was synonymous with social(ist) development, then the "iron rice bowl" represented an impediment to socialism.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/sgabriel/economics/china-essays/6.html (2593 words)

	Asia Times
		Worker unrest has grown steadily since economic reforms launched in the late 1970s began to threaten a system known as the "iron rice bowl", which guaranteed lifelong employment with substantial benefits that ranged from free housing and health care to generous pensions and vacation allowances.
		But as the economy became increasingly market-oriented and state enterprises had to cut costs or privatize by the late 1990s, the iron rice bowl in effect shattered, particularly in the older industries that could not compete with foreign imports.
		Between 1996 and 2000, tens of millions of workers were laid off from state or privatized enterprises with joblessness in the "rust belt" estimated to be at least 20 percent in 2000 and probably significantly higher.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/China/DH03Ad02.html (955 words)

	What Do You Mean China is Socialist?
		In this Chinese variant of industrial feudalism, wages were used as a mechanism for distributing a small portion of the value of labor power to the workers, with most of the value of labor power provided in-kind, as part of the “ iron rice bowl.
		In fact, most of these analysts are content to mimic the Chinese authorities in calling the system “socialist.” For many, the iron rice bowl is somehow, by definition, socialist.
		For example, in addition to the absence of any serious efforts to grow communal appropriation in China, or the tossing away of the iron rice bowl in favor of dog-eat-dog, China also leads the world in executions and income inequality is growing by leaps and bounds.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/sgabriel/economics/china-essays/21.htm (1971 words)

	Investing Autioning Working more than one jobs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Without the iron rice bowl meant unemployment, and having to go hungry.
		Therefore, "the iron rice bowl" was very important.
		But in the mind of today’s Chinese, ‘iron rice bowl" is no longer as sacred as it was at one time.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /dept/chinese/third/5.0.translation.html (423 words)

	Rice Bowl with a Twist Recipe
		In a small saucepan, prepare rice according to package directions.
		In your favorite rice bowl, layer rice, taco mixture, cheese, tomatoes and spinach.
		Rice bowl is one of our favorites, and this recipe with a twist is a little less messy.
	www.mealsmatter.org /recipes-meals/recipe/9486 (76 words)

	"rice bowl" definition from Double-Tongued Dictionary
		Perhaps related to the Chinese concept of the rice bowl as a metaphor for the basic elements required to live, as seen, for example, in the iron rice bowl, employment that is guaranteed for life.
		The composition of QDR architects is likely to produce another rubber-stamp picture of where spending priorities should remain, thus protecting the iron rice bowls of tactical air supremacy aircraft, carriers and subs, stealth platforms and those other expensive systems better suited to fight the last war than the next one.
		But funding was sparse, and everyone had their own “rice bowl,” he said—a military term describing jurisdictional jealousy.
	www.doubletongued.org /index.php/dictionary/rice_bowl (612 words)

	SBI - Smith Brandon International, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The so-called "iron rice bowl" mentality de-linked reward from effort and removed all but the most altruistic motivations for hard work and high performance.
		An iron rice bowl is one that cannot be broken.
		In brief, this summarizes a Marxist ideal: each person should work according to his/ her ability and be rewarded according to his/her needs; no rocking the boat is permitted and no model performance is expected.
	www.smithbrandon.com /report.aspx?id=42 (1496 words)

	China's Economic Challenge: Smashing the Iron Rice Bowl Pacific Affairs - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Neil Hughes, a World Bank brain, participated in the reform process during the years 1992-1999 to help Chinese officials and state enterprise managers; now he presents and evaluates the current shape of the iron rice bowl, a symbol of the socio-economic institutions of pre-reform China.
		Drawing on the arguments of previous chapters, chapter 7 concludes that the iron rice bowl, containing old patterns of behavior, perceptions and attitudes, has not been broken.
		In addition, even though he contends that he made a diagnosis of China's social and economic dilemmas from a Chinese perspective, his therapies for the dilemmas seem to be rather World Bank-like.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3680/is_200304/ai_n9206039 (696 words)

	Hello Larry,
		Nuka-zuke are made by pickling vegetables in a paste of rice bran (kome-nuka) and salt.
		The best-known rice bran pickles are takuan-zuke and nuka-zuke (pickles).
		The resulting adhesive is white in colour and dries to a film that is almost transparent.
	people.uncw.edu /kanoy/nctan/rice_and_japanese_culture.htm (907 words)

	The Asia Rice Foundation: Rice Heritage
		, death is symbolized by chopsticks stuck into a mound of rice.
		, a good job is an iron rice bowl, and being out of a job, a broken rice bowl.
		, the phrase for eating rice is synonymous with eating food.
	www.asiarice.org /sections/riceheritage/ricewords.html (149 words)

	SSRN-From Rice Bowl to Safety Net: Insecurity and Social Protection during China's Transition by Sarah Cook
		Groups formerly excluded from the security of the 'iron rice bowl' are now excluded from new forms of social assistance, often designed to compensate those losing livelihood guarantees.
		There is thus a need for new safety-net measures, both to assist the most vulnerable and least secure members of society throughout the transition, and to enhance their longer-term security.
		Cook, Sarah, "From Rice Bowl to Safety Net: Insecurity and Social Protection during China's Transition".
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=368771 (268 words)

	The evolution of career guidance and counseling in the People's Republic of China Career Development Quarterly - Find ...
		This was known as the "Iron Rice Bowl" system (W. Zhang & Pope, 1997).
		It meant that people who were recruited by the state sector were guaranteed lifelong jobs and all benefits, such as pension, free medical service, cheap housing, and so on.
		These jobs could never be lost, ju st as an iron rice bowl could never be broken (Hu et al., 1994).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0JAX/is_3_50/ai_84558587 (956 words)

	The Rice Bowl
		A bowl of Cao Lau consists of fettucini shaped rice noodles, lean grilled pork, crunchy mouthfulls of deepfried pork fat, bean sprouts, and some greens.
		Try to have some patience to crumble a dry rice cracker over it, then add rice vinegar, then gently stir......ah, you never actually finish mixing it properly as it is always in your mouth by then.
		I have eaten over 100 bowls of her Cao Lao in my life, and have introduced her Cao Lau to well over 200 people.
	thericebowl.blogspot.com (10007 words)

	China's 'iron rice bowl' off the table - smh.com.au (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		China will phase out the "jobs for life" system for its 30 million public institution employees over the next few years, state media said yesterday.
		Under the system left over from the planned economy of the past, public servants were guaranteed lifetime employment and a pension under a system nicknamed the "iron rice bowl".
		The move, announced by the Ministry of Personnel, was one of the biggest shake-ups in employment in China and a vital part of the country's modernisation drive, the China Daily said.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2003/01/07/1041566406834.html (339 words)

	BBC News \| Special Reports \| China's Communist Revolution
		The Iron Rice Bowl is a Chinese idiom referring to the system of guaranteed lifetime employment in state enterprises.
		Job security and level of wages were not related to job performance - but adherence to party doctrine played a very important role.
		They controlled the allocation of housing, grain, edible oil, and cotton rations; the issuance of permits to travel, to marry, and to bear or adopt children; and permission to enter the army, party, and university and to change employment.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/static/special_report/1999/09/99/china_50/iron.htm (119 words)

	High Protein
		Iron is an essential trace mineral that is necessary for...
		· Iron in enriched and fortified foods absorb like nonheme iron so be aware that a bowl of cereal with 100% of the Daily Value of iron will NOT meet your daily iron needs.
		· Female athletes need to be extra careful about iron intake because of the possibility of excess iron losses. Female athletes should eat well and have their iron levels checked periodically.
	www.umass.edu /diningservices/nutrition/iron.html (581 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 2001025463 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		State workers in China have until recently enjoyed the 'iron rice bowl' of comprehensive cradle-to-grave benefits and lifetime employment.
		While the 'iron rice bowl' is usually seen as an outgrowth of Communist labor policy, Frazier's account shows that is has longer historical roots.
		As a product of the Chinese state, the iron rice bowl's dismantling in the 1990s has raised sensitive issues about the way in which the contemporary Chinese state exerts control over urban industrial society.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/cam021/2001025463.html (211 words)

	intro
		The Iron Rice Bowl was a central Theme in Mao's socialist economy.
		The Iron Rice Bowl meant that once a person was employed in China they had stability and security, this was a great benefit to the urban population.
		The government is to import 5.35million tons of rice before April 1999.
	www.gwu.edu /~ylowrey/nashira.htm (4395 words)

	The Waterford Foundation - Waterford, Virginia
		We are pleased to offer the opportunity to purchase a book by Waterford resident Neil Hughes at great prices in association with Amazon.com.
		China's reformers insisted over two decades ago that the iron rice bowl, symbol of the Communist Party's compact to provide cradle-to-the-grave security for all, had to be broken if China was going to modernize.
		China's leaders knew they had to risk their careers and the Party's future, yet the reforms they initiated have not gone far enough.
	www.waterfordva.org /waterford/hughes.shtml (355 words)

	iron bowl (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Wrought Iron Bowl Enjoy this practical and attractive wrought iron bowl, with your choice of finish.
		This bowl is the perfect rustic companion to an attractive fruit display.
		The 9th Iron Bowl was a historic defensive battle, and set a record as the lowest scoring game in Ironbowl history.
	www.aauk.org.uk /iron,bowl.phtml (272 words)

	Social service agency helps fill cracks in China's iron rice bowl
		Now this grasp on the everyday details of life has loosened, and the "iron rice bowl" has cracked.
		Amity Foundation, a Chinese agency with Christian roots, is one of the first private social service agencies to help fill the gaps.
		Their education consisted mainly of chanting political slogans and planting rice in the countryside — nothing that prepared them to compete for a job in the economic powerhouse China has become.
	www.charitywire.com /charity96/01442.html (499 words)

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